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Karana-kutuhala

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Karana-kutuhala
AuthorBhaskara II
Original titleकरणकुतूहल
LanguageSanskrit
Subjectjyotisha (astrology and astronomy)
Genrekarana (concise exposition of astronomy)
Published1183 CE
Publication placeancient India
Preceded bySiddhanta Shiromani 

Karana-kutuhala (IAST: Karaṇakutūhala) is a 1183 CE Sanskrit-language book on jyotisha (astrology and astronomy) by Bhaskara II, a mathematician-astronomer from present-day India.

Date and authorship

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Bhaskara II wrote Karana-kutuhala (literally, "Calculation of Astronomical Wonders") in 1183 CE.[1]

Alternative titles for Karana-kutuhala include Karaṇakutūhalam, Khetakarma, Graha-gama-kutuhala, Brahma-tulya, and Vidagdha-buddhi-vallabha.[2] As the name suggests, the book is a karana text, that is, a concise exposition of astronomy. Bhaskara's Karana-kutuhala was followed by Indian astronomers for several centuries, during which no other karana text was produced, until Ganesha composed Graha-laghava or Siddhanta-rahasya in the early 16th century.[3]

The text was popular in west and north-west India,[3] and survives in form of over 150 manuscripts.[2]

Contents

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Karana-kutuhala condenses and approximates many computational formulae from Bhaskara's earlier work, the Siddhanta Shiromani, in accordance with the Brahma-paksha sunrise-epoch astronomical school. It uses the epoch of sunrise on 23-24 February 1183 of the Julian calendar (1 Chaitra Shaka 1105).[4]

The text contains following chapters:[2]

  • Nabhoga-madhya-sadhana
  • Sphuta-kriya
  • Tri-prashna
  • Sashanka-parva-sadhana
  • Ravi-graha-sadhana
  • Grahodayashta-sadhana
  • Shrngonnatipra-sadhana
  • Grahottha-yoga-sadhana
  • Pata-sadhana
  • Ravindu-parva-sambhava
  • Niradarka-vichara

Commentaries and derivative texts

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Several later writers composed commentaries on the Karana-kutuhala. These include:[3]

  • Brahma-tulya-bhashya (c. 1370) by Ekanatha, at Mahandanagara, probably in west India
  • Narmadi (c. 1400) by Padmanabha, probably in west India
  • Karana-kutuhala-tika (before 1462) by Sodhala
  • Brahma-tulyodaharana (1612) by Vishvanatha, at Varanasi
  • Ganaka-kumuda-kaumudi (1621) by Sumati-harsha Gani, near Vindhyadri
  • Karana-kutuhala-tika (before 1658) by Chandi-dasa

Brahmatulya-sarani (literally "Tables of/for the Brahmatulya"), an anonymous Sanskrit text from the 16th or the 17th century, contains astronomical tables and versified instructions based primarily on the Karana-kutuhala.[4]

A critical edition of the text by Madhava Shastri Purohita, with Sumati-harsha's commentary, was published in 1901.[2]

References

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  1. ^ Ronald Calinger, ed. (1999). Classics of Mathematics. Prentice Hall. p. 222. ISBN 9780023183423.
  2. ^ a b c d David Pingree, ed. (1981). Census of the Exact Sciences in Sanskrit Series A. Vol. 4. American Philosophical Society. pp. 322–326.
  3. ^ a b c David Pingree (1981). Jyotiḥśāstra: Astral and Mathematical Literature. A History of Indian Literature. Otto Harrassowitz. pp. 35–36. ISBN 3-447-02165-9.
  4. ^ a b Anuj Misra; Clemency Montelle; Kim Plofker, eds. (2020). The Sanskrit Astronomical Table Text Brahmatulyasāraṇī: Numerical Tables in Textual Scholarship. Brill. p. 9. ISBN 9789004432222.
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  • Karaṇa-kutūhala (1991), Sanskrit text with two Sanskrit commentaries (Sumatiharsa's Ganaka-kumuda-kaumudi and Sudhakar Dwivedi's Vasanavi-bhushana) and a Hindi translation by Satyendra Mishra