Elizabeth Hardy (chemist)
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Elizabeth MacGregor Hardy | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | July 31, 1915 |
| Died | June 26, 2008 (aged 92) |
| Alma mater | Bryn Mawr College |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Organic Chemistry |
| Thesis | Molecular Rearrangements in Three Carbon Systems (1942) |
Elizabeth MacGregor Hardy (July 31, 1915 – June 26, 2008)[1] was a Canadian-American chemist who discovered the Cope rearrangement while working in Arthur C. Cope's research group at Bryn Mawr College.[2][3][4] The rearrangement drew upon the electronic models of Edward D. Hughes and Christopher Kelk Ingold, but also the non-electronic work of Rainer Ludwig Claisen and Ernst Tietze.[5]
Early life and education
[edit]Elizabeth MacGregor Hardy was born in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada to parents Thomas Woodburne Hardy and Margaret Ada (Graham) Hardy. Hardy attended McGill University and graduated with a Bachelor in Science in 1938.[6] In 1939, Hardy obtained a Master of Arts degree from Bryn Mawr College. She went on to earn a Ph.D. in organic chemistry in 1942 at Bryn Mawr College, working in the labs of Arthur C. Cope.[7] Hardy and Evelyn Hancock, another graduate student, coauthored nearly half of Cope's papers from Bryn Mawr.[8]
Hardy went on to work for American Cyanamid.[7]
Career and research
[edit]Hardy worked as assistant professor of organic chemistry at Bryn Mawr College in 1939 and 1940. In the years 1942–1958, Hardy worked as a chemist at Calco Chemical Division, subsequently she worked as a literature chemist at Lederle Labs from 1958 to 1975. After working for Lederle, Hardy worked as a senior resident literature chemist for American Cyanamid Company from 1975 on.[6] She was a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Chemical Society and Chemical Institute of Canada. Hardy worked in a number of different research areas including molecular rearrangements, preparation of unsaturated esters and ketones, vat dyestuffs, esterification of leuco vat dyes, organosulfur compounds, and pharmaceutical chemistry.[6]
Publications and patents
[edit] | This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: bibliographic/reference formatting. (February 2022) |
Hardy has a considerable number of publications and patents under her name and in collaboration with other scientists.
- The Introduction of Substituted Vinyl Groups. V. A Rearrangement Involving the Migration of an Allyl Group in a Three-Carbon System. Arthur C. Cope and Elizabeth M. Hardy. Publication date: February 1, 1940 [9]
- The Introduction of Substituted Vinyl Groups. VI. The Regeneration of Substituted Vinyl Malonic Esters from their Sodium Enolates. Arthur C. Cope and Elizabeth M. Hardy. Publication date: December 1, 1940 [10]
- The Rearrangement of Allyl Groups in Three-Carbon Systems. Arthur C. Cope, Corris M. Hofmann and Elizabeth M. Hardy. Publication date: July 1, 1941 [11]
- Aminoalcohols and their Esters. Evelyn M. Hancock, Elizabeth M. Hardy, Dorothea Heyl, Mary Elizabeth Wright and Arthur C. Cope. Publication date: October 1, 1944 [12]
- Study of the Aqueous Esterification of Anthrahydroquinones. Mario Scalera, William B. Hardy, Elizabeth M. Hardy and Asa W. Joyce. Publication Date:July 1, 1951[13]
- Some new methods for preparing bunte salts. Hans Z. Lecher and Elizabeth M. Hardy. Publication date: April 1, 1955 [14]
- Manufacture of sulphuric ester salts of phenols. Hans Z. Lecher, Plainfleld, Mario Scalera, Somerville, Elizabeth M. Hardy, Bound Brook. Patented: June 25, 1946[15]
- Preparation of pentaalkylguanidines. Hans Z. Lecher, Plainfleld, Elizabeth M. Hardy, Bound Brook, Clement L. Kosloski, North Easton. Patented: July 29, 1958[16]
- Trichloromethyl benzenethio-sulfonates. Elizabeth M. Hardy and John F. Hosler, Bound Brook, Glentworth Lamb, Stamford. Patented: March 24, 1959[17]
- Trichloromethyl 2-methoxy-5-phosphono-benzenethiolsulfonate pesticides. Elizabeth M. Hardy, Hohokus Patented: January 16, 1962 [18]
- Preparation of s-aryl-thiosulfuric acids. Hans Z. Lecher, Plainfleld, Elizabeth M. Hardy, Bound Brook. Patented: April 12, 1955[19]
- Preparation of s-aryl-thiosulfuric acids. Hans Z. Lecher, Plainfleld, Elizabeth M. Hardy, Bound Brook. Patented: July 5, 1955[20]
- 4-alkylmorpholine sulfur trioxide compounds. Mario Scalera, Somerville, Charles T. Lester, De Kalb, Elizabeth M. Hardy, Bound Brook. Patented: November 30, 1948[21]
- Soluble vat dyes of the acridone series. William B. Hardy and Elizabeth M. Hardy, Bound Brook. Patented: August 18, 1953[22]
References
[edit]- ^ Ancestry.com.U.S., Social Security Death Index, 1935-2014. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2014
- ^ Olson, Julie A.; Shea, Kevin M. (17 May 2011). "Critical Perspective: Named Reactions Discovered and Developed by Women". Accounts of Chemical Research. 44 (5): 311–321. doi:10.1021/ar100114m. PMID 21417324.
- ^ Acton, Q. Ashton (May 1, 2013). Issues in Chemistry and General Chemical Research (2013 ed.). Atlanta, Georgia: ScholarlyEditions. p. 354. ISBN 9781490106311.
- ^ Cope, Arthur C.; Hardy, Elizabeth M. (February 1940). "The Introduction of Substituted Vinyl Groups. V. A Rearrangement Involving the Migration of an Allyl Group in a Three-Carbon System". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 62 (2): 441–444. doi:10.1021/ja01859a055.
- ^ Gelfert, Axel (2016). How to do science with models : a philosophical primer. Springer International Publishing. pp. 91–95. ISBN 9783319279527.
- ^ a b c American Men & Women of Science. New York and Longon: R.R. Bowker Company. 1982. p. 488.
- ^ a b Wilson, Anne M. (2009). "Harry S. Mosher and Arthur C. Cope, Early Organic Chemists Who Mentored Women" (PDF). Bulletin for the History of Chemistry. 34 (1): 21–29. Retrieved 1 November 2019.
- ^ Roberts, John D.; Sheehan, John C. (1991). "Arthur Clay Cope" (PDF). Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences. 60: 17–27. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-07. Retrieved 2019-10-31.
- ^ J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1940, 62, 2, 441-444 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01859a055
- ^ J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1940, 62, 12, 3319-3323 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01869a013
- ^ . Am. Chem. Soc. 1941, 63, 7, 1852-1857 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01852a014
- ^ J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1944, 66, 10, 1747-1752 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01238a039
- ^ J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1951, 73, 7, 3094-3099 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01151a036
- ^ J. Org. Chem. 1955, 20, 4, 475-487 https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01122a010
- ^ Application January 17, 1944, Serial No. 518,585. "United States Patent Office".
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Application May 21, 1956 Serial No. 585,972. "United States Patent Office".
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Application May 17, 1957. Serial No.659,764 (17 May 1957). "United States Patent Office".
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Filed: April 22, 1959, Ser. No. 807980. "United States Patent Office".
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Application May 14, 1953, Serial No. 355,178. "United States Patent Office".
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Application April 7, 1954, Serial No. 421,700. "United States Patent Office".
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Application January 18, 1946, Serial No. 642,102. "United States Patent Office".
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Application January 17, 1951, Serial No. 206,516. "United States Patent Office".
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)