Fulani extremism
Ethnic conflicts involving the Fulani people (also known as Fula) occur in West Africa, primarily in Nigeria, but also in Mali, Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and the Central African Republic, due to conflicts over land and culture.[1][2] The death count for each attack is small, although the cumulative death count is in the thousands.[1][3]
History
[edit]Conflict between farmers and herders
[edit]The Fulani are largely nomadic/semi-nomadic and live in the semi-arid climate of West Africa.[4] Due to population growth and desertification, Fulani nomads have to move south towards more fertile lands to graze their herds.[5][6] This created conflicts with the farmers.[4] This resulting violence left a death toll of over 10,000.[5]
These conflicts are being framed as a ethno-religious conflict despite a considerable number of Fulani herdsmen not being Muslim or practicing Muslims. Peaceful Fulani communities have also been attacked and raided by bandits including Fulani militias. Millions of Fulani communities also suffer from stigmatisation and discrimination as they are blamed for the crimes of a few thousand Fulanis.[7][8]
Attacks
[edit]Nigeria
[edit]Nigeria experienced the most attacks. January 2018 marked a five year high in the number of events associated with Herder-Farmer conflicts in Nigeria. In 2018, 1,868 fatalities have been attributed to Herder-Farmer conflicts involving (both the farmers and the herders in conflicts instigated by the two bodies on attacks on its members). In just January 2018, there were 91 violent events associated with the conflicts, resulting in a reported 302 fatalities. However, these conflicts are not so easily classified. Majority of the violence involving these conflicts revolves around disagreements between pastoralists and farming communities, which is why many describe the conflicts as farmer-herder conflict. Majority of the Fulani in Nigeria are Muslim, leading to describe the violence as a religious conflict[9]
Most of the Herder-Farmer conflicts are typically carried out with firearms, although bombs and kidnapping are also used. The escalated conflicts mostly target private property followed by government buildings, businesses and religious institutions.[1][10][11]
Mali
[edit]Fulani has had much influence in Mali. In 2012, the Malian government was overthrown by Amadou Sanogo.[12] Although tension between the Christian south and the Muslim north was already present, the coup weakened the country and allowed terrorism to rise.
Several Liberation groups have risen in Mali. The Macina Liberation Front (FLM) formed in 2015, and committed 29 attacks with at least 129 casualties.[13] Another group is the National Alliance for the Protection and the Restoration of Justice (ANSIPRJ). This group carried out one attack in 2016 that killed 17 and injured 35.[14]
Malian groups targeted state facilities rather than private property. A majority of the attacks were done with firearms.[13]
Efforts to reduce this conflicts were aided by France, Mali's former colonizer, which sent military aid and assistance. The aid was largely to counter the rise in terror. The United States supported France in this effort.[15] The United Nations sent peacekeeping troops to Mali. However, the peacekeeping troops became a target.[16]
Central African Republic
[edit]As of April 2019, fourteen attacks had occurred in the Central African Republic. The main target was private property. The weapon of choice is a firearm.[1]
Democratic Republic of Congo
[edit]As of April 2019, one attack had occurred in the Democratic Republic of Congo.[1] On March 26, 2016, there was an attacked in a military base in Ngaliema. The attackers injured a soldier but cost them three of their own men.[17]
Cameroon
[edit]In February 2020, there was a massacre carried out in the Ngarbuh massacre alongside Cameroonian soldiers during the Anglophone Crisis.[2]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e "GTD Search Results". www.start.umd.edu. Retrieved 2019-04-11.
- ^ a b "Cameroon: Civilians Massacred in Separatist Area | Human Rights Watch". www.hrw.org. 25 February 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
- ^ Giroux, Jennifer; Nwankpa, Michael (2019-03-01), "Nigeria: A vicious cycle: The growth of terrorism and counterterrorism in Nigeria, 1999–2016", Non-Western responses to terrorism, Manchester University Press, pp. 409–432, ISBN 978-1-5261-0581-3, retrieved 2024-08-09
- ^ a b Baca, Michael W. (2015-07-16). "Farmer-Herder Clashes Amplify Challenge for Beleaguered Nigerian Security". IPI Global Observatory. Retrieved 2019-04-11.
- ^ a b Ilo, Udo Jude; Jonathan-Ichaver, Ier; Adamolekun, 'Yemi (2019-01-24). "The Deadliest Conflict You've Never Heard of". ISSN 0015-7120. Retrieved 2019-04-11.
- ^ "Land Conflict Has Long Been a Problem in Nigeria. Here's How Climate Change Is Making It Worse". Time. Retrieved 2019-04-11.
- ^ Salkida, Ahmad (2020-06-13). "Fulani: Villain And Victim Of Militia Attacks?". HumAngle. Retrieved 2023-05-12.
- ^ Moritz, Mark; Mbacke, Mamediarra (2022-03-23). "The danger of a single story about Fulani pastoralists". Pastoralism. 12 (1): 14. doi:10.1186/s13570-021-00227-z. ISSN 2041-7136.
- ^ Matfess, Hilary (2018-10-05). "Fulani Militias in Nigeria: Declining Violence Not a Sign of Lasting Peace". ACLED. Retrieved 2023-05-12.
- ^ Harvest of Death Three Years Of Bloody Clashes Between Farmers and Herders in Nigeria (PDF). Maitama, Abuja-FCT, Nigeria: Amnesty International. 2018.
- ^ Nwangwu, Chikodiri; Enyiazu, Chukwuemeka (2019). "Nomadic Pastoralism and Human Security: Towards a Collective Action against Herders-Farmers Crisis in Nigeria" (PDF). Nomadic Pastorialism and Human Security: Towards a Collective Action Against Herders-Farmers Crisis in Nigeria | AfriHeritage Working Paper 2019 010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-07-15. Retrieved 2020-05-28.
- ^ "Mali coup d'etat leader Amadou Sanogo says President Amadou Toumani Toure, other officials 'safe and sound'". National Post News. 2012-03-23. Retrieved 2019-05-12.
- ^ a b "GTD Search Results". www.start.umd.edu. Retrieved 2019-04-11.
- ^ "National Alliance for the Protection of Peul Identity and Restoration of Justice (ANSIPRJ)". www.globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 2019-04-11.
- ^ "U.S. to keep supporting French military effort in Mali: Pentagon chief". Reuters. 2018-10-02. Retrieved 2019-04-24.
- ^ "Terror attacks on the rise in Mali: UN". France 24. 2019-03-05. Retrieved 2019-04-24.
- ^ "Incident Summary for GTDID: 201603260030". www.start.umd.edu. Retrieved 2019-04-11.