Draft:What Gravity Is

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An atom's nucleus is made up of relatively high mass protons and neutrons, held together by a strong nuclear force that acts over a distance of about 10-14 meters or 10 fm (fm = femtometer = 10 to the -15 power meters).  Gravitational forces exist between any two masses, which are derived from the total proton and neutron masses in the atom's nucleus. There are attractive strong nuclear forces between protons and neutrons that hold the nucleus together, along with repulsive nuclear forces between neutrons and protons that keep them apart.  Below is a graph showing the strength in Newtons (N) of the strong nuclear force on its protons and neutrons over a distance of about 2.7 fm (2.7 x 10-15 meters).

The graph shows that when the distance between any protons and neutrons is less than about 0.8 fm (at 0 Newtons) that the SNF between them is repelling and that when the distance between the protons and neutrons are greater than 0.8 fm the SNF is attracting.  From this graph we can see that the attracting SNF is strongest (-25,000 N) at 1.1 fm and decreases exponentially towards zero past 1.1 fm.  But since the SNF force is 10 to the 39 power stronger than the gravitational force (GF), this exponential decrease of force towards 0 Newtons can become an extremely small number.

I propose that beyond 2.7 fm the SNF becomes the GF.  Sort of like "wave-particle duality" when higher frequency photons display wave characteristics and lower frequency photons display particle characteristics as the photon's frequency drops into the sound frequency range.  Maybe some examples will help.

The weak GF generated from the Hydrogen Atom nucleus:

The hydrogen atom has the smallest mass and nucleus with only 1 proton in a 1.1 fm diameter nucleus and an atomic radius of 53,000 fm.  The H₂ gas molecule has two hydrogen nuclei that are 75,000 fm apart with overlapping atomic radii.

The simple algebraic equation that describes the gravitational force between any two masses is:

N = [G x (m₁ x m₂)] / R²

Where N = Newtons of force, G is the gravitational constant (6.67x10^-11), and R is the distance in meters between masses m₁ and m₂.

If we use the 1.67x10^-27 kg mass of a proton for masses m₁ and m₂ we get a GF of:

  N_GH2 = [G x (m₁ x m₂)] / R²  =  [6.67x10^-11 x (1.67x10^-27 x 1.67x10^-27)] / R²  =  (6.67 x 10^-11) x (2.79x10^-54)  =  (1.86 x 10^-64) / R² Newtons

The distance R between the centers of the two nuclei of a H₂ molecule is 0.75x10^-10 m (or 75,000 fm) giving a GF between the two nuclei of:

  N_GH2 = 1.86x10^-64 / (0.75x10^-10)²  = 1.86x10^-64 / (0.56x10^-20)  =  3.3 x 10^-44 Newtons

We can now compare this GF strength to the maximum strength of the SNF for an H₂ molecule.  The maximum SNF (N_SNF) is 25,000 N (or 2.5X10⁴) Newtons.  Thus when comparing the GF to the SNF we have a ratio of:

  N_GH2 / N_SNF  =  (3.3x10^-44) / (2.5x10⁴)  =  1.3 x 10^-48  (not 10^-39 stronger)

Thus, the distance R where the SNF becomes the GF must be shorter than 75,000 fm.  If we choose a distance of 2.7 fm, which is outside the 1.1 fm hydrogen nucleus, but within the hydrogen atom’s 53,000 fm radius we have:

  N_GH2 = 1.86x10^-64 / (2.7 x10^-15)²  = 1.86x10^-64 / (7.29x10^-30)  =  0.255 x 10^-34  =  2.55 x 10^-35

This gives a GF to SNF ratio of  N_GH2 / N_SNF  =  (2.55x10^-35) / (2.5x10⁴)  =  1.0 x 10^-39 

Thus, the exponentially declining SNF transitions to the weaker GF about 2-3 fm outside the 1.1 fm hydrogen nucleus, but within the 53,000 fm hydrogen atom’s radius.

The weak GF generated from the heavier Oxygen Atom nucleus:

The oxygen atom has 8 protons and 8 neutrons in a 3.0 fm diameter nucleus with an atomic radius of 74,000 fm.  The O₂ gas molecule has two overlapping atomic radii that are 121,000 fm apart.

Oxygen's 8 protons and 8 neutrons has a mass of (16 x 1.67x10^-27 kg) = 26.7x10^-27 kg.  Thus the equation for oxygen is:

  N_GO2 = [G x (m₁ x m₂)] / R²  =  [6.67x10^-11 x (26.67x10^-27 x 26.7x10^-27)] / R²  =  (6.67x10^-11) x (711x10^-54)  =  (4.74 x 10^-62) / R² Newtons

At a distance R of 1.21x10^-10 m (121,000 fm) between the two oxygen nuclei in an O₂ molecule we have a gravitational force of:

  N_GO2 = (4.74x10^-62) / (1.21x10^-10)²  = (4.74x10^-62) / (1.46x10^-20) = 3.25 x 10^-42 Newtons

This gives us a N_GO2 / N_SNF forces ratio of: N_GO2 ¸ N_SNF  =  (3.25x10^-42) / (2.5x10⁴)  =  1.3 x 10^-46  (not 10^-39 stronger)

Thus, the distance R where the SNF becomes the GF must be shorter than 121,000 fm.  If we choose a distance R of 43 fm, which is outside the 3.0 fm oxygen nucleus, but within the oxygen atom’s radius we have:

  N_GO2 = (4.74x10^-62) / (44x10^-15)²  = (4.74x10^-62) / (18.5x10^-28) = 2.56 x 10^-35 Newtons

This gives us a N_GO2 / N_SNF ratio of  N_GO2 / N_SNF  =  (2.56x10^-35) / (2.5x10⁴)  =  1.0 x 10^-39

Thus for the oxygen molecule, the exponentially declining SNF transitions to the weaker GF about 43 fm outside the O2 nucleus, but within the 74,000 fm oxygen atom’s radius.

The weak GF generated from a heavy Gold Atom nucleus:

The gold atom has 79 protons and 118 neutrons in a 7.0 fm diameter nucleus with an atomic radius of 146,000 fm.  Two gold molecules in a “face centered cubic” structure are 576,000 fm apart and their non-overlapping atoms have a radius of 146,000 fm.

The gold atom (much heavier than the hydrogen or oxygen atoms) has 79 protons and 118 neutrons in a 7.0 fm diameter nucleus.

The mass of a gold atom is: 197 x 1.67x10^-27 kg = 329x10^-27 kg = 3.29x x10^-25 kg.

  N_GAu = [G x (m₁ x m₂)] / R²  =  [6.67x10^-11 x (3.29x10^-25 x 3.29x10^-25)] / R²  =  (6.67 x 10^-11) x (10.8x10^-50)  =  (7.8 x 10^-60) / R² Newtons

At a distance of 5.76x10^-10 m (576,000 fm) between two gold nuclei we have GF of:

  N_GAu = (7.8x10^-60) / (5.76x10^-10)²  = (7.8x10^-60) / (33.2x10^-20) = 2.35 x 10^-39 Newtons

This gives us a N_GAu / N_SNF forces ratio of:   N_GAu / N_SNF  =  (2.35x10^-39) / (2.5x10⁴)  =  0.94 x 10^-43   (not 10^-39 stronger)

Thus, the distance R where the SNF becomes the GF must be shorter than 576,000 fm.  If we choose a distance R of 550 fm, which is outside the 7.0 fm gold nuclei, but within the 146,000 fm gold atom’s radius we get.

  N_GAu = (7.8x10^-60) / (5.5x10^-13)²  = (7.8x10^-60) / (31x10^-26) =  2.5 x 10^-35 Newtons

This gives us a N_GAu / N_SNF ratio of  N_GAu / N_SNF  =  (2.5x10^-35) / (2.5x10⁴)  =  01.0 x 10^-39

Thus for the heavy gold molecule, the exponentially declining SNF transitions to the weaker GF about 550 fm outside the gold nucleus, but within the 146,000 fm gold atom’s radius.

In conclusion, the Strong Nuclear Force transitions into the weak Gravitational Force outside an atoms nucleus, but within that atoms radius and extends onward to combine with other masses.