Graphical timeline of plesiosaurs
Timeline
[edit]
Taxa
[edit]| Taxon | First Appearance Datum | Last Appearance Datum | Previous Estimates | Image |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Late Hauterivian[1] |
Late Hauterivian[1] |
Late Hauterivian[1] |
||
|
Late Campanian[2] |
Late Campanian[2] |
Late Campanian[2] |
 | |
|
Early Maastrichtian[3] |
Early Maastrichtian[3] |
Early Maastrichtian[3] |
||
|
Early-Middle Norian[4] |
Early-Middle Norian[4] |
Early-Middle Norian[4] |
||
|
Maastrichtian[5] |
Maastrichtian[5] |
Maastrichtian[5] |
||
|
Maastrichtian[5] |
Maastrichtian[5] |
Maastrichtian[5] |
 | |
|
Late Maastrichtian[6] |
Late Maastrichtian[6] |
Late Maastrichtian[6] |
 | |
|
Sinemurian[5] |
Sinemurian[5] |
Sinemurian[5] |
 | |
|
Early Maastrichtian[7] |
Early Maastrichtian[7] |
Early Maastrichtian[7] |
||
|
Late Campanian-Early Maastrichtian[8] |
Late Campanian-Early Maastrichtian[8] |
Campanian-Maastrichtian,[5] Late Campanian-Early Maastrichtian[8] |
||
|
Turonian[9] |
Turonian[9] |
Turonian[9] |
||
|
Late Albian[10] |
Late Albian[10] |
 | ||
|
Albian[11] |
Albian[11] |
Albian[11] |
 | |
|
Early Turonian[10] |
Early Turonian[10] |
 | ||
|
Early Albian[12] |
Early Albian[12] |
Early Albian[12] |
 | |
|
Cenomanian[13] |
Cenomanian[13] |
Cenomanian[13] |
||
|
Earliest Cenomanian[14] |
Earliest Cenomanian[14] |
 | ||
|
Late Sinemurian[12] |
Late Sinemurian[12] |
 | ||
|
Sinemurian[5] |
Sinemurian[5] |
Sinemurian[5] |
||
|
Toarcian[5] |
Toarcian[5] |
Toarcian[5] |
 | |
|
Early Kimmeridgian[15] |
Early Kimmeridgian[15] |
 | ||
|
Kimmeridgian[5] |
Kimmeridgian[5] |
Kimmeridgian[5] |
||
|
Kimmeridgian[5] |
Kimmeridgian[5] |
|||
|
Tithonian[5] |
Tithonian[5] |
Tithonian[5] |
||
|
Callovian-Tithonian[5] |
Callovian-Tithonian[5] |
Callovian-Tithonian[5] |
 | |
|
Callovian[5] |
Callovian[5] |
Callovian[5] |
||
|
Turonian-Santonian[5] |
Turonian-Santonian[5] |
Turonian-Santonian[5] |
 | |
|
Campanian[5] |
Campanian[5] |
Campanian[5] |
 | |
|
Santonian-Campanian[16] |
Santonian-Campanian[16] |
 | ||
|
Tithonian[5] |
Tithonian[5] |
Tithonian[5] |
 | |
|
Callovian[5] |
Callovian[5] |
Callovian[5] |
||
|
Callovian[5] |
Callovian[5] |
Callovian[5] |
||
|
Aptian[11] |
Aptian[11] |
Aptian[11] |
 | |
|
Aptian-Albian[5] |
Aptian-Albian[5] |
Aptian-Albian[5] |
 | |
|
Aptian-Albian[11] |
Aptian-Albian[11] |
Aptian-Albian[11] |
||
|
Aptian-Albian[5] |
Aptian-Albian[5] |
Aptian-Albian[5] |
 | |
|
Aptian-Albian[11] |
Aptian-Albian[11] |
Aptian-Albian[11] |
 | |
|
Bajocian[5] |
Bajocian[5] |
Bajocian[5] |
||
|
Bajocian[11] |
Bajocian[11] |
Bajocian[11] |
||
|
Barremian[5] |
Barremian[5] |
Barremian[5] |
 | |
|
Bathonian[11] |
Bathonian[11] |
Bathonian[11] |
||
|
Berriasian[5] |
Berriasian[5] |
Berriasian[5] |
 | |
|
Callovian[5] |
Callovian[5] |
Callovian[5] |
 | |
|
Callovian[5] |
Callovian[5] |
Callovian[5] |
||
|
Callovian[5] |
Callovian[5] |
Callovian[5] |
 | |
|
Callovian[11] |
Callovian[11] |
Callovian[11] |
||
|
Callovian[5] |
Callovian[5] |
Callovian[5] |
||
|
Callovian[5] |
Callovian[5] |
Callovian[5] |
 | |
|
Callovian[5] |
Callovian[5] |
Callovian[5] |
 | |
|
Callovian[5] |
Callovian[5] |
Callovian[5] |
 | |
|
Callovian[11] |
Callovian[11] |
Callovian[11] |
||
|
Campanian[11] |
Campanian[11] |
Campanian[11] |
||
|
Campanian[5] |
Campanian[5] |
Campanian[5] |
 | |
|
Santonian-Campanian[17] |
Santonian-Campanian[17] |
|||
|
Early Campanian[8] |
Early Campanian[8] |
Early Campanian[8] |
 | |
|
Campanian-Maastrichtian[11] |
Campanian-Maastrichtian[11] |
Campanian-Maastrichtian[11] |
.jpg) | |
|
Cenomanian[5] |
Cenomanian[5] |
Cenomanian[5] |
 | |
|
Cenomanian-Turonian[5] |
Cenomanian-Turonian[5] |
Cenomanian-Turonian[5] |
 | |
|
Hauterivian-Barremian[5] |
Hauterivian-Barremian[5] |
Hauterivian-Barremian[5] |
||
|
Rhaetian-Hettangian[18] |
Rhaetian-Hettangian[18] |
 | ||
|
Hettangian[5] |
Hettangian[5] |
Hettangian[5] |
 | |
|
Hettangian[5] |
Hettangian[5] |
Hettangian[5] |
||
|
Hettangian[5] |
Hettangian[5] |
Hettangian[5] |
 | |
|
Kimmeridgian[5] |
Kimmeridgian[5] |
Kimmeridgian[5] |
||
|
Kimmeridgian[11] |
Kimmeridgian[11] |
Kimmeridgian[11] |
||
|
Kimmeridgian-Portlandian[5] |
Kimmeridgian-Portlandian[5] |
Kimmeridgian-Portlandian[5] |
 | |
|
Kimmeridgian-Tithonian[5] |
Kimmeridgian-Tithonian[5] |
Kimmeridgian-Tithonian[5] |
_sacral_vertebra.jpg) | |
|
Kimmeridgian?[11] |
Kimmeridgian?[11] |
Kimmeridgian?[11] |
||
|
Maastrichtian[5] |
Maastrichtian[5] |
Maastrichtian[5] |
||
|
Maastrichtian[11] |
Maastrichtian[11] |
Maastrichtian[11] |
 | |
|
Maastrichtian[5] |
Maastrichtian[5] |
Maastrichtian[5] |
 | |
|
Maastrichtian[5] |
Maastrichtian[5] |
Maastrichtian[5] |
||
|
Maastrichtian[5] |
Maastrichtian[5] |
Maastrichtian[5] |
||
|
Early Turonian[10] |
Early Turonian[10] |
 | ||
|
"Campanian/Maastrichtian"[19] |
"Campanian/Maastrichtian"[19] |
|||
|
Oxfordian[11] |
Oxfordian[11] |
Oxfordian[11] |
||
|
Oxfordian[11] |
Oxfordian[11] |
Oxfordian[11] |
||
|
Santonian[11] |
Santonian[11] |
Santonian[11] |
 | |
|
Santonian[5] |
Santonian[5] |
Santonian[5] |
||
|
Santonian-Campanian[5] |
Santonian-Campanian[5] |
Santonian-Campanian[5] |
 | |
|
Santonian-Campanian[5] |
Santonian-Campanian[5] |
Santonian-Campanian[5] |
||
|
Sinemurian[5] |
Sinemurian[5] |
Sinemurian[5] |
 | |
|
Sinemurian[5] |
Sinemurian[5] |
Sinemurian[5] |
 | |
|
Tithonian[5] |
Tithonian[5] |
Tithonian[5] |
||
|
Toarcian[5] |
Toarcian[5] |
Toarcian[5] |
 | |
|
Toarcian[5] |
Toarcian[5] |
Toarcian[5] |
 | |
|
Toarcian[11] |
Toarcian[11] |
Toarcian[11] |
||
|
Toarcian[11] |
Toarcian[11] |
Toarcian[11] |
 | |
|
Toarcian[5] |
Toarcian[5] |
Toarcian[5] |
 | |
|
Toarcian[5] |
Toarcian[5] |
Toarcian[5] |
||
|
Toarcian[5] |
Toarcian[5] |
Toarcian[5] |
||
|
Toarcian[5] |
Toarcian[5] |
Toarcian[5] |
 | |
|
Toarcian[11] |
Toarcian[11] |
Toarcian[11] |
 | |
|
Turonian[5] |
Turonian[5] |
Turonian[5] |
||
|
Turonian[13] |
Turonian[13] |
|||
|
Turonian[13] |
Turonian[13] |
 | ||
|
Turonian[5] |
Turonian[5] |
Turonian[5] |
 | |
|
Coniacian[18] |
Coniacian[18] |
 | ||
|
Turonian[20] |
Turonian[20] |
|||
|
Valanginian[5] |
Valanginian[5] |
Valanginian[5] |
 | |
 | ||||
 | ||||
 | ||||
 | ||||
 | ||||
 | ||||
|
Pliensbachian[21] |
Pliensbachian[21] |
Pliensbachian[21] |
||
|
Toarcian[22] |
 | |||
 | ||||
|
Early Turonian |
Early Turonian |
|||
|
Early Maastrichtian[23] |
Early Maastrichtian[23] |
Early Maastrichtian[23] |
||
|
| ||||
 | ||||
|
Late Kimmeridgian[24] |
Late Kimmeridgian[24] |
Late Kimmeridgian[24] |
||
|
Early Kimmeridgian[25] |
Kimmeridgian[26] |
Early Kimmeridgian-Kimmeridgian[26] |
 | |
|
Late Kimmeridgian[27] |
Late Kimmeridgian[27] |
Late Kimmeridgian[27] |
||
|
Late Pliensbachian |
Late Pliensbachian |
 | ||
|
Early Hauterivian |
Early Barremian |
 |
Footnotes
[edit]- ^ a b c Berezin (2011); "Abstract", page 648.
- ^ a b c Kubo, Mitchell, and Henderson (2012); "Abstract", page 557.
- ^ a b c Otero et al. (2016); "Abstract".
- ^ a b c Sennikov and Arkhangelsky (2010); "Abstract", page 567.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff fg fh fi fj fk fl fm fn fo fp fq fr fs Smith (2007); "Appendix 1", page 257.
- ^ a b c Otero et al. (2014); "Abstract", page 100.
- ^ a b c Araújo et al. (2015); "Abstract", page 109.
- ^ a b c d e f Morgan (2016); "In-Group Taxa" (cont.), page 30.
- ^ a b c Morgan (2016); "In-Group Taxa" (cont.), pages 30-31.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Morgan (2016); "In-Group Taxa" (cont.), page 32.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl Smith (2007); "Appendix 1", page 258.
- ^ a b c d e f Morgan (2016); "Out-Group" (cont.), page 29.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Morgan (2016); "In-Group Taxa" (cont.), page 31.
- ^ a b c Morgan (2016); "In-Group Taxa" (cont.), page 33.
- ^ a b c Benson et al. (2013); "Pliosaurus brachydeirus Owen, 1841", page 5.
- ^ a b c Morgan (2016); "In-Group Taxa", page 29.
- ^ a b c Morgan (2016); "In-Group Taxa" (cont.), pages 29-30.
- ^ a b c d e f Morgan (2016); "Out-Group", page 28.
- ^ a b c Morgan (2016); "In-Group Taxa" (cont.), page 34.
- ^ a b c Morgan (2016); "In-Group Taxa" (cont.), pages 31-32.
- ^ a b c Sato et al. (2014); "Phylogenetic and functional inferences", page 72.
- ^ Smith (2007); "Appendix 1", page 257. Classified under the obsolete binomial "Rhomaleosaurus victor".
- ^ a b c O'Gorman et al. (2015); "Abstract".
- ^ a b c Benson et al. (2013); "Pliosaurus carpenteri n. sp.", pages 8-9.
- ^ Benson et al. (2013); "Pliosaurus kevani n. sp.", page 5.
- ^ a b Benson et al. (2013); "Pliosaurus kevani n. sp.", page 5. Note that although Benson et al. describe the tentatively referred Pliosaurus kevani specimen CAMSM J.35990 and the Lower Kimmeridgian Aulacostephanus mutabilis Biozone from which it likely originated as Lower Kimmeridgian, their "Table 1" on page 25 regard both as Upper Kimmeridgian in age.
- ^ a b c Benson et al. (2013); "Pliosaurus westburyensis n. sp.", page 5.
References
[edit]- R. Araújo; M.J. Polcyn; A.S. Schulp; O. Mateus; L.L. Jacobs; A. Olímpio Gonçalves; M.-L. Morais (2015). "A new elasmosaurid from the early Maastrichtian of Angola and the implications of girdle morphology on swimming style in plesiosaurs". Netherlands Journal of Geosciences. 94 (1): 109–120. Bibcode:2015NJGeo..94..109A. doi:10.1017/njg.2014.44. S2CID 86616531.
- Benson, R. B. J.; Evans, M.; Smith, A. S.; Sassoon, J.; Moore-Faye, S.; Ketchum, H. F.; Forrest, R. (2013). Butler, Richard J (ed.). "A Giant Pliosaurid Skull from the Late Jurassic of England". PLOS ONE. 8 (5): e65989. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...865989B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065989. PMC 3669260. PMID 23741520.
- A. Yu. Berezin (2011). "A new plesiosaur of the family Aristonectidae from the early cretaceous of the center of the Russian platform". Paleontological Journal. 45 (6): 648–660. Bibcode:2011PalJ...45..648B. doi:10.1134/S0031030111060037. S2CID 129045087.
- Kubo, T.; Mitchell, M. T.; Henderson, D. M. (2012). "Albertonectes vanderveldei, a new elasmosaur (Reptilia, Sauropterygia) from the Upper Cretaceous of Alberta". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 32 (3): 557–572. Bibcode:2012JVPal..32..557K. doi:10.1080/02724634.2012.658124. S2CID 129500470.
- Morgan, Donald Joseph III (2016). Revision of polycotylid plesioaur systematics (sauropterygia plesiosauria) and description of the axial osteology of a juvenile polycotylid (Thesis). Marshall University.
- José P. O’Gorman, Leonardo Salgado, Eduardo B. Olivero and Sergio A. Marenssi (2015). "Vegasaurus molyi, gen. et sp. nov. (Plesiosauria, Elasmosauridae), from the Cape Lamb Member (lower Maastrichtian) of the Snow Hill Island Formation, Vega Island, Antarctica, and remarks on Wedellian Elasmosauridae". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 35 (3): e931285. Bibcode:2015JVPal..35E1285O. doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.931285. hdl:11336/53416. S2CID 128965534.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Otero et al. (2014), Aristonectes quiriquinensis, sp. nov., a new highly derived elasmosaurid from the upper Maastrichtian of central Chile
- Otero, Rodrigo A.; O'Gorman, José P.; Hiller, Norton; O'Keefe, F. Robin; Fordyce, R. Ewan (2016). "Alexandronectes zealandiensis gen. et sp. nov., a new aristonectine plesiosaur from the lower Maastrichtian of New Zealand". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 36 (2): e1054494. Bibcode:2016JVPal..36E4494O. doi:10.1080/02724634.2015.1054494. hdl:11336/54350. S2CID 87048127.
- Sato, T.; Zhao, L.-J.; Wu, X.-C.; Li, C. (2014). "A new specimen of the Triassic pistosauroid Yunguisaurus, with implications for the origin of Plesiosauria (Reptilia, Sauropterygia)". Palaeontology. 57 (1): 55–76. Bibcode:2014Palgy..57...55S. doi:10.1111/pala.12048. S2CID 129457774.
- A. G. Sennikov, M. S. Arkhangelsky (2010). "On a Typical Jurassic Sauropterygian from the Upper Triassic of Wilczek Land (Franz Josef Land, Arctic Russia)". Paleontological Journal. 44 (5): 567–572. Bibcode:2010PalJ...44..567S. doi:10.1134/S0031030110050126. S2CID 88505507.
- Smith, Adam Stuart (2007). Anatomy and Systematics of the Rhomaleosauridae (Sauropterygia:Plesiosauria) (PDF) (Thesis). University of Ireland.
 | This article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject. (May 2017) |