Embryonopsis halticella

Embryonopsis halticella
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Lepidoptera
Family:	Plutellidae
Genus:	Embryonopsis
Species:	E. halticella
Binomial name
	Embryonopsis halticella; Eaton, 1875
Synonyms
	Embryonopsis heardensis Brown, 1964

Embryonopsis halticella is a species of flightless moth found on islands of the sub-Antarctic Indian Ocean (Crozet archipelago, Heard Island, Kerguelen Islands and Prince Edward Islands).^[1]

Taxonomy

Embryonopsis halticella was described by A. E. Eaton in 1876 from specimens collected on Kerguelen Islands.^[2]

Description

The moth is 5–5.5 mm (0.20–0.22 in), brown and brachypterous.^[2] Mature caterpillars are 8–10 mm (0.31–0.39 in) long.^[1] As a caterpillar this species is not freeze-tolerant,^[3] but they do not freeze until they have reached −17 to −20 °C (1 to −4 °F).^[4]

Hosts and behaviour

The adult moths do not feed. Caterpillars eat tussock grass Poa cookii.^[1] The whole life of a caterpillar is spent inside the inner fronds of tussock tillers. All life stages can be found throughout the year but on Kerguelen adults peak during December. Caterpillars of Embryonopsis halticella cause extensive damage to tussock grass.^[1]

Distribution

Despite reduced wings of the adult moth this species is found on four islands groups in the Sub-Antarctic: Prince Edward Islands, Heard Island, Kerguelen Islands, Crozet archipelago. The distribution of the moth matches that of its food plant the tussock grass Poa cookii.^[1]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Crafford, J. E.; Scholtz, C. H. (1986). "Impact of Embryonopsis halticella eaton larvae (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) feeding in Marion Island tussock grassland". Polar Biology. 6 (4): 191–196. doi:10.1007/BF00443395. ISSN 1432-2056.
^ ^a ^b Eaton, A. E. (1876). "Breves Dipterarum uniusque Lepidopterarum insulae Kerguelensi indigenarum diagnoses". Entomologist's Monthly Magazine. 12: 58–61.
^ Klok, C. Jaco; Chown, Steven L (1998). "Interactions between desiccation resistance, host-plant contact and the thermal biology of a leaf-dwelling sub-antarctic caterpillar, Embryonopsis halticella (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae)". Journal of Insect Physiology. 44 (7): 615–628. doi:10.1016/S0022-1910(98)00052-3. ISSN 0022-1910. PMID 12769944.
^ Klok, C. J.; Chown, S. L. (2005). "Inertia in physiological traits: Embryonopsis halticella caterpillars (Yponomeutidae) across the Antarctic Polar Frontal Zone". Journal of Insect Physiology. 51 (1): 87–97. doi:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2004.11.011. ISSN 0022-1910.

[:0-1] Crafford, J. E.; Scholtz, C. H. (1986). "Impact of Embryonopsis halticella eaton larvae (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) feeding in Marion Island tussock grassland". Polar Biology. 6 (4): 191–196. doi:10.1007/BF00443395. ISSN 1432-2056.

[:1-2] Eaton, A. E. (1876). "Breves Dipterarum uniusque Lepidopterarum insulae Kerguelensi indigenarum diagnoses". Entomologist's Monthly Magazine. 12: 58–61.

[3] Klok, C. Jaco; Chown, Steven L (1998). "Interactions between desiccation resistance, host-plant contact and the thermal biology of a leaf-dwelling sub-antarctic caterpillar, Embryonopsis halticella (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae)". Journal of Insect Physiology. 44 (7): 615–628. doi:10.1016/S0022-1910(98)00052-3. ISSN 0022-1910. PMID 12769944.

[4] Klok, C. J.; Chown, S. L. (2005). "Inertia in physiological traits: Embryonopsis halticella caterpillars (Yponomeutidae) across the Antarctic Polar Frontal Zone". Journal of Insect Physiology. 51 (1): 87–97. doi:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2004.11.011. ISSN 0022-1910.

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