Jump to content

Help:IPA/Hebrew

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Biblical, Mishnaic, Samaritan, Tiberian, Yemenite, Mizrahi, Sephardi, Romaniote, Italian, Ashkenazi and Modern Hebrew language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

Since Modern Hebrew has different pronunciations in Israel, certain letters may be transcribed differently depending on the background of the speaker. See Biblical Hebrew phonology, Samaritan Hebrew phonology, Tiberian Hebrew phonology, Sephardi Hebrew phonology and Modern Hebrew phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of Hebrew.

Consonants

[edit]
Consonants
BH MisH Reading traditions MoH Letter(s) Example Romanization for Biblical and Tiberian Hebrew Romanization for Modern Hebrew English approximation
SaH TH YH MizH SeH RH IH AH Hebrew alphabet Paleo-Hebrew alphabet Samaritan alphabet ISO 259 and Society of Biblical Literature (SBL) Handbook of Style Bible translations Common Israeli Hebrew Academy
Arab Jews (Musta'arabi Jews), Berber Jews and Kurdish Jews Iranian Jews Bukharan Jews Mountain Jews Georgian Jews North African Sephardim Spanish and Portuguese Jews Eastern Sephardim
b b b b b b b b בּ‎ (Beth degushah) 𐤁‎ (Bēt) ࠁ‎ (Bīt) בַּיִת b bet
β v b (β~v) v v (b) v ב‎ (Veth raphah)
 אַב ḇ b v BH and SaH: bet
TH, YH, AH and MH: vet
d d d d d d d דּ‎ (Daleth degushah) 𐤃‎ (Dālet) ࠃ‎ (Dāʾlāt) דָּם d dark
ð ð d (ð) ð ד‎ (Dhaleth raphah) אֶחָד ḏ d BH, SaH, AH and MH: dark
TH and YH: this
ɡ ɡ ɡ ɡ dʒ (ɡ) ɡ ɡ ɡ ɡ ɡ ɡ גּ‎ (Gimel degushah) 𐤂‎ (Gīmel) ࠂ‎ (Gāʾman) גַּג g BH, SaH, TH, AH and MH: go
YH: joy
ɣ ɣ~ʁ ɢ, ɣ~ʁ ɣ~ʁ ɣ~ʁ ɡ (χ) ɣ ג‎ (Ghimel raphah) גַּג ḡ g BH, SaH, AH and MH: go
TH and YH: No equivalent; Arabic Ghayn (غ‎‎‎)
h ʔ~∅[1] h h h h~∅ h h~∅ ה‎ (He), הּ‎ (He mappiq) 𐤄‎ (Hē) ࠄ‎ (ʾīy) הַר h h or not written h BH, TH, YH, AH and MH: hen
SaH: uh-(ʔ)oh
ħ ʔ~∅, ʕ[1] ħ ħ x~χ ħ x~χ x χ χ (ħ[2]) ח‎ (Heth) 𐤇‎ (Ḥēt) ࠇ‎ (ʿīt) חַג ḥ h/ch/kh ẖ BH, TH and YH: No equivalent; Arabic ḥāʾ (ح‎‎)
SaH: uh-(ʔ)oh or Arabic 'ayn (ع)
AH and MH: Scottish loch
j י‎ (Yodh) 𐤉‎ (Yōd) ࠉ‎ (Yūt) יָם y j/i y yes
k k k k כּ ךּ‎ (Kaph degushah)
 𐤊‎ (Kāp) ࠊ‎ (Kāf) כִּי k c/ch k BH: king
SaH, TH, YH, AH and MH: skin
x x~χ x χ χ כ ך‎ (Khaph raphah) אַךְ ḵ ch/c ch/kh kh BH: king
SaH: skin
TH, YH, AH and MH: Scottish loch
ח׳‎[3] (Heth with geresh) שייח׳ (Sheikh) kh Scottish loch
l ל‎ (Lamedh) 𐤋‎ (Lāmed) ࠋ‎ (Lāʾbāt) לֹא l left
ɬ s ʃ s שׂ‎ (Sin semalith) 𐤔‎ (Śīn) ࠔ‎ (Šān) שֶׂה ś s BH: No equivalent; Welsh llwyd
SaH: she
TH, YH, AH and MH: see
m מ ם‎ (Mem) 𐤌‎‎ (Mēm) ࠌ‎ (Mīm) מָה m man
n נ ן‎ (Nun) 𐤍‎‎ (Nūn) ࠍ‎ (Nūn) נָא n no
p p f, b[4] p p p פּ‎ (Pe degushah) 𐤐‎ (Pē) ࠐ‎ (Fī) פֶּה p p/ph p BH: pin
SaH: fool or bet
TH, YH, AH and MH: spin
ɸ f f פ ף‎ (Phe raphah) אַף p̄ ph f BH: pin
SaH, TH, YH, AH and MH: fool
q / kʼ q (ʔ[5]) q ɢ~g (q) q (k~g~ʔ) ɢ, ɣ~ʁ q ɢ kʼ k ק‎ (Qoph) 𐤒‎ (Qōp) ࠒ‎ (Qūf) קַו q c/k k BH and TH: No equivalent; Arabic qāf (ق‎‎‎).
SaH: Arabic qāf (ق‎‎‎) or uh-(ʔ)oh.
YH: go
AH and MH: skin.
r~ɾ ʀ, r~ɾ r~ɾ r~ɾ (ʀ~ʁ) ʀ~ʁ (r~ɾ[6]) ר‎ (Resh) 𐤓‎ (Rēš) ࠓ‎ (Rīš) רַע r BH, SaH, TH and YH: trilled or tapped run.
AH: trilled or tapped run or French rouge
MH: French rouge
ʁ ʕ ʔ~∅, ʕ[1] ʕ ʔ~∅ ʕ qʼ ʕ ŋ ʔ~∅ (ʕ) ∅ ŋ (ɲ) ∅ ʔ~∅ (ʕ[2]) ע‎ (Ayin) 𐤏‎ (ʿAyin) ࠏ‎ (ʿĪn) עַזָּה ʿ g ' or not written BH: No equivalent; Arabic Ghayn (غ‎‎‎)
SaH: uh-(ʔ)oh or Arabic 'ayn (ع)
TH and YH: No equivalent; Arabic 'ayn (ع)
AH: silent
MH: uh-(ʔ)oh
s s s s s ס‎ (Samekh) 𐤎‎ (Sāmek) ࠎ‎ (Sinʾgå̄t) סוּס s see
(t)sˤ / tsʼ sˤ ts ts (s) ts ts (s) ts[7] צ ץ‎ (Tsade) 𐤑‎ (Ṣādē) ࠑ‎ (Ṣå̄ʾdīy) צִי ṣ s/z ts/tz ts BH, SaH, TH and YH: No equivalent; Arabic ṣād (ص‎)
AH and MH: cats
ʃ ʃ (s) ʃ ʃ (s) ʃ שׁ‎ (Shin Yemanith) 𐤔‎ (Šīn) ࠔ‎‎ (Šān) שֵׁן š s/sh sh she
t t t t t t t t תּ‎ (Taw) 𐤕‎ (Tāw) ࠕ‎ (Tå̄f) תָּו t t/th t BH: tin
SaH, TH, YH, AH and MH: sting
θ θ t (θ) t (d) θ d s ת‎ (Thaw) אֵת ṯ th BH: tin
SaH and MH: sting
TH and YH: thing
AH: see
tˤ / tʼ tˤ tˤ tʼ t ט‎ (Teth) 𐤈‎‎ (Ṭēt) ࠈ‎ (Ṭīt) טַל ṭ t BH, SaH, TH and YH: No equivalent; Arabic ṭāʾ (ط‎)
AH and MH: sting
w b, w[8] v w w (v) v v, w v ו‎ (Waw) 𐤅‎‎ (Wāw) ࠅ‎ (Bå̄) וָו w v/u v BH, TH and YH: would
SaH: bet or would
AH and MH: vet
χ ħ ʔ~∅, ʕ[1] ħ h ħ x~χ ħ x~χ x χ χ (ħ[2]) ח‎ (Heth) 𐤇‎ (Ḥēt) ࠇ‎ (ʿīt) רָחֵל ḥ ch/h h/ch/kh ẖ BH, AH and MH: Scottish loch
SaH: uh-(ʔ)oh or Arabic 'ayn (ع)
TH and YH: No equivalent; Arabic ḥāʾ (ح‎‎)
z dz z (dz) z ז‎ (Zayin) 𐤆‎ (Zayin) ࠆ‎ (Zēn) זֶה z zoo
ʕ ʔ~∅, ʕ[1] ʕ ʔ~∅ ʕ qʼ ʕ ŋ ʔ~∅ (ʕ) ∅ ŋ (ɲ) ∅ ʔ~∅ (ʕ[2]) ע‎ (Ayin) 𐤏‎ (ʿAyin) ࠏ‎ (ʿĪn) עַם ʿ not written ' or not written BH, TH and YH: No equivalent; Arabic 'ayn (ع)
SaH: uh-(ʔ)oh or Arabic 'ayn (ع)
AH: silent
MH: uh-(ʔ)oh
ʔ ʔ~∅[1] ʔ ʔ~∅ ∅ ʔ~∅ א‎ (Aleph)
 𐤀‎ (ʾĀlep) ࠀ‎ (Āʾlāf) אֵם ʾ uh-(ʔ)oh


Marginal consonants of Modern Hebrew in transliteration and loanwords (used by all speakers)
IPA Letter(s) Example Romanisation (unofficial) English
dʒ[7][9] ג׳‎ (Gimel with geresh) ג׳ינס j joy
tʃ[7] צ׳ ץ׳‎ (Tsade with geresh) צ׳ק ch chair
w[10] וו‎ (double Vav) or ו‎ (single Vav) וואו w we
ʒ[9] ז׳‎ (Zayin with geresh) ז׳רגון zh beige
Marginal consonants of Modern Hebrew in transliteration and loanwords (used only by some speakers)
IPA Letter(s) Example Romanisation (unofficial) English
ð[11] ד׳‎ (Dalet with geresh) ד׳אל (Ḏāl) dh the
ɣ[12] ע׳‎[13] (Ayin with geresh) or ר׳‎[13] (Resh with geresh) ע׳ין gh No equivalent; Arabic Ghayn (غ‎‎‎)
ŋ[14] נג‎ (Nun-Gimel) הונג קונג ng ring
θ[15] ת׳‎[16] (Tav with geresh) ת׳ור (Thor) th thing

Vowels

[edit]
Vowels
MisH TH YH AH "Sephardi" MoH Niqqud Romanization for Tiberian Hebrew Romanization for Modern Hebrew English approximation
Bukharan Jews Iranian Jews SeH, MizH, IH and RH Tiberian vocalization Babylonian vocalization Palestinian vocalization ISO 259 Society of Biblical Literature (SBL) Handbook of Style Common Israeli Hebrew Academy
æ a(ː) æ a æ a  (Patach) a, á, ạ a a TH, AH and MH: father
YH: bad
ă  (Hataf Patach) ă
eː e ej (aj) e e  (Tzere) ē ē e e TH, YH and MH: Scottish bay
AH: bay or by
ej (e[17]) י‎(Tzere-Yodh) י‎ י‎ ê ey/ei TH and YH: Scottish bay
AH: bay or by
MH: bay
ɛ ɛː æ ɛ י‎(Segol-Yodh) י‎ י‎ / י‎ é, ẹ TH and AH: bed
YH: bad
MH: bay
ɛ(ː) e  (Segol) / e, é, ẹ e e TH and AH: bed
YH: bad
MH: Scottish bay
ɛ̆  (Hataf Segol) ĕ ĕ
ə ă ∅ e, ∅[18]  (Shva) ǝ e [19] TH: comma
YH: bad
AH: silent
MH: Scottish bay or silent
ɪ~i i(ː) i (Hiriq) i, ī i, ī i see
iː י‎(Hiriq-Yodh) י‎ י‎ ī î
oː ø (e) oj (ej) ɵ o  (Holam alone) ō ō o TH and MH: story
YH: somewhat like bird or Scottish bay
AH: boy or bay
וֹ‎ (Vav with holam) ו‎ ו‎ ô
ɔ ɔ̆ ɔ ɔ (u)  (Hataf Kamatz) / ŏ TH and YH: off
AH: off or boot
MH: story
ɔ(ː)  (Kamatz katan) o, ọ o
ʌː~ɑː ɔː ɔ ɒ a  (Kamatz) / ā ā a TH and YH: off
AH: off or boot
MH: father
ה‎ (Kamatz-He) ה‎ ה‎ / ה‎ â
ʊ~u u(ː) u u (i) u (Kubutz) u, ū u TH, YH and MH: boot
AH: boot or see
uː וּ‎ (Vav with shuruk) ו‎ ו‎ ū û


Samaritan Vowels
IPA Samaritan vocalization English approximation
a, ɒ father or RP hot
e Scottish bay
e, i Scottish bay or see
o, u Scottish boat or boot


Diphthongs in Modern Hebrew (used in transliteration and loanwords)
IPA Letter(s) Example Romanization (unofficial) English approximation
ao אוֹ‎ (Patach-Holam), אוֹ‎ (Kamatz-Holam) לָאוֹס ao cow
au אוּ‎ (Patach-Shuruk), אוּ‎ (Kamatz-Shuruk) סָאוּ פָּאוּלוּ au
eu אוּ‎ (Segol-Shuruk), אוּ‎ (Tzere-Shuruk) אֵאוּגֵנִיקָה (Eugenics) eu
ou וֹאוּ‎ (Holam-Shuruk) קאמפ נוֹאוּ (Camp Nou) ou no


Other symbols

[edit]
Other symbols
IPA Explanation
ˈ Primary stress (placed before the stressed syllable): אֹכֶל‎ ('food') /ˈʔoχel/, אוֹכֵל‏‎ ('eating' [participle]) /ʔoˈχel/
ˌ Secondary stress, e.g. הַאֻמְנָם?‎ ('oh, really?') /ˌhaʔumˈnam/
ː Long vowels (in Tiberian Hebrew) can be transcribed using the IPA gemination sign ː: the word for "hand" would be יָד‎ /jɔːd/ in absolute state and יַד־‎ /jad/ in construct state.[20] Indicating normative consonant gemination uses a double consonant: גַּנָּב‎ ('a thief') /ɡanˈnav/ not /ɡaˈnːav/

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f The laryngeals /ʔ χ ħ h ʁ ʕ/ have become /ʔ/ or null everywhere, except before open vowels where /χ ħ ʁ ʕ/ sometimes become /ʕ/
  2. ^ a b c d /ħ/ and /ʕ/ are still distinguished by some Sephardi, Mizrahi and Arab speakers.
  3. ^ Only appears in transliterations from Arabic script to transliterate the letter Ḫāʾ (خ)
  4. ^ /p/ has shifted to /f/ (except occasionally /pː/ > /bː/)
  5. ^ /q/ is sometimes pronounced as [ʔ], though not in Pentateuch reading, as a result of influence from Samaritan Arabic. /q/ may also be pronounced as [χ], but this occurs only rarely and in fluent reading.
  6. ^ The sound is uvular for most speakers, but some speakers, mostly Sefardim, Mizrahim, Arab Israelis, Jews from the former USSR and Ethiopian Jews (in the 20th century also news broadcasters and singers) retain an alveolar pronunciation: [r]~[ɾ].
  7. ^ a b c /dʒ, ts, tʃ/ are officially written with a tie-bar in the IPA /d͡ʒ, t͡s, t͡ʃ/ respectively, but the tie-bar is here omitted for simplicity.
  8. ^ /w/ has shifted to /b/ everywhere except in the conjunction ו- 'and' where it is pronounced as /w/
  9. ^ a b /dʒ/ and /ʒ/ are sometimes confused by speakers who don't hear a distinction between them (mostly Russian and Arabic speakers).
  10. ^ Appears in new loanwords: וואלה /wala/ "Wow!, really?, you don't say!, no kidding!". In some old loanwords that originally had /w/, it was approximated to /v/: ואדי /vadi/ "Wadi".
  11. ^ Usually pronounced /d/ or /z/ by speakers who don't speak English.
  12. ^ Usually pronounced /ɡ/ or /ʁ/ by speakers who don't speak Arabic.
  13. ^ a b Only appears in transliterations from Arabic script to transliterate the letter Ghayn (غ‎‎‎).
  14. ^ Usually pronounced /ŋɡ/ by speakers who don't speak English.
  15. ^ Usually pronounced /t/ or /s/ by speakers who don't speak English.
  16. ^ ת׳ is sometimes used for both /ð/ and /θ/ (in words from English) either by speakers who don't hear a distinction between them or as an equivalent to the Th digraph of English which is also used for both sounds.
  17. ^ Some conservative speakers pronounce it /e/ like in Sephardi Hebrew
  18. ^ Modern Hebrew typically elides shva in situations where it can be comfortably omitted in common speech, creating consonant clusters that would otherwise not be permitted in older varieties of Hebrew.
  19. ^ Not written where it is no longer pronounced.
  20. ^ Vowel length and quality in Tiberian Hebrew is a matter of debate, and that is just one possible example.

See also

[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:IPA/Hebrew&oldid=1247857245"