Grmoščica
| Grmoščica | |
|---|---|
 Črnomerec with Milerov breg in the foreground and Grmoščica in the background. | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 239.26 metres (785.0 ft) |
| Coordinates | 45°49′05″N 15°55′00″E / 45.818021°N 15.916657°E[1] |
| Geography | |
  Grmoščica | |
| Parent range | Zagrebačka gora |
 | |
Grmoščica or Grmošćica is a hill on Medvednica mountain in central Croatia, just north of Zagreb. Its highest peak is 239 m.[1]
Etymology
[edit]The oldest surviving mention of the hill is in a 1217 document under the name Gremla.[2]: 152 [3]: 17, 25
The form Grmoščica is Kajkavian, whereas the form Grmošćica is a correction according to the Croatian standard. It consists of a root inherited from Proto-Slavic grъmъ + -oš + -čica.[4] A dialectal form Grmovčica is also encountered.[5]: 188 Both spellings continue to be used.[6]: 20
In other dialects, the word grmoščica is used to refer to the mushroom Armillaria tabescens.[7]: 19
Biology
[edit]Flora
[edit]Trees include Salix alba,[8]: 23 Salix purpurea,[8]: 56 and others.
The lichen species found on oak bark on the hill are Flavoparmelia caperata[9]: 26 and Hypogymnia physodes.[9]: 25 [10]: 106, 115
Fauna
[edit]Insects include Subcoccinella vigintiquatuorpunctata[11]: 113 and the invasive species Dryocosmus kuriphilus, the latter a risk for the spread of Cryphonectria parasitica.[12]: 500 [13]: 162
Geoscience
[edit]Geology
[edit]Grmoščica is home to some of the most active landslides in Zagreb.[14]: 146
Speleology
[edit]
Kustošijanka is a cave with two entrances and 44 m of passageway on the north slope of a valley on the east side of Grmoščica. It is located on the fault line dividing Grmoščica in half from northeast to southwest. Its entrance is at an elevation of 155 m. The caver Darko Višek learned of its existence in conversation with local resident Vlado Krapljan, who was among the visitors who left many names and dates inscribed on the walls of the cave in their childhood. It formed in Upper Pontian layers of marlstone, duststone, and sandstone: "Rhomboidea layers", deposited in brackish conditions.[15] Thanks to being on a landslide-prone part of the hill,[16] the entrance became covered at some point after 1993 and could only be passed following digging in 2010.[17]
Clay pit
[edit]An inactive 15.85 ha clay pit remains in situ on the southeast side of the hill.[18]: 12
Landslides
[edit]A large area of the forest on Grmoščica is under private ownership, which has resulted in forest loss, which has led to landslide formation.[19]
Forest Park
[edit]The park is one of the few places in Zagreb where dogs are allowed without a leash.[20]: 17
Recreation
[edit]The arrangement of the Forest Park Grmoščica for recreation has been described as "neglected" by authorities.[21][22]: 23 This began to change following the inclusion of the addition of recreational infrastructure to the park plan.[23]: 207 A series of new downhill bicycle routes were added in 2021,[24]: 37 although the majority of routes had been constructed on private initiative.[25]
One of the earliest and more successful branches of the Croatian Pin Bowling Federation, Grmoščica, founded in 1938,[26] meets on the hill.[27]: 7 [28]: 251 Within Yugoslavia, they won the male national cup 9 times.[29]
References
[edit]- ^ a b Državna geodetska uprava (1954–2010). Hrvatska osnovna kartau mjerilu 1:5000 (Map).
- ^ Smičiklas, Tadija (1905). "Andrija kralj ugarski i hrvatski potvrdjuje na prošnju prepozita zagrebačkoga Ciriaka sve darovnice učinjene toli od kraljeva koli od inih darovatelja crkvi zagrebačkoj". Diplomatički zbornik Kraljevine Hrvatske, Dalmacije i Slavonije. Vol. 3. pp. 150–157.
- ^ Brgles, Branimir (2010). "Toponimija na području Susedgradskog vlastelinstva u srednjovjekovnim i ranonovovjekovnim izvorima" [Toponymy of the Susedgrad manor in historical sources]. Folia onomastica Croatica (19) (published 2011-12-29): 9–36. eISSN 1848-7858.
- ^ Jonke, Ljudevit (1956-01-01). "Grmoščica, Laščina, Medveščak, Peščenica ili Grmošćica. Lašćina, Medvešćak, Pešćenica?". Jezik: časopis za kulturu hrvatskoga književnog jezika. 5 (1): 30–31. eISSN 1849-174X.
- ^ Ivančan, Ljudevit (1902-10-28). "Crkva Svih Svetih u Stenjevcu". Journal of the Archaeological Museum in Zagreb. 6: 187–191. ISSN 0350-7165.
- ^ Babić, Stjepan (1994-10-01). "Primjedbe na primjedbe o Hrvatskome pravopisu". Jezik: časopis za kulturu hrvatskoga književnog jezika. 42 (1): 18–21. eISSN 1849-174X.
- ^ Džalto, Ivana (2021-11-08) [2021-05-19]. Fitonimija u Parčićevu Rječniku hrvatsko-talijanskome iz 1901. godine [Phytonymy in Rječnik hrvatsko-talijanski (1901) written by Dragutin Antun Parčić] (Thesis). Rijeka: Filozofski fakultet Sveučilišta u Rijeci.
- ^ a b Grudiček, Dominik (2021-11-23) [2021-10-15]. Vrbe (Salix spp.) u zbirkama Herbarium Croaticum i Herbarij Ive i Marije Horvat (Thesis). Zagreb: Prirodoslovno-matematički fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu.
- ^ a b Kušan, Fran (1928). "Predradnje za floru lišajeva Hrvatske". Acta Botanica Croatica. 3: 1–40. ISSN 0365-0588.
- ^ Seifter, Katharina (2015). Vorarbeiten zu einem Katalog der Flechten Kroatiens (PDF) (Thesis). Graz: Karl-Franzens-Universität.
- ^ Koren, Toni; Hlavati, Dina; Rojko, Ivana; Zadravec, Mladen (2012-12-13). "First checklist of ladybirds (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of Croatia along with new faunistical records". Acta Entomologica Serbica. 17 (1–2). eISSN 2406-1581.
- ^ Hrašovec, Boris; Matošević, Dinka; Pernek, Milan (2010-10-31). "Prvi nalaz kestenove ose šiškarice (Drycosmus kuriphilus) u Hrvatskoj" [First Record of Oriental Chestnut Gall Wasp (Dryocosmus kuriphilus) in Croatia]. Šumarski list. 134 (9–10): 497–502. eISSN 1846-9140.
- ^ Lukić, Ivan (2012-11-15). "Mogućnost jačanje zaraze rakom kore pitomoga kestena zbog pojave kestenove ose šiškarice u Hrvatskoj" [Potential increase in chestnut blight infection due to the appearance of oriental chestnut gall wasp in Croatia]. Radovi. 44 (2): 159–165. eISSN 1849-0875.
- ^ Guberina, Boris; Kalinić, Pavle (2016-04-11). "Critical Infrastructures Protection in the City Region of Zagreb". National Security and the Future. 17 (1–2): 135–152. eISSN 1846-1425.
- ^ Jelić, Marijana (2010-05-05). "Špilja Kustošijanka". DDISKF.
- ^ Ferić, Pavle; Krkač, Martin; Mihalić, Snježana (2012). "Visual mapping of landslides from LiDAR imagery, Zagreb, Croatia". Monitoring and analyses for disaster mitigation of landslides, debris flow and floods. University of Rijeka. pp. 130–133. ISBN 978-953-6953-30-1.
- ^ Višek, Darko (2010-05-05). "Kako sam došao do Kustošijanke ili Kustošija ima špilju". DDISKF.
- ^ Marunić, Bartul (2024-03-18) [defended 2024-02-22]. Sanacija napuštenih površinskih kopova [Reclmation of abandoned surface mines] (Thesis). Rudarsko-geološko-naftni fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu.
- ^ Kapec, Davorin (2016). "Privatne šume Grada Zagreba nekad i danas". Hrvatska revija (1). eISSN 1334-2037.
- ^ Skuliber, Karla (2018-07-09) [defended 2018-07-03]. Korištenje javnih površina i prostorne prakse šetača pasa: primjer zagrebačke Trešnjevke (Thesis). Zagreb: Prirodoslovno-matematički fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu.
- ^ Balić, Anđela (2021-12-12). Održivi oblici prometa i javne zelene površine kao element urbane održivosti na primjeru grada Zagreba [Sustainable forms of transport and public green spaces as an element of urban sustainability on the example of the city of Zagreb] (Thesis). Zagreb: Filozofski fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu.
- ^ Davies, Clive; et al. (2021-04-30). "Governance, institutional and economic frameworks for Urban Forests as Nature-Based Solutions (UF- NBS) (D1.4)". Zenodo. CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research.
- ^ Grad Zagreb (2016). Generalni urbanistički plan Grada Zagreba: izmjene i dopune 2016. (Tekstualni dio plana, knjiga I - odredbe za provođenje) (PDF). Zagreb.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Marušić, Marko (2021-10-25) [defended 2021-09-23]. Razvoj glavnih biciklističkih ruta u gradu Zagrebu [Development of the main bicycle routes in the City of Zagreb] (Thesis). Zagreb: Prirodoslovno-matematički fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu.
- ^ Radovanović, Vanja (2014-06-06). "Donosimo prijedloge za pet alternativnih zagrebačkih izleta". Pogledaj.to.
- ^ Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža (2002). "Grmoščica". Hrvatska enciklopedija. Vol. 4. ISBN 953-6036-34-7.
- ^ Slavica Klarić, Mirko (2015-12-11) [published 2015-09-28]. Bowling u sportskoj rekreaciji (Thesis). Zagreb: Kineziološki fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu.
- ^ Lešić, Ljiljana (2016-04-19) [defended 2016-01-18]. Motivacija za ostvarenje rezultata i unapređenje kvalitete rada hrvatskog sporta na primjeru Hrvatskog kuglačkog saveza (Thesis). Zagreb: College of Economics, Entrepreneurship and Managemnet Nikola Šubić Zrinski.
- ^ Liović, Miroslav (n.d.). "Prvaci Jugoslavije 1947-1991" (PDF). Kuglački savez Osječko-baranjske županije.
Further reading
[edit]Astronomy
[edit]- Abakumov, Nikola (1946-08-31). "Veza Astronomskog paviljona u Maksimiru sa Zagrebačkom Gorom". Geodetski List. 23 (3): 75–80. eISSN 1849-0611.
Toponymy
[edit]- Jonke, Ljudevit (1956-01-01). "Grmoščica, Laščina, Medveščak, Peščenica ili Grmošćica. Lašćina, Medvešćak, Pešćenica?". Jezik: časopis za kulturu hrvatskoga književnog jezika. 5 (1): 30–31. eISSN 1849-174X.
Cartography
[edit]- Abakumov, Nikolaj; Čubranić, Nikola (1948-06-30). "Bazisna mreža grada Zagreba". Geodetski List. 25 (5–6): 129–135. ISSN 0016-710X.
Hydrology
[edit]- Brkić, Željka; Čakarun, Ivan (1998). Osnovna hidrogeološka karta Republike Hrvatske (Map). § Zagreb.
Geology
[edit]- Basch, Oto; Šikić, Krešimir; Šimunić, Antun; et al. (1972). Osnovna geološka karta SFRJ (Map). § Zagreb.
- Bognar, Andrija; Klein, Vilko (1976-06-15). "Litostratigrafski profil pleistocenih sedimenata Grmoščice i njegovo značenje u tumačenju geomorfološkog razvoja prigorja Medvednice" [Lithostratigraphic Profile of Pleistocene Sediments in Brickyard of Grmoscica and its Importance for the Interpretation of the Geomorphologic Development of the Medvednica Foothill Area]. Hrvatski geografski glasnik. 38: 30–51. ISSN 1331-5854.
- Radić, Sara (2020-07-22) [defended 2020-02-26]. Mineraloške i geokemijske značajke kvartarnih pelitnih sedimenata napuštenog glinokopa Grmoščica (Zagreb) [Mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of Quaternary pelitic sediments from Grmoščica (Zagreb) abandoned clay pit] (Thesis). Zagreb: Prirodoslovno-matematički fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu.
Geotechnics
[edit]- Miklin, Željko; Šikić, V. (1977). Osnovna inženjerskogeološka karta Republike Hrvatske 1:100.000 (Map). § Zagreb.
- Ortolan, Želimir; et al. (2008). "Geotehničke okolnosti - rubni uvjet održivog razvitka "Podsljemenske urbanizirane zone"". Zbornik radova konferencije Razvitak Zagreba. pp. 273–284. ISBN 978-953-95428-5-4.
- Mihalinec, Zlatko (2011-10-21). Monitoring klizišta u urbanim sredinama [Monitoring of Landslides in Urban Environments] (Thesis). Zagreb: Građevinski fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu.
- Bačić, Mario; Kovačević, Meho Saša; Mihalinec, Zlatko (2013-07-10). "Identifikacija rizika pri monitoringu klizišta" [Risk identification in landslide monitoring]. Građevinar. 65 (6): 523–536. eISSN 1333-9095.
- Sokolić, Željko (2013-11-15). "Klizišta – mogućnosti smanjenja šteta". Politehnika I Dizajn. 1 (1): 49–56. doi:10.19279/TVZ.PD.2013-1-1-07. eISSN 2459-6302.
- Mihalić, Arbanas; et al. (2013). "Upravljanje kriznim situacijama uslijed pokretanja klizišta". Hrvatska platforma za smanjenje rizika od katastrofa: Zbornik radova. pp. 151–164. ISSN 1847-7070.
- Podolszki, Laszlo; et al. (2014). "Overview of historical landslide inventories of the Podsljeme Area in the City of Zagreb". Landslide and Flood Hazard Assessment: Proceedings of the 1st Regional Symposium on Landslides in the Adriatic-Balkan Region. Faculty of Mining, Geology and Petroleum Engineering of the University of Zagreb. pp. 57–62. ISBN 978-953-6923-26-7.
Paleontology
[edit]- Sokač, Ana (1972). Panonska i Pontska Fauna Ostrakoda Medvednice [Pannonian and Pontian Ostracode Fauna of Mt. Medvednica]. Palaeontologia Jugoslavica. Vol. 11. ISSN 0552-9352.
Biology
[edit]Botany
[edit]- Seifter, Katharina (2015). Vorarbeiten zu einem Katalog der Flechten Kroatiens (PDF) (Thesis). Graz: Karl-Franzens-Universität.
Forestry
[edit]- Matić, Slavko; Prpić, Branimir (1997). "Program njege, obnove i održavanja, te ekološke i socijalne funkcije park-šuma na području grada Zagreba" (PDF). Šumarski list. 121 (5–6): 225–242. ISSN 0373-1332.
- Anić, Igor; Oršanić, Milan (2010). "Morfološka i šumskouzgojna obilježja park-šuma grada Zagreba". Park-šume grada Zagreba. Akademija Šumarskih Znanosti. pp. 135–146. ISBN 978-953-98571-4-9.
- Posavec, Stjepan; et al. (2020-12-01). "Strateški ciljevi gospodarenja urbanim šumama grada Zagreba" [Strategic goals for urban forest management in the city of Zagreb]. Nova mehanizacija šumarstva: Časopis za teoriju i praksu šumarskoga inženjerstva. 41: 37–47. doi:10.5552/nms.2020.5. ISSN 1845-8815.
- Mihetec, Zvonimir (2022-10-28) [defended 2022-09-30]. Obilježja i uloge park-šuma Grada Zagreba [Characteristics and functions of the park-forests of the city of Zagreb] (Thesis). Zagreb: Agronomski fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu.
History
[edit]- Ferber Bogdan, Jasenka; Der-Hazarijan Vukić, Andreja; Alujević, Darija (2007). "Uspomene na Rudu Valdeca i prvih deset godina Umjetničke škole". Sjećanja na prve generacije Umjetničke akademije u Zagrebu. Hrvatska akademija znanosti i umjetnosti, Arhiv za likovne umjetnosti. pp. 15–119. ISBN 978-953-154-795-6.
- Debanić, Sandra (2018-09-05). Intermedijsko mapiranje sjećanja: pukotine i klizišta (PDF) (Thesis). Rijeka: Akademija primijenjenih umjetnosti.
Recreation
[edit]- Petković, Iva (2011-09-22). Urbani vrtovi-urbanističko-arhitektonsko rješenje rekreacijskog parka na lokaciji Grmoščica u Zagrebu (Thesis). Zagreb: Arhitektonski fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu.
- Mravunac, Ines (2015-07-13). Gradski park Grmoščica u Zagrebu (Thesis). Zagreb: Arhitektonski fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu.
- Kičić, Martina; Marin, Ana Marija; Vuletić, Dijana; Kaliger, Ivana; Matošević, Ninoslav; Šimpraga, Sergej; Krajter Ostoić, Silvija (2020-12-15). "Who Are the Visitors of Forest Park Grmoščica and What Are Their Needs? Results of Quantitative Exploratory Survey". South-east European Forestry. 11 (2): 169–180. doi:10.15177/seefor.20-19. eISSN 1849-0891.
- Marušić, Marko (2021-10-25) [defended 2021-09-23]. Razvoj glavnih biciklističkih ruta u gradu Zagrebu [Development of the main bicycle routes in the City of Zagreb] (Thesis). Zagreb: Prirodoslovno-matematički fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu.
- Kičić, Martina (2022-11-25). Kvantitativna procjena i kartiranje percepcije kulturoloških usluga i negativnosti zelene infrastrukture grada Zagreba [Quantitative assessment and mapping of perception of cultural ecosystem services and disservices of urban green infrastructure in the city of Zagreb] (Thesis). Zagreb: Fakultet šumarstva i drvne tehnologije Sveučilišta u Zagrebu.
- Braje, Ivan; Milde, Antonio (2023-07-20). "Measurement and Analysis of the Air Interface of 4G and 5G Mobile Networks on ICT Green Routes for Recreation in Zagreb". Politehnika I Dizajn. 11 (2): 85–94. doi:10.19279/TVZ.PD.2023-11-2-12. eISSN 2459-6302.
- Stošić, Ivan (2023-09-28) [defended 2023-09-26]. Mogućnost povezivanja park šume Grmoščica i Jarunskog jezera revitalizacijom trase potoka Kustošak [The possibility of connecting the Grmoščica park forest and Lake Jarun through the revitalization of the Kustošak stream route] (Thesis). Agronomski fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu.