Kinnor

Kinnor
	Tel Megiddo, a lyre player 1350-1150 BC, identified as a likely kinnor by scholars. During the Iron Age, Megiddo was a royal city in the Kingdom of Israel.
Other names	harp of David, from Hebrew kinnor Dávid
Classification	String instrument
Related instruments
	Kithara, Lyre; Nevel, Harp;

Kinnor (Hebrew: כִּנּוֹר‎ kīnnōr) is an ancient Israelite musical instrument in the yoke lutes family, the first one to be mentioned in the Hebrew Bible.

Its exact identification is unclear, but in the modern day it is generally translated as "harp" or "lyre",^[2]^: 440 and associated with a type of lyre depicted in Israelite imagery, particularly the Bar Kokhba coins.^[2]^: 440 It has been referred to as the "national instrument" of the Jewish people,^[3] and modern luthiers have created reproduction lyres of the kinnor based on this imagery.

The word has subsequently come to mean violin in Modern Hebrew.

Identification

The most important visual source for the *kinnor* is a relief from Nineveh, on display at the British Museum: As the Judahite inhabitants of Lakhish are sent into exile in 701 BCE, they are forced to play the *kinnor*.^[4]

The kinnor is generally agreed to be a stringed instrument, and thus the stringed instrument most commonly mentioned in the Old Testament.^[2]^: 440 The kinnor is also the first string instrument to be mentioned in the Bible, appearing in Genesis 4:21.^[5]

Details

Construction

Josephus describes the kinnor as having 10 strings, made from a sheep's small intestine,^[2]^: 442 and played with a plectrum (pick),^[2]^: 441 though the Book of Samuel notes that David played the kinnor "with his hand".^[6] The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia also notes that the early church fathers agreed the kithara (kinnor) had its resonator in the lower parts of its body.^[2]^: 442 Like the nevel, the kinnor likely consisted of a soundboard with two arms extending parallel to the body, with the arms crossed by a yoke from which the strings extend down to the body.^[7]^: 43

One etymology of Kinneret, the Hebrew name of the Sea of Galilee, is that it derives from kinnor, on account of the shape of the lake resembling that of the instrument.^[8] If this etymology is correct it may be relevant to the question of the shape of the instrument.

Usage

The kinnor is mentioned 42 times in the Old Testament, in relation to "divine worship... prophecy... secular festivals... and prostitution."^[9] The kinnor is sometimes mentioned in conjunction with the nevel, which is also presumed to be a lyre but larger and louder than the kinnor.^[7]^: 43 The Mishna states that the minimum number of kinnor to be played in the Temple is nine, with no maximum limit.^[6]

Use of the word in Modern Hebrew

The word כינור kinór is used in Modern Hebrew to signify the modern Western violin.^[10]

References

^ Montagu, Jeremy (1984). "'Kinnor". In Sadie Stanley (ed.). The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments. Vol. 2. London: MacMillan Press. pp. 432–433. [In New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments, this is the caption accompanying the image:] Kinnor played before a king: ivory plaque (1350-1150 BC) from Megiddo (Archaeological Museum, Jerusalem.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Geoffrey W. Bromiley (February 1995). The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 442–. ISBN 978-0-8028-3785-1. Retrieved 4 June 2013.
^ Nathanael D. Putnam; Darrell E. Urban; Horace Monroe Lewis (1968). Three Dissertations on Ancient Instruments from Babylon to Bach. F. E. Olds. Retrieved 4 June 2013.
^ Staubli, Thomas, ed. (2007). Musik in biblischer Zeit und orientalisches Musikerbe (in German). Katholisches Bibelwerk, Stuttgart for Bibel+Orient Museum, Fribourg. p. 20. ISBN 9783932203671.
^ Theodore W. Burgh (23 May 2006). Listening to the Artifacts: Music Culture in Ancient Palestine. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 20–. ISBN 978-0-567-02542-5. Retrieved 4 June 2013.
^ ^a ^b Abraham Zebi Idelsohn (1929). Jewish Music: In Its Historical Development. Courier Dover Publications. pp. 8–. ISBN 978-0-486-27147-7. Retrieved 4 June 2013.
^ ^a ^b Amnon Shiloah (1 May 1995). Jewish Musical Traditions. Wayne State University Press. pp. 137–. ISBN 978-0-8143-2235-2. Retrieved 4 June 2013.
^ Jeremy Montagu, Musical Instruments of the Bible, Scarecrow Press, 2002, p. 15
^ Jonathan L. Friedmann (8 January 2013). Music in Biblical Life: The Roles of Song in Ancient Israel. McFarland. pp. 71–. ISBN 978-0-7864-7409-7. Retrieved 4 June 2013.
^ Jeremy Montagu, Musical Instruments of the Bible, Scarecrow Press, 2002, p. 12

External links

Bo Lawergren, “Distinctions among Canaanite, Philistine, and Israelite Lyres, and Their Global Lyrical Contexts,” Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 309 (Feb., 1998), pp. 41–68.
Texts on Wikisource:
- "Kinnor". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
- "Kinnor". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.

[Grove-1] Montagu, Jeremy (1984). "'Kinnor". In Sadie Stanley (ed.). The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments. Vol. 2. London: MacMillan Press. pp. 432–433. [In New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments, this is the caption accompanying the image:] Kinnor played before a king: ivory plaque (1350-1150 BC) from Megiddo (Archaeological Museum, Jerusalem.

[Bromiley-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Geoffrey W. Bromiley (February 1995). The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 442–. ISBN 978-0-8028-3785-1. Retrieved 4 June 2013.

[PutnamUrban1968-3] Nathanael D. Putnam; Darrell E. Urban; Horace Monroe Lewis (1968). Three Dissertations on Ancient Instruments from Babylon to Bach. F. E. Olds. Retrieved 4 June 2013.

[4] Staubli, Thomas, ed. (2007). Musik in biblischer Zeit und orientalisches Musikerbe (in German). Katholisches Bibelwerk, Stuttgart for Bibel+Orient Museum, Fribourg. p. 20. ISBN 9783932203671.

[Burgh2006-5] Theodore W. Burgh (23 May 2006). Listening to the Artifacts: Music Culture in Ancient Palestine. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 20–. ISBN 978-0-567-02542-5. Retrieved 4 June 2013.

[Idelsohn1929-6] Abraham Zebi Idelsohn (1929). Jewish Music: In Its Historical Development. Courier Dover Publications. pp. 8–. ISBN 978-0-486-27147-7. Retrieved 4 June 2013.

[Shiloah1995-7] Amnon Shiloah (1 May 1995). Jewish Musical Traditions. Wayne State University Press. pp. 137–. ISBN 978-0-8143-2235-2. Retrieved 4 June 2013.

[8] Jeremy Montagu, Musical Instruments of the Bible, Scarecrow Press, 2002, p. 15

[Friedmann2013-9] Jonathan L. Friedmann (8 January 2013). Music in Biblical Life: The Roles of Song in Ancient Israel. McFarland. pp. 71–. ISBN 978-0-7864-7409-7. Retrieved 4 June 2013.

[10] Jeremy Montagu, Musical Instruments of the Bible, Scarecrow Press, 2002, p. 12

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