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List of Falconidae

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Falconidae is a family of diurnal birds of prey and includes caracaras, laughing falcon, forest falcons, falconets, pygmy falcons, falcons and kestrels. They are small to medium-sized birds of prey, ranging in size from the black-thighed falconet, which can weigh as little as 35 grams (1.2 oz), to the gyrfalcon, which can weigh as much as 1,735 grams (61.2 oz). They have strongly hooked bills, sharply curved talons and excellent eyesight. The plumage is usually composed of browns, whites, chestnut, black and grey, often with barring of patterning. There is little difference in the plumage of males and females, although a few species have some sexual dimorphism in boldness of plumage. They differ from other Falconiformes in killing with their beaks instead of their talons. They have a "tooth" on the side of their beak for the purpose.

They are classified in eleven genera and 67 species of which two are extinct.

Conventions

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IUCN Red List categories
Conservation status
 EX Extinct (2 species)
 EW Extinct in the wild (0 species)
 CR Critically Endangered (0 species)
 EN Endangered (2 species)
 VU Vulnerable (5 species)
 NT Near threatened (8 species)
 LC Least concern (49 species)
Other categories
 DD Data deficient (0 species)
 NE Not evaluated (1 species)

Conservation statuses listed for each species follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. The Increase symbol indicates that the species's population trend is positive, the Decrease symbol indicates that the species's population trend is negative, the Steady symbol indicates that the species's population is stable, and the Question? symbol indicates that the species's population trend is unknown. Population trends are based on the Red List of Threatened Species. The super-scripted "IUCN" tag is a link to that species's Red List of Threatened Species page. If a species has taxonomic synonyms, a list of these is provided in the "Scientific name" column, underneath the binomial name and author. If a species has subspecies, a list of these is provided in the "Common name" column, underneath the common name.

Classification

[edit]

Family: Falconidae

  • Subfamily Polyborinae
    • Genus Daptrius – black caracara
    • Genus Ibycter – red-throated caracara (sometimes included in Daptrius)
    • Genus Phalcoboenus (4 species) – Andean and southern South American caracaras
    • Genus Caracara – crested caracaras (2 living species, 1 extinct)
    • Genus Milvago – brown caracaras (2 species)
    • Genus Micrastur – forest falcons (7 species)
  • Subfamily Falconinae
    • Genus Herpetotheres – laughing falcon
    • Genus Spiziapteryx – spot-winged falconet
    • Genus Polihierax – pygmy falcons (2 species, includes Neohierax)
    • Genus Microhierax – typical falconets (5 species)
    • Genus Falco – true falcons, hobbies and kestrels (around 37 species)

Following list of Falconidae is based on International Ornithological Congress' World Bird List.[1]

Subfamily Polyborinae

[edit]

Traditionally, subfamily Polyborinae comprises caracaras and forest falcons which are principally birds of South and Central America.[2] They are classified in six genera and 18 species of which one is extinct since 1906.[3] Unlike the Falco falcons in the same family, caracaras in the five relevant genera are not fast-flying aerial hunters, but are comparatively slow and are often scavengers (a notable exception being the red-throated caracara).

Genus Daptrius

[edit]
Genus Daptrius Vieillot, 1816 – 1 species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Black caracara D. ater
Vieillot, 1816
aLC IUCNSteady South America:
Amazonia

Genus Ibycter

[edit]
Genus Ibycter Vieillot, 1816 – 1 species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Red-throated caracara I. americanus
(Boddaert, 1783)
Synonyms:
    • Falco americanus
      Boddaert, 1783
    • Daptrius americanus
      (Boddaert, 1783)
aLC IUCNDecrease Central & South America :
Southern Mexico to southern Brazil

Genus Phalcoboenus

[edit]
Genus Phalcoboenus d'Orbigny, 1834 - 4 species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Carunculated caracara P. carunculatus
Des Murs, 1853
aLC IUCNSteady South America:
Ecuador, southwest Colombia
Mountain caracara P. megalopterus
(Meyen, 1834)
aLC IUCNSteady South America:
Peru to central Chile
White-throated caracara P. albogularis
(Gould, 1837)
aLC IUCNSteady South America:
Southern Chile, southern Argentina
Striated caracara P. australis
(Gmelin, 1788)
bNT IUCNSteady South America:
Southern islands

Genus Caracara

[edit]
Genus Caracara Merrem, 1826 - 3 species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Guadalupe caracara
(Mourning caracara)
C. lutosa
(Ridgway, 1876)
Synonyms:
    • Polyborus plancus lutosus
    • Caracara plancus lutosus
    • Polyborus lutosus
    • Caracara lutosus
aEX IUCN Guadalupe Island, Mexico
Extinct probably since 1906[3]
Crested caracara
(Carancho)
(Carcará)
C. plancus
(Miller, 1777)
Synonyms:
    • Polyborus plancus
      Miller, 1777
aLC IUCNIncrease

Genus Milvago

[edit]
Genus Milvago Spix, 1824 - 2 species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Yellow-headed caracara

Subspecies:[a]
    • M. c. cordata
      Bangs & Penard, TE, 1918
    • M. c. chimachima
      (Vieillot, 1816)
M. chimachima
(Vieillot, 1816)
Synonyms:
    • Polyborus chimachima (Vieillot, 1816)
    • Falco readei (Brodkorb, 1959)
    • Milvago readei (Brodkorb, 1959)
aLC IUCNIncrease Central & South America:
Costa Rica to northern Argentina
Chimango caracara

Subspecies:[b]
    • M. c. chimango
      Vieillot, 1816
    • M. c. temucoensis
      W.L. Sclater, 1918)
M. chimango
(Vieillot, 1816)
Synonyms:
    • Phalcoboenus chimango
      Ridgway, 1876
aLC IUCNIncrease South America :
Southern Cone

Genus Micrastur

[edit]

Forest falcons are endemic to the Americas. They are classified as 7 species in one genus. They are adapted for agility in thick cover rather than outright speed in the open air. They have short wings, long tails, and extraordinarily acute hearing. While generally visually inconspicuous, their songs are commonly heard.[4]

Genus Micrastur G.R. Gray, 1841 - 7 species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Barred forest falcon

Subspecies:[c]
    • M. r. guerilla
      Cassin, 1848
    • M. r. interstes
      Bangs, 1907
    • M. r. zonothrax
      (Cabanis, 1866)
    • M. r. concentricus
      (Lesson, 1830)
    • M. r. ruficollis
      (Vieillot, 1817)
    • M. r. olrogi
      Amadon, 1964
M. ruficollis
(Vieillot, 1817)
aLC IUCNDecrease Central & South America:
Southern Mexico to northern Argentina
Plumbeous forest falcon M. plumbeus
W.L. Sclater, 1918
cVU IUCNDecrease Central & South America:
Southwestern Colombia, northwestern Ecuador
Lined forest falcon M. gilvicollis
(Vieillot, 1817)
aLC IUCNDecrease South America:
Amazon rainforest
Cryptic forest falcon M. mintoni
Whittaker, 2003
aLC IUCNDecrease South America:
From eastern Amazon rainforest south to Bolivia
Slaty-backed forest falcon M. mirandollei
(Schlegel, 1862)
aLC IUCNDecrease Central & South America:
Costa Rica to eastern Brazil
Collared forest falcon

Subspecies:[d]
    • M. s. naso
      (Lesson, 1830)
    • M. s. semitorquatus
      (Vieillot, 1817)
M. semitorquatus
(Vieillot, 1817)
aLC IUCNDecrease Central & South America:
Central Mexico to northern Argentina
Buckley's forest falcon M. buckleyi
Swann, 1919
aLC IUCNDecrease South America:
Western Amazon rainforest

Subfamily Falconinae

[edit]

Genus Herpethotheres

[edit]
Genus Herpetotheres Vieillot, 1817 - 1 species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Laughing falcon
(Snake hawk)[e]

Subspecies:[f]
    • H. c. cachinnans
      (Linnaeus, 1758)
    • H. c. fulvescens
      Chapman, 1915
H. cachinnans
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms:
    • Falco cachinnans
      (Linnaeus, 1758)
    • Falco sufflator
      (Linnaeus, 1758)
aLC IUCNDecrease Central & South America:
from Mexico to northern Argentina

Genus Spiziapteryx

[edit]
Genus Spiziapteryx Kaup, 1852 - 1 species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Spot-winged falconet S. circumcincta
(Kaup, 1852)
Synonyms:
    • 'Harpagus curcumcinctus'
      (Kaup, 1852)
aLC IUCNSteady From southeastern Bolivia and western Paraguay to central Argentina

Genus Polihierax

[edit]
Genus Polihierax Kaup, 1847 - 2 species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Pygmy falcon
(African pygmy falcon)

Subspecies:[g]
    • P. s. castanonotus
      (Heuglin, 1860)
    • P. s. semitorquatus
      (Smith, 1836)
P. semitorquatus
(Smith, 1836)
aLC IUCNSteady Eastern and southern Africa
White-rumped falcon
(White-rumped pygmy falcon)
(White-rumped falconet)
(Fielden's falconet)
(Burmese pigmy falcon)

Subspecies:[h]
    • P. i. insignis
      Walden, 1872
    • P. i. cinereiceps
      Baker, 1927
    • P. i. harmandi
      (Oustalet, 1876)
P. insignis
Walden, 1872[i]
Synonyms:
    • 'Neohierax insignis'
      (Walden, 1872)
bNT IUCNDecrease Southeast Asia

Genus Microhierax

[edit]
Genus Microhierax Sharpe, 1874 - 5 species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Collared falconet

Subspecies:[j]
    • M. c. caerulescens
      Linnaeus, 1758
    • M. c. burmanicus
      Swann, 1920
M. caerulescens
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms:
    • 'Falco caerulescens'
      (Linnaeus, 1758)
aLC IUCNSteady From Northeast India through Southeast Asia
Black-thighed falconet M. fringillarius
(Drapiez, 1824)
aLC IUCNSteady Malay Peninsula, Greater Sundas
White-fronted falconet
(Bornean falconet)
M. latifrons
Sharpe, 1879
bNT IUCNDecrease Borneo
Philippine falconet

Subspecies:[k]
    • M. e. erythrogenys
      (Vigors, 1831)
    • M. e. meridionalis
      Ogilvie-Grant, 1897
M. erythrogenys
(Vigors, 1831)
aLC IUCNDecrease The Philippines
Pied falconet M. melanoleucos
(Blyth, 1843)
Synonyms:
    • 'Microhierax melanoleucus'
      (Blyth, 1843)[l]
aLC IUCNSteady from northeastern India to southern China and central Vietnam

Genus Falco

[edit]

Falcons are roughly divisible into three or four groups. The first contains the kestrels (probably excepting the American kestrel); the second group contains slightly larger (on average) and more elegant species, the hobbies and relatives. Third are the peregrine falcon and its relatives: variably sized powerful birds which also have a black malar area (except some very light color morphs), and often a black cap also. Very similar to these and sometimes included therein are the four or so species of hierofalcons (literally, "hawk-falcons").

Genus Falco Linnaeus, 1758 - 40 species
Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture
Lesser kestrel F. naumanni
Fleischer, 1818
aLC IUCNSteady Southwestern, central and eastern Europe and Africa
Common kestrel
(European kestrel)
(Eurasian kestrel)
(Old World kestrel)

Subspecies:[m]
    • F. t. tinnunculus
      Linnaeus, 1758
    • F. t. perpallidus
      (Clark, 1907)
    • F. t. interstinctus
      McClelland, 1840
    • F. t. objurgatus
      (Baker, 1929)
    • F. t. canariensis
      (Koenig, 1890)
    • F. t. dacotiae
      Hartert, 1913
    • F. t. neglectus
      Schlegel, 1873
    • F. t. alexandri
      Bourne, 1955
    • F. t. rupicolaeformis
      (C. L. Brehm, 1855)
    • F. t. archeri
      (Hartert & Neumann, 1932)
    • F. t. rufescens
      Swainson, 1837
F. tinnunculus
Linnaeus, 1758
Synonyms:
    • F. t. interstictus[n]
aLC IUCNDecrease Widespread in Europe, Africa and Asia
Rock kestrel F. rupicolus[o]
Daudin, 1800
iNE Southern Africa
Malagasy kestrel
(Madagascar kestrel)
(Malagasy spotted kestrel)
(Newton's kestrel)
(Madagascar spotted kestrel)

Subspecies:[p]
    • F. n. newtoni
      Gurney, 1863
    • F. n. aldabranus
      Grote, 1928
F. newtoni
Gurney, 1863
aLC IUCNIncrease Madagascar, Aldabra Island
Mauritius kestrel F. punctatus
Temminck, 1821
dEN IUCNDecrease Mauritius
Reunion kestrel F. duboisi
Cowles, 1994
aEX IUCN Réunion, extinct since c.1700
Seychelles kestrel F. araea
(Oberholser, 1917)
cVU IUCNSteady Seychelles Islands
Spotted kestrel
(Moluccan kestrel)

Subspecies:[q]
    • F. m. moluccensis
      Bonaparte, 1850
    • F. m. microbalius
      Oberholser, 1917
F. moluccensis
(Bonaparte, 1850)
aLC IUCNIncrease Moluccas, Sulawesi, Lesser Sundas, Java and Bali
Nankeen kestrel

Subspecies:[r]
    • F. c. baru
      Rand, 1940
    • F. c. cenchroides
      Vigors & Horsfield, 1827
F. cenchroides
Vigors & Horsfield, 1827
aLC IUCNIncrease Widespread in Australia
American kestrel

Subspecies:[s]
    • F. s. sparverius
      Linnaeus, 1758
    • F. s. paulus
      (Howe & King, L, 1902)
    • F. s. peninsularis
      Mearns, 1892
    • F. s. tropicalis
      (Griscom, 1930)
    • F. s. nicaraguensis
      Howell, 1965
    • F. s. sparverioides
      Vigors, 1827
    • F. s. dominicensis
      Gmelin, 1788
    • F. s. caribaearum
      Gmelin, 1788
    • F. s. brevipennis
      Berlepsch, 1892)
    • F. s. isabellinus
      Swainson, 1838
    • F. s. ochraceus
      (Cory, 1915)
    • F. s. caucae
      (Chapman, 1915)
    • F. s. aequatorialis
      Mearns, 1892
    • F. s. peruvianus
      (Cory, 1915)
    • F. s. cinnamominus
      Swainson, 1838
    • F. s. fernandensis
      (Chapman, 1915)
    • F. s. cearae
      (Cory, 1915)
F. sparverius
Linnaeus, 1758
aLC IUCNSteady Widespread in North, Central and South America
Greater kestrel
(White-eyed kestrel)

Subspecies:[t]
    • F. r. fieldi
      (Elliot, 1897)
    • F. r. arthuri
      (Gurney, 1884)
    • F. r. rupicoloides
      Smith, 1829
F. rupicoloides
Smith, 1829
aLC IUCNSteady Eastern and southern Africa
Fox kestrel F. alopex
(Heuglin, 1861)
aLC IUCNSteady Mauritania, Senegal and Gambia to Sudan, Ethiopia and Kenya
Grey kestrel F. ardosiaceus
Vieillot, 1823
aLC IUCNSteady Senegal and Gambia to Ethiopia south to Tanzania and west to Angola and Namibia
Dickinson's kestrel
(White-rumped kestrel)
F. dickinsoni
Sclater, 1864
aLC IUCNSteady Angola and Namibia to central Kenya and northern Mozambique
Banded kestrel
(Madagascar banded kestrel)
(Barred kestrel)
(Madagascar barred kestrel)
F. zoniventris
Peters, 1854
aLC IUCNSteady Madagascar
Red-necked falcon

Subspecies:[u]
    • F. c. chicquera
      Daudin, 1800
    • F. c. ruficollis
      Swainson, 1837
    • F. c. horsbrughi
      Gunning & Roberts, 1911
F. chicquera
Daudin, 1800
Synonyms:
bNT IUCNDecrease Central, western and southern Africa, India
Red-footed falcon F. vespertinus
Linnaeus, 1766
bNT IUCNDecrease Central Europe to central Asia, Africa
Amur falcon F. amurensis
Radde, 1863
aLC IUCNSteady Eastern Asia, southeastern Africa
Eleonora's falcon F. eleonorae
Gené, 1839
aLC IUCNIncrease Southern Europe and also northern Africa, eastern Africa, Madagascar
Sooty falcon F. concolor
Temminck, 1825
cVU IUCNDecrease Eastern Libya to southwestern Pakistan, southeast Africa, Madagascar
Aplomado falcon

Subspecies:[v]
    • F. f. septentrionalis
      Todd, 1916
    • F. f. femoralis
      Temminck, 1822
    • F. f. pichinchae
      Chapman, 1925
F. femoralis
Temminck, 1822
aLC IUCNDecrease Widespread in Central & South America
Merlin

Subspecies:[w]
    • F. c. subaesalon
      Brehm, 1827
    • F. c. aesalon
      Tunstall, 1771
    • F. c. insignis
      (Clark, 1907)
    • F. c. pacificus
      (Stegmann, 1929)
    • F. c. pallidus
      (Sushkin, 1900)
    • F. c. lymani
      Bangs, 1913
    • F. c. columbarius
      Linnaeus, 1758
    • F. c. suckleyi
      Ridgway, 1874
    • F. c. richardsonii
      Ridgway, 1871
F. columbarius
Linnaeus, 1758
Synonyms:
    • Aesalon columbarius (Linnaeus, 1758)
    • F. aesalon Tunstall, 1771
aLC IUCNSteady Widespread in Northern Hemisphere
Bat falcon

Subspecies:[x]
    • F. r. petoensis
      Chubb, 1918
    • F. r. rufigularis
      Daudin, 1800
    • F. r. ophryophanes
      (Salvadori, 1895)
F. rufigularis
Daudin, 1800
Synonyms:
    • F. albigularis
      Daudin, 1800
    • F. fuscocaerulescens
      Vieillot, 1817 (modern spelling)
    • F. fusco-coerulescens
      Vieillot, 1817 (original spelling)
aLC IUCNDecrease Northern Mexico to northeastern Argentina
Orange-breasted falcon F. deiroleucus
Temminck, 1825
bNT IUCNDecrease Southern Mexico to northeastern Argentina
Eurasian hobby

Subspecies:[y]
    • F. s. subbuteo
      Linnaeus, 1758
    • F. s. streichi
      Hartert & Neumann, 1907
F. subbuteo
Linnaeus, 1758
aLC IUCNDecrease Widespread in Europe, southern Africa, northern Asia
African hobby F. cuvierii
Smith, 1830
aLC IUCNDecrease Eastern, central, western and southeastern Africa
Oriental hobby F. severus
Horsfield, 1821
aLC IUCNDecrease Northwestern India to Solomon Islands
Australian hobby
(Little falcon)

Subspecies:[z]
    • F. l. hanieli
      Hellmayr, 1914
    • F. l. longipennis
      Swainson, 1838
    • F. l. murchisonianus
      Mathews, 1912
F. longipennis
Swainson, 18371
aLC IUCNIncrease Widespread in Australia
New Zealand falcon F. novaeseelandiae
Gmelin, 1788
bNT IUCNDecrease Widespread in New Zealand
Brown falcon

Subspecies:[aa]
    • F. b. novaeguineae
      (Meyer, AB, 1894)
    • F. b. berigora
      Vigors & Horsfield, 1827
F. berigora
Vigors & Horsfield, 1827
Synonyms:
    • Asturaetus furcillatus De Vis, 1906
    • Plioaetus furcillatus (De Vis, 1906)
aLC IUCNDecrease Widespread in Australia
Grey falcon F. hypoleucos
Gould, 1841
cVU IUCNSteady Australia
Black falcon F. subniger
Gray, 1843
aLC IUCNSteady Australia
Lanner falcon

Subspecies:[ab]
    • F. b. feldeggii
      Schlegel, 1843
    • F. b. erlangeri
      Kleinschmidt, 1901
    • F. b. tanypterus
      Schlegel, 1843
    • F. b. abyssinicus
      Neumann, 1904
    • F. b. biarmicus
      Temminck, 1825
F. biarmicus
Temminck, 1825
Synonyms:
    • F. feldeggii Schlegel, 1841
    • F. lanarius Linnaeus, 1758
aLC IUCNIncrease Southern Europe, Arabian Peninsula, and widespread in Africa
Laggar falcon F. jugger
J.E. Gray, 1834
bNT IUCNDecrease Pakistan to Burma, India
Saker falcon

Subspecies:[ac]
    • F. c. cherrug
      Gray, JE, 1834
    • F. c. coatsi
      Dementiev, 1945
    • F. c. hendersoni
      Hume, 1871
    • F. c. milvipes
      Jerdon, 1871
F. cherrug
Gray, 1834
Synonyms:
    • F. altaicus (Menzbier, 1891)
    • Hierofalco altaicus Menzbier, 1891
dEN IUCNDecrease Central and southern Europe, northeastern Africa and northern Asia
Gyrfalcon F. rusticolus
Linnaeus, 1758
Synonyms:
    • F. arcticus Holbøll, 1843
    • F. candicans Gmelin, 1788
    • F. gyrfalco Linnaeus, 1758
    • F. islandus Brünnich, 1764
    • F. obsoletus Gmelin, 1788
    • F. rusticolus candicans Gmelin, 1788
    • F. rusticolus grebnitzkii (Severtzov, 1885)
    • F. rusticolus intermedius Gloger, 1834
    • F. rusticolus islandus Brünnich, 1764
    • F. rusticolus obsoletus Gmelin, 1788
    • F. rusticolus rusticolus Linnaeus, 1758
    • F. swarthi L.H. Miller, 1927
    • Hierofalco grebnitzkii Severtzov, 1885)
    • Hierofalco islandus (Brünnich, 1764)
    • Hierofalco rusticolus (Linnaeus, 1758)
    • Hierofalco rusticolus candicans (Gmelin, 1788)
aLC IUCNSteady Arctic coasts of Northern America, Europe and Asia
Prairie falcon F. mexicanus
Schlegel, 1850
Synonyms:
    • Gennaia mexicana
    • Hierofalco mexicanus
aLC IUCNIncrease North America
Peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus
Tunstall, 1771
aLC IUCNSteady Widespread worldwide
Barbary falcon Falco pelegrinoides
Temminck, 1829
aLC IUCNSteady Southwestern Europe and northern Africa
Taita falcon Falco fasciinucha
Reichenow & Neumann, 1895
cVU IUCNDecrease Eastern and southeastern Africa

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ M. c. cordata southern Costa Rica through South America to the north of the Amazon; M. c. chimachima from south of the Amazon to northern Argentina
  2. ^ M. c. chimango from southern Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay to central Argentina and Chile; M. c. temucoensis from southern Argentina and Chile to Tierra del Fuego
  3. ^ M. r. guerilla from Mexico to Nicaragua; M. r. interstes from Costa Rica to western Colombia and Ecuador; M. r. zonothrax from eastern Colombia and northern Venezuela south to Bolivia; M. r. concentricus southern Venezuela, the Guianas, Amazonia; M. r. ruficollis eastern Brazil, Paraguay, north Argentina; M. r. olrogi northwestern Argentina
  4. ^ M. s. naso from Mexico to northwestern Peru; M. s. semitorquatus from eastern Colombia through the Guianas and Brazil to northern Argentina
  5. ^ Erroneously called "snake hawk", since it is not a hawk
  6. ^ H. c. cachinnans from Mexico through central and eastern South America to northern Argentina; H. c. fulvescens from eastern Panama and northwestern Colombia to northwestern Peru
  7. ^ P. s. castanonotus from southern Sudan and Ethiopia to central Tanzania; P. s. semitorquatus from southern Angola to northwestern South Africa
  8. ^ P. i. insignis western and central Myanmar; P. i. cinereiceps southern Myanmar and northwestern Thailand; P. i. harmandi Laos, Vietnam, and Cambodia
  9. ^ It is sometimes placed in its own monotypic genus Neohierax
  10. ^ M. c. caerulescens northern India and Nepal; M. c. burmanicus from Myanmar to Indochina
  11. ^ M. e. erythrogenys northern Philippines; M. e. meridionalis southern Philippines
  12. ^ Error in species
  13. ^ F. t. tinnunculus from Europe and northwestern Africa to Siberia; F. t. perpallidus from northeastern Siberia to northeastern China and Korea;F. t. interstinctus from Himalayas to Japan and Indochina; F. t. objurgatus southern India, Sri Lanka; F. t. canariensis Madeira and western Canary Islands; F. t. dacotiae eastern Canary Islands; F. t. neglectus northern Cape Verde Island; F. t. alexandri southern Cape Verde Island; F. t. rupicolaeformis northeastern Africa and Arabia; F. t. archeri Socotra Island, Somalia, northeastern Kenya; F. t. rufescens from West Africa to Ethiopia south to northern Angola and Tanzania
  14. ^ lapsus
  15. ^ Falco rupicolus is split from F. tinnunculus ( Hockey, Dean & Ryan, eds. 2005)
  16. ^ F. n. newtoni Madagascar; F. n. aldabranus Aldabra and Anjouan Islands
  17. ^ F. m. moluccensis northern and southern Moluccas; F. m. microbalius Java to Lesser Sundas, Sulawesi and Tanimbar Islands
  18. ^ F. c. baru Snow Mountains (New Guinea); F. c. cenchroides Australia, Tasmania, Lord Howe Island, Norfolk Islands
  19. ^ F. s. sparverius Alaska and Canada through the USA to western Mexico; F. s. paulus southeastern USA; F. s. peninsularis northwestern Mexico; F. s. tropicalis southern Mexico to northern Honduras; F. s. nicaraguensis northwesternw Honduras, Nicaragua; F. s. sparverioides Bahamas, Cuba; F. s. dominicensis Hispaniola; F. s. caribaearum Puerto Rico to Grenada (West Indies); F. s. brevipennis Aruba, Curaçao, Bonaire (Netherlands Antilles); F. s. isabellinus eastern Venezuela, the Guianas, northern Brazil;F. s. ochraceus eastern Colombia, northwestern Venezuela; F. s. caucae western Colombia; F. s. aequatorialis northern Ecuador; F. s. peruvianus southwestern Ecuador, Peru, northern Chile; F. s. cinnamominus southeastern Peru to Paraguay, southeastern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul) and Tierra del Fuego; F. s. fernandensis Alejandro Selkirk and Juan Fernandez Islands (Chile); F. s. cearae southern Brazil
  20. ^ F. r. fieldi northeastern Ethiopia, northern Somalia, northern Kenya; F. r. arthuri central and southern Kenya, northeastern Tanzania; F. r. rupicoloides southern Angola to southwestern Zambia south to South Africa
  21. ^ F. c. chicquera southeastern Iran through India to Bangladesh; F. c. ruficollis Senegal to western Ethiopia, eastern Africa to northeastern Zimbabwe and central Mozambique; F. c. horsbrughi Namibia, Botswana, western Zimbabwe and northern, northwestern South Africa
  22. ^ F. f. septentrionalis southwwstern USA to Honduras; F. f. femoralis Nicaragua through South America to Tierra del Fuego; F. f. pichinchae Andes from Colombia to northern Chile and northwestern Argentina
  23. ^ F. c. subaesalon Iceland; F. c. aesalon Europe to northwestern Siberia; F. c. insignis northern and central Siberia; F. c. pacificus northeastern Asia; F. c. pallidus steppes of western and central Asia; F. c. lymani mountains of eastern and central Asia; F. c. columbarius Alaska to Newfoundland to northern USA; F. c. suckleyi southeastern Alaska to northern Washington (USA); F. c. richardsonii central and southern Canada to northern central USA
  24. ^ F. r. petoensis Mexico to western Ecuador; F. r. rufigularis eastern Colombia through the Guianas to southern Brazil and northeastern Argentina; F. r. ophryophanes eastern Bolivia to southern Brazil, Paraguay and northwestern Argentina
  25. ^ F. s. subbuteo Europe to Japan to northern India and central China; F. s. streichi Myanmar to southern China and northern Indochina
  26. ^ F. l. hanieli Lesser Sundas; F. l. longipennis southwestern and southeeastern Australia, Tasmania; F. l. murchisonianus Australia except southwestern and southeastern
  27. ^ F. b. novaeguineae central and eastern New Guinea, coastal northern Australia; F. b. berigora Australia (except coastal north) and Tasmania
  28. ^ F. b. feldeggii Italy to Turkey, Azerbaijan and northwestern Iran; F. b. erlangeri northwestern Africa; F. b. tanypterus northeastern Africa to Arabia, Israel and Iraq; F. b. abyssinicus southern Mauritania to Ethiopia and Somalia south to Cameroon and northern Kenya; F. b. biarmicus Democratic Republic of the Congo to southern Kenya south to South Africa
  29. ^ F. c. cherrug central Europe to southern central Siberia and northern Kazakhstan; F. c. coatsi central Asia to southern Siberia and northern China; F. c. hendersoni western and southern Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan; F. c. milvipes Himalayas to Tibet

References

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  1. ^ Gill, Donsker & Rasmussen 2020.
  2. ^ Myers, P. R.; Parr, C. S.; Jones, T.; Hammond, G. S.; Dewey, T. A. "Subfamily Polyborinae (caracaras and forest falcons)". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved 2020-03-17.
  3. ^ a b Thayer & Bangs 1908.
  4. ^ "Master List: Raptors". IOC World Birld List. International Ornithological Congress. 26 April 2012. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
  5. ^ "Catalogue of the Birds of India, with remarks on their geographical description". Ibis. 5 (17): 1–31. 1863. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919x.1863.tb06042.x.

Bibliography

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