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First women admitted to degrees at the University of Oxford

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The building of Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford University
The main quad of Somerville College, Oxford University
The building of St. Hugh's College, Oxford University
First women's colleges at Oxford (l to r): Lady Margaret Hall, founded in 1879; Somerville College, founded in 1879; and St Hugh's College, founded in 1886

In 1920, the University of Oxford admitted women to degrees for the first time during the Michaelmas term. The conferrals took place at the Sheldonian Theatre on 14 October,[1] 26 October,[2] 29 October,[3] 30 October[4] and 13 November.[5] That same year, on 7 October, women also became eligible for admission as full members of the university.[6]

Before 1920, it is estimated that around 4,000 women studied at Oxford since the opening of the university's first women's colleges in 1879.[7] One graduate was Annie Rogers, who took undergraduate exams in 1875 and 1877 and was finally given a degree in 1920, when she was 64 years old.[8] The last survivor of the first conferral ceremony was Constance Savery, who died at the age of 101 in 1999.[9]

History

[edit]
See also: University of Oxford § Women's education
A group photo of young Victorian women.
First women students at Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford, c. 1879

For the first six centuries of its existence, the University of Oxford was only open to male students. In 1873, Annie Rogers sat for the Oxford school examination and came out on top, automatically qualifying for an exhibition at Balliol or Worcester College. However, when the university realised she was female, they rescinded her offer and her place was given to the boy who had come sixth in the tests. Balliol College gave her volumes of Homer as a consolation prize.[8] In response to the controversy caused by Rogers' story, the university passed a statute in 1875 allowing its Delegacy for Local Examinations to set examinations for women at roughly undergraduate level;[10] Rogers was able to sit these examinations, giving her the equivalent of first-class marks in Classics in 1877 and Ancient History in 1879.[11]

In 1873 a committee was formed to organise "Lectures for Ladies" by university dons in Oxford. It was also possible to take tests and use the university's Bodleian Library.[12]: 233–234  In June 1878, an Association for the Education of Women (AEW) was formed in Oxford, including members of the "Lectures for Ladies", to organise courses of lectures leading to examinations.[12]: 247–248  Because of religious differences, two halls of residence were opened in 1879 by separate committees: the Anglican Lady Margaret Hall and the nondenominational Somerville Hall[12]: 245–248  From 1879, there were also a number of students not living in halls, who were given the name of the Society of Oxford Home-Students in 1898 (later renamed to St Anne's College in 1952).[13] Two more women's colleges would open before 1900: St Hugh's Hall in 1886 and St Hilda's Hall in 1893.[12]: 250  Over time, the halls and the home students took on their own tutors and adopted the name college.[13] In 1910 the halls and the home students became "recognised societies" of the university and in 1920 "societies of women students".[14] From 1927 until 1957 there was a quota system which limited the number of students admitted to the women's societies.[15]: 233–234  They were only accepted as full colleges of the university in 1959.[16]

At first, women students took examinations organised by the Delegacy for Local Examinations.[17] Eventually, they were allowed to sit for university examinations for B.A. courses through the delegacy, which awarded a certificate of completion rather than a degree.[18] By 1895, Oxford, the University of Cambridge and Trinity College Dublin were the only universities in the United Kingdom to deny women degrees. The first vote to give Oxford women degrees in 1896 was unsuccessful.[16] In response to the vote failure, the AEW began to issue a diploma listing the exams a student had passed at the end of her studies.[19] For a brief period in the early 1900s, some women received ad eundem degrees from Trinity College, which began admitting women in 1904 and had made this arrangement with the Oxbridge universities.[20] These women became known as "steamboat ladies" and, between 1904 and 1907 (when the arrangement ended), Trinity College granted degrees to 720 women educated at Oxbridge.[21]

"Oxford has recognised that she has daughters, and some day she will give to them, as to her sons, the right to bear her name and wear her gown."

—The Times, November 1910.[16]

In November 1910, the University of Oxford established the Delegacy for Women Students. This was a huge step towards women being granted full membership, not least because the statute which established the Delegacy acknowledged women as Oxford members for the first time as well as the five women's colleges, with the University assuming formal control and supervision over them.[22]

It would be another ten years before women were finally admitted as full members. The first matriculation ceremony was held in the Divinity School on 7 October 1920. The first degree ceremony followed at the Sheldonian Theatre on 14 October 1920. Between 1920 and 1921, a total of 1,159 women were matriculated.[16]

Degree conferrals in 1920 and 1921

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Ordinary degrees

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Black and white image of women wearing graduation robes, on their way to the degree conferral ceremony
Former women students returned to Oxford to receive their degrees, one week after women became eligible for admission as full members.
List of admitted women
Name College Degree Graduation year Ref.
Gwyneth Bebb St Hugh's College Jurisprudence 1908 [23]
Beatrice Blackwood Somerville College English Literature and Language 1916 [24]
Vera Brittain Somerville College English Literature and Language 1921 [25][26]
D. K. Broster St Hilda's College History 1898 [27]
Hilda Cashmore Somerville College Modern History 1902 [28][29]
Olive Clapham Society of Oxford Home-Students Jurisprudence 1920 [30][31]
Muriel St. Clare Byrne Somerville College English Literature and Language 1916 [32]
Agnes Muriel Clay Lady Margaret Hall Classics 1899 [33]
Maude Clarke Lady Margaret Hall Modern History 1915 [34][35]
Constance Coltman Somerville College History 1921 [36]
Cicely Craven St Hilda's College History 1912 [37][38]
Helen Darbishire Somerville College English Literature and Language 1903 [39][40]
Emily Daymond St Hugh's College Music 1896 [41]
Julia de Lacy Mann Somerville College Classics 1914 [42][43]
Helena Deneke St Hugh's College English Literature and Language 1903 [44][45]
Auvergne Doherty Society of Oxford Home-Students Jurisprudence 1916 [46]
Violet Mary Doudney St Hilda's College English Literature and Language 1911 [47][48]
Una Ellis-Fermor Somerville College English Literature and Language 1914 [49]
Joan Evans St Hugh's College Classical Archaeology 1916 [50]
Isobel Forrester Lady Margaret Hall English Literature and Language 1917 [51]
Flora Forster Somerville College English Literature and Language 1918 [52]
Charis Frankenburg Somerville College English Literature and Language 1921 [53][54]
Barbara Freire-Marreco Somerville College Classics 1908 [55]
Viola Garvin Somerville College English Literature and Language 1918 [56]
Rose Graham Somerville College History 1895 [57]
Barbara Gwyer Lady Margaret Hall Classics 1904 [58]
Ursula Kathleen Hicks Somerville College Economics 1895 [59]
Winifred Holtby Somerville College Modern History 1921 [26][60]
Muriel Jaeger Somerville College English Literature and Language 1916 [61]
Margaret Kennedy Somerville College History 1919 [62]
Clare Kirchberger Somerville College Modern Languages 1912 [63]
Leah L'Estrange Malone Somerville College Modern History 1904 [64]
Maria Millington Lathbury Somerville College Classics 1889 [65][66]
Margaret Leigh Somerville College English Literature and Language 1914 [67]
Enid McLeod St Hugh's College English Literature and Language 1920 [68]
Hilda D. Oakeley Somerville College Classics 1898 [69]
Doris Odlum St Hilda's College Classics 1912 [70]
Eleanor Addison Phillips St Hugh's College Modern History 1908 [71]
Mary Pickford Lady Margaret Hall History 1921 [72]
Mary Winearls Porter Somerville College Geology 1918 [73][74]
H. F. M. Prescott Lady Margaret Hall Modern History 1920 [75]
Marcia Rice St Hugh's College English Literature and Language 1887 [76]
Constance Savery Somerville College English Literature and Language 1920 [77]
Dorothy L. Sayers Somerville College Medieval French 1915 [78][79]
Edith Philip Smith Somerville College Natural Sciences 1920 [80]
Enid Starkie Somerville College Modern Languages 1920 [81][82]
Mildred Veitch St Hilda's College History 1912 [83]
Margerie Venables Taylor Somerville College Modern History 1903 [84]: 218 
Elsie Maud Wakefield Somerville College Botany 1909 [85][86]
Cicely Williams Somerville College Medicine 1921 [87][88]
Ivy Williams Society of Oxford Home-Students Jurisprudence 1900 [89][90]
Olive Willis Somerville College History 1901 [91]

Degrees by decree

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A group photo of five women in silk gowns used in graduation ceremonies.
The principals of women's colleges at Oxford awarded honourary degrees, October 1920. L to R: Winifred Moberly, Emily Penrose, Bertha Johnson, Eleanor Jourdain, and Henrietta Jex-Blake
List of women granted honourary degrees
Name Associated college Role Ref.
Cecilia Mary Ady St Hugh's College Tutor [92]
Alice Bruce Somerville College Vice-Principal and Tutor [93]
C. Violet Butler Society of Oxford Home-Students Tutor [94][95]
Evelyn Jamison Lady Margaret Hall Assistant Tutor and Librarian [96]
Henrietta Jex-Blake Lady Margaret Hall Principal [97]
Bertha Johnson Society of Oxford Home-Students Principal [98]
Eleanor Jourdain St Hugh's College Principal [99]
Jane Kirkaldy Somerville and St Hugh's College Tutor [100]
A. E. Levett St Hilda's College Vice-Principal and Tutor [101]
Eleanor Lodge Lady Margaret Hall Vice-Principal and Tutor [102]
Hilda Lorimer Somerville College Tutor [103]: 211, 214 
Winifred Moberly Lady Margaret Hall Principal [104][105]
Emily Penrose Somerville College Principal [106][103]: 85 
Mildred K. Pope Somerville College Tutor [107][108]
Annie Rogers St Hugh's College Tutor [103]: 52–3 [10]
Janet Spens Lady Margaret Hall Tutor [109]
Edith Wardale St Hugh's College Tutor [110]

References

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Further reading

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Articles

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Books

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