Giovanni Battista Cairati
Giovanni Battista Cairati, known in Portuguese as João Baptista Cairato, (Cairate, 16th century – Goa, 1596) was an Italian architect and engineer. Cairati dominated Portuguese military architecture in the Orient from the African coast to Malacca from 1583 to 1596.[1]
Biography
[edit]Born in the small town of Cairate, Lombardy, he began working, around 1560, in the service of the Order of the Knights Hospitaller and built fortifications in Malta and Sardinia. Back in Milan, he directed and supervised the fortification works in the city in the years 1560-1570.[2]
In 1577 he entered the service of Philip II of Spain and in 1583 he was appointed chief engineer of the Estado da Índia and charged with the urgent task of surveying and rebuilding the most strategic of the Portuguese fortresses.[3] Cairati spent a decade (1585-95) modernizing the fortresses of the Estado da Índia through the introduction of the trace italienne.[4] He worked on the construction of fortifications in various places in East Africa and India such as Vasai, Malacca, Mannar, Hormuz, Muscat, Daman and Mombasa.[5]
Around 1593, he designed the fortress of Fort Jesus in East Africa (now Kenya).[6] The fort, built between 1593 and 1596 and inspired by the architectural models of the Italian Renaissance, is his last known work.
Notes
[edit]- ^ Da Silva, O. M. (1990). Fidalgos in the Kingdom of Kotte, Sri Lanka, 1505-1656. The Portuguese in Sri Lanka. Colombo: Harwoods Publishers. p. 441.
- ^ "CARRATO, João Baptista". Dicionário dos Italianos estantes em Portugal. Cátedra de Estudos Sefarditas "Alberto Benveniste". Universidade de Lisboa.
- ^ Bethencourt 2021, p. 848.
- ^ Rui Manuel Loureiro, "Para os olhos do Rei: iconografia de fortalezas portuguesas na região do golfo Pérsico por volta de 1600," Revista Oriente 18 (2007): 66-80 at 69-72
- ^ Boxer & Azevedo 1960, pp. 81–105.
- ^ Parker, Geoffrey (18 April 1996). The Military Revolution: Military Innovation and the Rise of the West, 1500-1800. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521479585. Retrieved 2 May 2017.
Bibliography
[edit]- Boxer, Charles; Azevedo, Carlos de (1960). A Fortaleza de Jesus e os Portugueses em Mombaça. Lisboa: Centro de Estudos de História Ultramarina. pp. 79–105.
- Bethencourt, Francisco (2021). "The Portuguese Empire (1415–1822)". In Peter Fibiger Bang; C. A. Bayly; Walter Scheidel (eds.). The Oxford World History of Empire. Vol. 2: The History of Empires. New York. pp. 832–861. doi:10.1093/oso/9780197532768.003.0030.
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