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Hsenwi State

Coordinates: 22°56′N 97°45′E / 22.933°N 97.750°E / 22.933; 97.750
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Hsenwi
သဵၼ်ႈဝီ
State of the Shan States
7th century–1888

Hsenwi in a map of the Shan States
CapitalTheinni
Area 
• 
22,654.35 km2 (8,746.89 sq mi)
History 
• Sivirattha State founded
7th century
• Split into two states
1888
Succeeded by
North Hsenwi
South Hsenwi

Hsenwi (Shan: သဵၼ်ႈဝီ; Tai Nüa: ᥔᥦᥢᥲ ᥝᥤᥴ), also known as Theinni (Burmese: သိန္နီ), was a Shan state in the Northern Shan States in what is today Burma. The capital was Hsenwi town.

History

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Most Tai Yai chronicles begin with the story of two brothers, Khun Lung and Khun Lai, who descended from heaven in the 6th century and landed in Hsenwi, where the local population hailed them as kings.[1]

According to tradition, the predecessor state of Siviraṭṭha was founded before 650 AD.

Hsenwi was the largest of the cis-Salween Shan states, and at one time included all of what are now the present states of North and South Hsenwi, Kehsi Mansam, Mong Hsu, Mong Sang, and Mong Nawng.[2] It held Mongnai State until c. 1802.[3][circular reference] It also held Mang Lon and other Wa states east of the Salween[2] in a protectorate-like arrangement, but during Burmese times, the state lost control of these areas.

During the Sino-Burmese War (1765–69) the Qianlong Emperor of China invaded the area of Hsenwi. The main Chinese army, led by Ming Rui, was to approach Ava through Hsenwi, Lashio and Hsipaw down the Namtu river. The main invasion route was the same route followed by the Manchu forces a century earlier, chasing the Yongli Emperor of the Southern Ming dynasty. The second army, led by Gen. E'erdeng'e, was to try the Bhamo route again.[4] The ultimate objective was for both armies to clamp themselves in a pincer action on the Burmese capital of Ava.[5] The Burmese plan was to hold the second Chinese army in the north at Kaungton with the army led by Ne Myo Sithu, and meet the main Chinese army in the northeast with two armies led by Maha Sithu and Maha Thiha Thura.[6]

At first, everything went according to plan for the Qing. The third invasion began in November 1767 as the smaller Chinese army attacked and occupied Bhamo. Within eight days, Ming Rui's main army occupied the Shan states of Hsenwi and Hsipaw.[6] Ming Rui made Hsenwi a supply base, and assigned 5000 troops to remain at Hsenwi and guard the rear. He then led a 15,000-strong army in the direction of Ava. In late December, at the Goteik Gorge (south of Hsipaw), the two main armies faced off and the first major battle of the third invasion ensued. Outnumbered two-to-one, Maha Sithu's main Burmese army was thoroughly routed by Ming Rui's Bannermen. Maha Thiha Thura too was repulsed at Hsenwi.[7][8] The news of the disaster at Goteik reached Ava. Hsinbyushin finally realized the gravity of the situation, and urgently recalled Burmese armies from Siam.[9]

Having smashed through the main Burmese army, Ming Rui pressed on full steam ahead, overrunning one town after another, and reached Singu on the Irrawaddy, 30 miles north of Ava at the beginning of 1768. The only bright spot for the Burmese was that the northern invasion force, which was to come down the Irrawaddy to join up with Ming Rui's main army, had been held off at Kaungton.[7]

British rule and division of the state

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At the time of the annexation following British rule in Burma, Hsenwi was composed of five de jure divisions; but the administration of the area was in chaos, with no central control.

After the pacification of the region in March 1888, the colonial administration divided Hsenwi into two states:[2][10]

Rulers

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The rulers of Hsenwi bore the title Saopha.[11]

Saophas

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Reign Ruler
1686–1721   Hso Hung Hpa
1721   Se U III -Regent (2nd time)
1721–1724   Han Hpa Hko Hkam Hung -Regent
1724–1730   Hpawng Mong Long Hsung Wat
1730   Mong Hkam -Regent
1730   Hkam Hong -Regent (1st time)
1730–1746   Sao Hkam Hsawng Hpa
1746   Hkam Hong -Regent (2nd time)
1746 – c.1747   Sao Hkun Hseng Hong
c.1747 – 1750   Mahadevi Wing Hsup Pang -Regent
1750   Hkam Hong -Regent (3rd time)
1750–1751   Sao Mang Te
1751–1752   Hkam Hong -Regent (4th time)
1752–1761   Vacant
1761–1767   Hkun Hseng Awng Tun
1767–1770   Myauk Win Hmu -Regent
1770–1772   Sayawadi Wun
1772–1773   Sety-taw Wun
1773–1775   U Teng Pong Nya
1775–1775   Vacant
1778–1800   Sao Hswe Cheng (Kon)
1800   Hsup Pang -Regent
1800–1815   Sao Hsö Kaw
1815–1819   Mogaung Wun -Regent
1819–1821   Sao Naw Möng
1821–1824   Hkun Hkam Hkawt
1824–1827   Sao Hkam Pak
1827–1831   Sao Hkam Nan
1831–1838   Sao Hkun Maung Lek
1838–1845   Sao Hkam Leng (Hsö Hkan Hpa) (d. 1847)
1845–1848   Sao Hseng Naw Hpa (1st time) (d. 1864)
1848–1853   Vacant
1853–1855   Sao Hseng Naw Hpa (2nd time)
1855–1858   Vacant
1858–1860   Sao Hpa Mawng Hpa (1st time) (d. 1891)
1860–1863   Vacant
1863–1864   Sao Hpa Mawng Hpa (2nd time) (s.a.)
1864–1866   Shwe Pyi Bo
1866–1867   U Ma Nga
1867–1869   Sao Hseng Naw Hpa (3rd time) (s.a.)
1869–1873   Vacant
1873–1874   Win Hmu
1874–1875   Sao Hseng Naw Hpa (4th time) (s.a.)
1875–1876   Natsu Letya
1876–1879   Sao Hseng Naw Hpa (5th time) (s.a.)
1879 – Mar 1888   Hkun Hsang Tone Hung (b. 1852 – d. 1915)

Rulers before splitting

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#[12] Ruler Begin End Details
1 Hkun Lu Hkam 825 845
2 Hkun Lai Hkam 845 915
3 Sao Tai Hkan Hpa 915 952
4 Sao Tai Pong 952 975
5 Sao Tai Long 975 1019
6 Sao Noi Hkè 1019 1028
7 Sao Noi Myen 1028 1076
8 Sao Noi Hsan 1076 1096
9 Hkun Hpang Hkam - (Ai Hsawng) 1096 1127 Younger brothers Yi Hsawng was Mongmit sawbwa and Hsam Hsawng was Monglong sawbwa
10 Hkun Kang Hkam 1127 1152 North Hsenwi chronicle told this birth name of Hso Hkan Hpa
11 Hso Hkan Hpa 1152 ?
12 Hso Wat Hpa ? 1232
13 Hso Pem Hpa 1232 1255 Son of Hso Wat Hpa
14 Hkam Wat Hpa 1255 1274 Son of Hso Pem Hpa
15 Hso Hom Hpa 1274 1291 Brother of Hkam Wat Hpa
16 Hso Yep Hpa 1291 1302
17 Hso Hom Hpa 1302 1320 Son of Hkam Wat Hpa
18 Hkam Tet Hpa 1320 1356 Son of Hso Hom Hpa
19 Hkam Pem Hpa 1356 1369
20 Hkam Pöt Hpa 1369 1405
21 Hkam Hkai Hpa 1405 1426 Pagan Kingdom invaded Hsenwi
22 Hkam Hawt Hpa 1426 1444
23 Hkam Wat Hpa 1444 1459
24 Hkam Hep Hpa 1459 1522
25 Hkam Hsen Hpa 1522 1532
26 Hkam Hken Hpa 1532 1537
27 Hkam Pak Hpa 1537 1541
28 Hkam Hsen Löng Hpa 1541 1570
29 Hkam Hküng Hpa 1570 1632 Subjugation of Hsenwi Löng by Hso Hung Hpa Mong Mit sawbwa
30 Hkam Hso Nan Hpa 1632 1640
31 Hkam Kai Noi Sao Kin - (Hso Hsen Hpa) 1640 1651 Have Hso Hung Hpa his son, Nang Hkam Höng his daught
32 Hkam Hso Hung Hpa 1651 1680 Son of Hkam Kai Noi Sao Kin
33 Hso Sün Hpa 1680 1686
34 Hso Hüng Hpa - (Hkam Li, Hso Naw Hpa) 1686 1721
35 Han Hpa Hko Hkam Höng 1721 1724
36 Hpawng Mawng Löng Hsunt Wat 1724 1730
37 Hkam Hsawng Hpa 1730 1746
38 Hkun Hseng Höng 1746 1750 Married with Nang Hseng Pu, the niece of Hke Sa Wa, Yawnghwe sawbwa
39 Sao Mang Te 1750 1761 Brother of Hkun Hseng Höng
40 Hkun Hseng Awng Tun 1761 1767
41 Myauk Win Hmu 1767 1770
42 Sayawaddy Wun 1770 1772
43 Set-taw Wun 1772 1773
44 U Têng Pöng Nya 1773 1776
1776 1778 Vacant
45 Hso Wei Hpa - (Hswe Kön Cheng) 1778 1800 His two daughters, Hseng Santa and Shin Hsansi became King Badon's queen consort
46 Hso Kaw Hpa 1800 1815
47 Mogaung Wun 1815 1819
48 Sao Naw Möng 1819 1821
49 Hkun Hkam Hkawt 1821 1824
50 Sao Hkam Pak 1824 1827 Killed in first Burmese war
51 Sao Hkam Nan 1827 1831 Brother of Sao Hkam Pak
52 Sao Hkun Mawng 1831 1838
53 Sao Hkam Lêng - (Hso Hkan Hpa) 1838 1845
54 Hso Naw Hpa — 1st time 1845 1853
55 Hso Nan Hpa 1853 1856
56 Sikkè Sinkadan 1856 1858
57 Sao Hpa Möng Hpo — 1st time 1858 1860
58 Phagyi Wun 1860 1861
57 Sao Hpa Möng Hpo — 2nd time 1861 1862
59 Bo Maü 1862 1863
57 Sao Hpa Möng Hpo — 3rd time 1863 1864
60 Shwe Pyi Bo 1864 1866
61 U Ma Nga 1866 1867
54 Hso Naw Hpa — 2nd time 1867 1869
62 Wundauk U Shwe Kyo — 1st time 1869 1870
63 Sikkè U San Min 1870 1871
62 Wundauk U Shwe Kyo — 2nd time 1871 1873
64 Win Hmu 1873 1874
54 Hso Naw Hpa — 3rd time 1874 1875
65 Natsu Letya 1875 1876
54 Hso Naw Hpa — 4th time 1876 1879 Retired to Möng Sit in 1879
66 Hkun Hsang Tön Höng 1879 1888
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See also

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References

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  1. ^ Historical Studies of the Tai Yai: A Brief Sketch in Lak Chang: A Reconstruction of Tai Identity in Daikong by Yos Santasombat
  2. ^ a b c d e Scott, James George (1911). "Theinni" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 743–744.
  3. ^ Mongnai State
  4. ^ Hall 1960, p. 28.
  5. ^ Haskew et al. 2008, pp. 27–31.
  6. ^ a b Kyaw Thet 1962, pp. 314–318.
  7. ^ a b Htin Aung 1967, pp. 178–179.
  8. ^ Phayre 1884, pp. 196–198.
  9. ^ Harvey 1925, p. 253.
  10. ^ Burma Journal-1925 Page 120
  11. ^ Shan and Karenni States of Burma
  12. ^ Scott, James George, Sir (January 1967). "Hsenwi State Chronicle".The Guardian. Retrieved 2024-04-12.

Bibliography

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22°56′N 97°45′E / 22.933°N 97.750°E / 22.933; 97.750