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List of Nauruan parliamentary by-elections

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By-elections are held for the Parliament of Nauru to fill vacancies that occur between general elections.[1]

Previously, Nauruan general elections and by-elections used different voting systems.[2] Nauru uses the unique Dowdall system for general elections, but for by-elections it used a more conventional preferential system. Candidates had to receive an absolute majority of first preference votes. If none did, then the candidate with the least amount of first preference votes was eliminated, and the next preference votes on their ballots were distributed to the remaining candidates. This cycle continued until one candidate had an absolute majority of votes.[3]

A previous version of the Electoral Act in force in 2012, under the section entitled "Counting of votes in election", differentiates the methods of counting votes in a general election and by-election.[4] The section entitled "Counting of votes in election" in the current Electoral Act applies the same vote counting method for every election in Nauru.[5]

List of elections

[edit]

1971 Ubenide election

[edit]

A writ was issued by the speaker of Parliament on 29 June 1971 to fill a vacancy in the Ubenide Constituency.[6] The election was held on 14 August. The winner was determined after the four count of preferences.[7]

Candidate 1st Preference Votes Notes
Derog Gioura 91 Elected
Kennan Adeang 89
Bernard Dowiyogo 77
Mark Denis Kun 20
Paul Lawrence Maginkieo Ribauw 4
Invalid/blank votes 1
Total votes cast 281

1972 Yaren election

[edit]

A writ was issued by the acting speaker of Parliament on 20 April 1972 to fill a vacancy in the Yaren Constituency.[8] The election was held on 3 June. The winner was determined after the fifth count of preferences.[9]

Candidate 1st Preference Votes Notes
Ludwig Keke 18
Alfred Derangdedage Biribirinang Dick 15 Elected
Creswick Engame Agogenang 12
John Akubor 11
John Binono Willis 9
Sunshine Keke 6
Invalid/blank votes 2
Total votes cast 71

1976 Yaren election

[edit]

A writ was issued by the speaker of Parliament on 20 July 1976 to fill a vacancy in the Yaren Constituency.[10] The election was held on 28 August.[11]

Candidate Counts Notes
1 5
Leo Keke 27 66 Elected
John Ebonoaiye Akubor 27 50
Pres Nimes Ekwona 25 -
Alfred Derangdedage Dick 14 -
John Binono Willis 13 -
Patrick Jess Cain 7 -
Udire Abaubo 3 -
Total votes cast 116

February 1977 Aiwo election

[edit]

A by-election was triggered in the Aiwo Constituency when Speaker Edwin Tsitsi resigned as MP in December 1976.[12] The election was held on 5 February 1977.[13]

Candidate Counts Notes
1 2
René Harris 80 94 Elected
Samuel Edwin Tsitsi 50 79
Reginald Roderick Akiri 30 -
Invalid/blank votes 0
Total votes cast 173

1977 Buada election

[edit]

MP Austin Bernicke died in January 1977.[14] A writ was issued by the speaker of Parliament on 17 January 1977 to fill a vacancy in the Buada Constituency.[15] The election was held on 5 March.[16]

Candidate 1st Preference Votes Notes
Totouwa Depaune 80 Elected
Alec Hindmarsh Stephen 56
Invalid/blank votes 0
Total votes cast 136

1977 Anetan election

[edit]

A writ was issued by the speaker of Parliament on 11 February 1977 to fill a vacancy in the Anetan Constituency.[17] The election was held on 19 March.[18]

Candidate 1st Preference Votes Notes
Roy Degoregore 90 Elected
Bucky Idarabwe 79
Rimone Tom 6
Invalid/blank votes 2
Total votes cast 177

June 1977 Aiwo election

[edit]

A writ was issued by the speaker of Parliament on 7 March 1977 to fill a vacancy in the Aiwo Constituency.[19] MP René Harris lost his seat due to being convicted by a court of assault.[20] The election was initially scheduled for 16 April, but it was deferred by a court judgment.[21] By 9 May, the election was rescheduled for 4 June.[22] The election was held on 4 June.[23] Harris was re-elected.[20]

Candidate 1st Preference Votes Notes
René Harris 95 Elected
Reginald Roderick Akiri 41
John Cole Darabwana Bill 12
August Detonga Deiye 10
Invalid/blank votes 1
Total votes cast 159

1978 Ubenide election

[edit]

A writ was issued by the speaker of Parliament on 20 September 1978 to fill a vacancy in the Ubenide Constituency.[24] The election was held on 21 October.[25]

Candidate Counts Notes
1 2 3
Derog Gioura 181 186 197 Elected
Kennan Adeang 160 166 175
Victor Idarababwin Eoaeo 17 20 -
Lui Victor Eoaeo 14 - -
Invalid/blank votes 3
Total votes cast 372

1979 Aiwo election

[edit]

A writ was issued by the speaker of Parliament on 6 February 1979 to fill a vacancy in the Aiwo Constituency.[26] The election was held on 10 March.[27]

Candidate Counts Notes
1 2 3 4
David Agir 58 60 64 105 Elected
Reginald Roderick Akiri 50 54 65 87
Theodore Conrad Moses 51 58 63 -
Ririenang Allan Thoma 20 20 - -
August Detonga Deiye 13 - - -
Invalid/blank votes 1
Total votes cast 193

1981 Aiwo election

[edit]

A writ was issued by the speaker of Parliament on 10 June 1981 to fill a vacancy in the Aiwo Constituency.[28] MP René Harris resigned and ran in the resulting by-election as a way to test whether the voters of his constituency supported him.[29] The election was held on 18 July. Harris was re-elected.[30]

Candidate 1st Preference Votes Notes
René Harris 111 Elected
Samuel Edwin Tsitsi 48
August Detonga Deiye 28
Ateo Leslie Will Amram 10
Invalid/blank votes 1
Total votes cast 198

1984 Yaren election

[edit]

MP Joseph Detsimea Audoa died on 18 April 1984.[31] A writ was issued by the speaker of Parliament on 25 April 1984 to fill a vacancy in the Yaren Constituency.[32] The election was held on 26 May.[33]

Candidate 1st Preference Votes Notes
Anthony Kododo Detsimea Audoa 95 Elected
Alfred Derangdedage Dick 39
Leo Keke 44
Invalid/blank votes 1
Total votes cast 179

1984 Meneng election

[edit]

MP James Ategan Bop died on 12 July 1984.[34] A writ was issued by the speaker of Parliament on 23 July 1984 to fill a vacancy in the Meneng Constituency.[35] The election was held on 25 August.[36]

Candidate Counts Notes
1 8
Parcelle Bop 74 162 Elected
Nimrod Botelanga 60 109
Frank Sinatra Janecke Canon 56 -
Vinci Niel Clodumar 37 -
Paul Denebaua Jeremiah 28 -
Alex Dogaben Jimrock Harris 6 -
Ralph Steven 5 -
Deage Dogurube Dabwido 4 -
David Audi Dabwido 1 -
Invalid/blank votes 11
Total votes cast 282

1988 Ubenide election

[edit]

A writ was issued by the speaker of Parliament on 29 July 1988 to fill a vacancy in the Ubenide Constituency.[37] The election was held on 25 August.[38]

Candidate Counts Notes
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Kennan Adeang 180 180 181 182 188 200 224 243 Elected
Francis Garoa 72 73 73 76 76 80 87 121
Royden Basil Hiram 63 63 65 65 65 73 84 104
Lagumot Harris 57 58 59 61 66 66 73 -
Paul Laurence Maginkieo Ribauw 36 37 37 38 40 49 - -
Ekedu Rarube Itsimaera 30 30 31 31 33 - - -
Mark Dennis Gourdage Kun 11 12 13 15 - - - -
Joseph Hiram 8 9 9 - - - - -
Andre Godoru Notte 6 6 - - - - - -
Samuel Cagney Scotty 5 - - - - - - -
Invalid/blank votes 13
Total votes cast 481

1991 Boe election

[edit]

MP Kenas Aroi died on 22 January 1991.[39] A writ was issued by the speaker of Parliament on 28 January 1991 to fill a vacancy in the Boe Constituency.[40] The election was held on 2 March.[41]

Candidate Counts Notes
1 2 3 4 5
August Detonga Deiye 52 57 84 115 156 Elected
Baron Waqa 58 61 74 86 123
Clinton Denton Benjamin 62 66 67 78 -
Volmer Aloysious Appi 41 49 54 - -
Michael Mathias Aroi 37 46 - - -
Kelly Deouri Emiu 29 - - - -
Invalid/blank votes 4
Total votes cast 283

1992 Boe election

[edit]

MP Hammer DeRoburt died on 15 July 1992.[42] A writ was issued by the speaker of Parliament on 27 July 1992 to fill a vacancy in the Boe Constituency.[43] The election was held on 22 August.[44]

Candidate Counts Notes
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Michael Mathias Aroi 89 91 94 95 102 107 118 165
Clinton Denton Benjamin 76 79 83 86 89 90 95 107
Cridden Alexius Appi 23 24 25 26 28 42 59 -
Dale Richard Cecil 23 23 23 23 27 33 - -
Remus Semisi Capelle 19 20 20 21 26 - - -
Ereeti Nangindeit Batiua 16 17 18 21 - - - -
John Walt Fagan Adam 9 9 9 - - - - -
Boronga Yeru Uera 9 9 - - - - - -
Ross Cain 8 - - - - - - -
Invalid/blank votes 9
Total votes cast 281

1994 Ubenide election

[edit]

A writ was issued by the speaker of Parliament on 13 June 1994 to fill a vacancy in the Ubenide Constituency.[45] The election was held on 9 July.[46]

Candidate Counts Notes
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Lagumot Harris 128 128 134 139 150 156 181 214 306 Elected
Aloysius Edrick Arobao Iyomogo Amwano 120 121 121 122 126 141 162 201 296
Timothy Robidok Detudamo 140 140 143 150 153 161 168 187 -
Alf Diringa Itsimaera 66 66 67 68 73 78 91 - -
Freddie Pitcher 55 55 58 59 63 66 - - -
Royden Basil Hiram 31 32 33 35 37 - - - -
Paul Lawrence Maginkieo Ribauw 24 25 25 29 - - - - -
Russell Kun 20 20 21 - - - - - -
Joseph Hiram 15 15 - - - - - - -
Charles Lanza Dabana 3 - - - - - - - -
Invalid/blank votes 20
Total votes cast 622

1996 Buada election

[edit]

A writ was issued by the speaker of Parliament on 28 June 1996 to fill a vacancy in the Buada Constituency.[47] The election was held on 9 July.[48]

Candidate Counts Notes
1 2 3 4
Vinson Detenamo 85 89 97 109 Elected
Lyn Terangi Adam 38 45 55 93
Nelson De-Burma Tamakin 39 43 50 -
Rayong Anton Borben Itsimaera 21 25 - -
Miniva Depaune 19 - - -
Invalid/blank votes 1
Total votes cast 203

1996 Anetan election

[edit]

MP Roy Degoregore died on 24 August 1996.[49] A writ was issued by the speaker of Parliament on 2 September 1996 to fill a vacancy in the Anetan Constituency.[50] The election was held on 5 October.[51]

Candidate Counts Notes
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Remy Namaduk 113 113 113 114 116 120 125 131 139 156 181 219 Elected
Gaiman Deireragea 64 64 65 67 71 73 76 80 96 109 134 192
Rimone Tom 50 51 53 54 54 54 58 62 63 77 96 -
Vassal Gadoengin 39 40 40 40 41 43 45 48 57 69 - -
Bucky Adago Deinuwea Ika 41 42 42 42 43 45 47 48 56 - - -
Nicholas Yanaw Duburiya 21 22 22 24 27 32 33 42 - - - -
Jacobus Tevaki Fritz 21 21 21 21 23 25 27 - - - - -
George Caleb 13 13 16 17 19 19 - - - - - -
Julie June Olsson 14 14 16 16 17 - - - - - - -
Haseldon Buraman 14 14 14 16 - - - - - - - -
Jane Lewis 9 9 9 - - - - - - - - -
John Daroa Olsson 7 8 - - - - - - - - - -
Jaxon Dori Olsson 5 - - - - - - - - - - -
Invalid/blank votes 17
Total votes cast 428

February 1998 by-elections

[edit]

In early 1998, five Nauruan MPs were dismissed by Speaker Kennan Adeang.[52] As a result, a writ was issued by the speaker of Parliament on 22 January 1998 to fill a vacancy in the following constituencies: Boe, Buada, Meneng, Ubenide, and Yaren.[53] The elections were held on 21 February.[54] Three of the five dismissed MPs were re-elected.[52]

Constituency Candidate Counts Notes
1 2 3
Boe Ross Cain 87 119 183 Elected
Clinton Denton Benjamin 137 148 169
Baron Waqa 71 85 -
Michael Mathias Aroi 57 - -
Invalid/blank votes 2
Total votes cast 354
Constituency Candidate Counts Notes
1 2 3
Buada Ruben Kun 156 Elected
Ivor Detenamo 90
Invalid/blank votes 0
Total votes cast 246
Constituency Candidate Counts Notes
1 2 3
Meneng Nimrod Botelanga 247 Elected
Vinci Niel Clodumar 197
Joshua Porthos Bop 28
John Brechtefeld 15
Invalid/blank votes 4
Total votes cast 491
Constituency Candidate Counts Notes
1 2 3
Ubenide Aloysius Iyomago Amwano 301 325 370 Elected
Lagumot Harris 289 307 333
Royden Hiram 57 71 -
Paul Maginkieo Ribauw 56 - -
Invalid/blank votes 5
Total votes cast 708
Constituency Candidate Counts Notes
1 2 3
Yaren Anthony D. Audoa 129 Elected
Pres Nimes Ekwona 69
Leo Keke 56
Invalid/blank votes 2
Total votes cast 256

1998 Aiwo election

[edit]

A writ was issued by the speaker of Parliament on 24 June 1998 to fill a vacancy in the Aiwo Constituency.[55] The election was held on 25 July.[56]

Candidate 1st Preference Votes Notes
René Harris 189 Elected
Richard Dugan Bill 94
Invalid/blank votes 10
Total votes cast 293

2001 Ubenide election

[edit]

A writ was issued by the speaker of Parliament on 7 November 2001 to fill a vacancy in the Ubenide Constituency.[57] The election was held on 8 December.[58]

Candidate Fractional Total Notes
Aloysius Iyomago Amwano 323.593 Elected
David Adeang 263.067 Elected
Derog Gioura 202.514 Elected
Bernard Dowiyogo 193.837 Elected
Joseph Laben Hiram 178.326
Alf Diringa Itsimaera 175.076
Paul Lawrence Maginkieo Ribauw 158.947
Russell Kun 157.951
Milton Jonathan Benjamin 151.348
Kennan Adeang 149.577
Renos Renige Agege 127.527
Knox Tulensru Tulenoa 114.244
Francis Detsibanga Amram 113.226
Charles Lanza Dabana 100.174
Invalid/blank votes 41
Total votes cast 782

2005 Anetan election

[edit]

A writ was issued by the speaker of Parliament on 24 December 2004 to fill a vacancy in the Anetan Constituency.[59] The election was held on 22 January.[60]

Candidate Counts Notes
1 2 3 4 5 6
Cyril Buramen 155 156 157 165 180 284 Elected
Remy Namaduk 133 134 136 137 146 164
Ernest Gisephri Stephen 91 92 96 101 122 -
Darryle Eneiwa Tom 26 29 30 45 - -
Rimone Tom 26 26 29 - - -
Arabella Sra Detenamo 10 11 - - - -
Victory Anebeni Japhet 7 - - - - -
Invalid/blank votes 8
Total votes cast 448

2017 Ubenide election

[edit]

MP Valdon Dowiyogo's death triggered a by-election. A writ was issued by the speaker of Parliament on 22 December 2016 to fill a vacancy in the Ubenide Constituency. The election was held on 19 January 2017.[61][62] A report from the Nauru Electoral Commission noted that, given the amount of time since the last by-election in Nauru, some voters were confused by the preferential system used as opposed to the Dowdall system used in general elections.[61] The MP who was elected, Gabrissa Hartman, was the third woman elected to the Parliament of Nauru.[2]

Candidate Counts Notes
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Gabrissa Hartman 157 159 161 167 177 185 210 226 284 396 505 817 Elected
Wawani Dowiyogo 289 292 300 309 314 317 337 351 362 431 561 696
Reagan Aliklik 271 271 278 281 286 294 298 309 340 391 447 -
Peter Diema 227 229 229 234 239 245 254 256 265 295 - -
Vyko Adeang 178 179 183 193 207 214 220 234 262 - - -
Kay Aliklik 61 63 64 71 78 90 97 137 - - - -
David Detageouwa 70 72 74 76 77 90 97 - - - - -
Berrick Dowiyogo 63 65 72 73 76 78 - - - - - -
Aloysius Amwano 54 58 58 58 59 - - - - - - -
Ken Detudamo 46 48 50 51 - - - - - - - -
Ricky Adde Bam 44 44 44 - - - - - - - - -
Albert Teimitsi 32 33 - - - - - - - - - -
David Dowiyogo 21 - - - - - - - - - - -
Invalid/blank votes 37
Total votes cast 1550

2019 Anabar election

[edit]

MP Jaden Dogireiy's court conviction and subsequent disqualification from parliament triggered a by-election.[63] A writ was issued by the speaker of Parliament on 1 May 2019 to fill a vacancy in the Anabar Constituency. The election was held on 30 May.[64] Due to how close the results between candidates Ludwig Scotty and Pyon Deiye were, a recount was triggered.[63] The election used the Dowdall system of voting.[65]

Candidate Preference votes Total Notes
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Ludwig Scotty 145 85 75 45 41 30 36 49 85 257.662 Elected
Pyon Deiye 143 82 67 45 51 49 45 65 44 255.392
Jeb Nobob Eric Bop 102 74 66 62 64 80 60 49 34 221.108
Akua Marita Agigo 101 75 59 56 46 55 53 69 77 215.285
Johnny-Young Olsson 33 71 91 68 93 85 53 56 41 167.727
Transom Duburiya 22 45 68 89 87 96 67 95 22 146.708
Corey Milton Menke 17 53 59 88 97 87 105 56 29 144.289
Dawson Agege 23 49 49 79 67 49 89 79 107 139.628
Damien Joram 5 57 57 59 45 60 83 73 152 124.121
Invalid/blank votes 21
Total votes cast 612

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "NAURU ELECTORAL SYSTEM". Inter-Parliamentary Union. 9 June 2016. Retrieved 7 September 2024.
  2. ^ a b Republic of Nauru. "Hartman, third female MP wins seat in Ubenide by-election". Retrieved 7 September 2024.
  3. ^ Roland Lauti, Alamanda; Fraenkel, Jon. "Developing a More Facilitating Environment for Women's Political Participation in Nauru" (PDF). Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat. pp. 117–119.
  4. ^ "Electoral Act 1965" (PDF). p. 18.
  5. ^ "Electoral Act 2016" (PDF). p. 82.
  6. ^ Aroi, K. (30 June 1971). "BY-ELECTION FOR THE CONSTITUENCY OF UBENIDE" (PDF). Republic of Nauru Government Gazette (24): 1.
  7. ^ Dowdall, D.J.A. (18 August 1971). "DECLARATION OF POLL" (PDF). Republic of Nauru Government Gazette (32): 1.
  8. ^ Eoaeo, V. (21 April 1972). "BY-ELECTION FOR THE CONSTITUENCY OF YAREN" (PDF). Republic of Nauru Government Gazette (20): 1.
  9. ^ Connell, H.B. (7 June 1972). "DECLARATION OF POLL" (PDF). Republic of Nauru Government Gazette (26): 1.
  10. ^ Aroi, K. (20 July 1976). "WRIT FOR AN ELECTION OF A MEMBER OF PARLIAMENT FOR THE REPUBLIC OF NAURU TO FILL A VACANCY" (PDF). Republic of Nauru Government Gazette (34): 1.
  11. ^ Gillett, S. (8 September 1976). "ELECTORAL ACT 1965 - 1973" (PDF). Republic of Nauru Government Gazette (44): 1.
  12. ^ "No Fun and Games When Party Politics Creeps Up on Nauru". Pacific Islands Monthly (2): 9–10. 1 February 1977.
  13. ^ Gillet, S. (16 February 1977). "BY-ELECTION - CONSTITUENCY OF AIWO" (PDF). Republic of Nauru Government Gazette (14): 1.
  14. ^ "Austin Bernicke Dead". Pacific Islands Monthly (48): 17. March 1977.
  15. ^ Gadaraoa, David Peter (26 January 1977). "WRIT FOR AN ELECTION OF A MEMBER OF PARLIAMENT FOR THE REPUBLIC OF NAURU TO FILL A VACANCY" (PDF). Republic of Nauru Government Gazette (9): 1.
  16. ^ Gillet, S. (16 March 1977). "BY-ELECTION - CONSTITUENCY OF BUADA" (PDF). Republic of Nauru Government Gazette (24): 2.
  17. ^ Gadaraoa, David Peter (15 February 1977). "WRIT FOR AN ELECTION OF A MEMBER OF PARLIAMENT FOR THE REPUBLIC OF NAURU TO FILL A VACANCY" (PDF). Republic of Nauru Government Gazette (15): 1.
  18. ^ de Silva, R. L. (23 March 1977). "BY-ELECTION - CONSTITUENCY OF ANETA/EWA" (PDF). Republic of Nauru Government Gazette (25): 4.
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  20. ^ a b "A Bouncer!". Pacific Islands Monthly (8): 20. 1 August 1977.
  21. ^ Scott, L. (5 April 1977). "BY-ELECTICN AIWO CONSTITUENCY" (PDF). Republic of Nauru Government Gazette (29): 1.
  22. ^ Scott, L. (9 May 1977). "AIWO BY-ELECTION" (PDF). Republic of Nauru Government Gazette (37): 1.
  23. ^ Lang, David Geoffrey (22 June 1977). "DECLARATION OF AIWO BY-ELECTION" (PDF). Republic of Nauru Government Gazette (47): 3.
  24. ^ Gadaraoa, D. P. (20 September 1978). "WRIT FOR AN ELECTION OF A MEMBER OF PARLIAMENT FOR THE REPUBLIC OF NAURU TO FILL A VACANCY" (PDF). Republic of Nauru Government Gazette (50): 1.
  25. ^ Scott, Laurence (23 March 1977). "DECLARATION OF THE BY-ELECTION IN THE CONSTITUENCY OF UBENIDE" (PDF). Republic of Nauru Government Gazette (58): 1.
  26. ^ Gadaraoa, D. P. (6 February 1979). "WRIT FOR AN ELECTION OF A MEMBER OF PARLIAMENT FOR THE REPUBLIC OF NAURU TO FILL A VACANCY" (PDF). Republic of Nauru Government Gazette (8): 1–2.
  27. ^ Jones, P. L. (12 March 1979). "BY-ELECTION FOR ONE MEMBER IN THE PARLIAMENT OF NAURU" (PDF). Republic of Nauru Government Gazette (20): 1–2.
  28. ^ Gadaraoa, D. P. (12 June 1981). "NOTIFICATION OF WRIT FOR ELECTION" (PDF). Republic of Nauru Government Gazette (30): 2–3.
  29. ^ "Nauru member bounces back". Pacific Islands Monthly (9): 44. 1 September 1981.
  30. ^ Star, T.W. (21 July 1981). "DECLARATION OF ELECTION" (PDF). Republic of Nauru Government Gazette (39): 1.
  31. ^ Bhalla, K.S. (26 April 1984). "VACANCY IN THE OFFICE OF A MEMBER OF PARLIAMENT" (PDF). Republic of Nauru Government Gazette (22): 1.
  32. ^ Star, T.W. (2 May 1984). "NOTIFICATION OF WRIT FOR BY-ELECTION" (PDF). Republic of Nauru Government Gazette (23): 1.
  33. ^ Jetlie, J. L. (14 June 1984). "DECLARATION OF ELECTION" (PDF). Republic of Nauru Government Gazette (37): 1.
  34. ^ "James Ategan Bop". Pacific Islands Monthly (9): 73. 1 September 1984.
  35. ^ Star, T.W. (26 July 1984). "NOTIFICATION OF WRIT FOR ELECTION" (PDF). Republic of Nauru Government Gazette (46): 1–2.
  36. ^ Star, T. W. (30 August 1984). "DECLARATION OF ELECTION" (PDF). Republic of Nauru Government Gazette (53): 1–2.
  37. ^ "WRIT FOR AN ELECTION OF A MEMBER OF THE PARLIAMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF NAURU" (PDF). Republic of Nauru Government Gazette (42): 1. 30 July 1988.
  38. ^ Mani, V.S. (26 August 1988). "DECLARATION OF ELECTION" (PDF). Republic of Nauru Government Gazette (55): 1–5.
  39. ^ "Births, Deaths and Marriages" (PDF). Republic of Nauru Government Gazette (15): 8. 13 February 1991.
  40. ^ Gioura, Derog (4 February 1991). "Writ For An Election of a Member of Parliament of the Republic of Nauru to fill a Vacancy" (PDF). Republic of Nauru Government Gazette (9): 1.
  41. ^ Star, T.W. (4 March 1991). "BY-ELECTION FOR ONE MEMBER IN THE PARLIAMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF NAURU" (PDF). Republic of Nauru Government Gazette (22): 1–2.
  42. ^ Pollock, Nancy (2020). "DeRoburt, Hammer (1922–1992)". Australian Dictionary of Biography.
  43. ^ Emiu, K. Deouri (28 July 1992). "NOTIFICATION OF WRIT OF ELECTION" (PDF). Republic of Nauru Government Gazette (42): 1.
  44. ^ Emiu, K. Deouri (24 August 1992). "DECLARATION OF RESULT" (PDF). Republic of Nauru Government Gazette (51): 1–4.
  45. ^ Emiu, Kelly D. (14 June 1994). "NOTIFICATION OF WRIT OF ELECTION" (PDF). Republic of Nauru Government Gazette (31): 1.
  46. ^ Emiu, Kelly D. (11 July 1994). "DECLARATION OF RESULT" (PDF). Republic of Nauru Government Gazette (41): 1–4.
  47. ^ Itsimaera, Angie (14 June 1994). "NOTIFICATION OF WRIT OF ELECTION" (PDF). Republic of Nauru Government Gazette (38): 1.
  48. ^ Itsimaera, Angie (29 July 1996). "DECLARATION OF RESULT" (PDF). Republic of Nauru Government Gazette (49): 1–2.
  49. ^ "Father of Nauru's independence". The Australian. Trove. 7 October 1996. Retrieved 5 September 2024.
  50. ^ Itsimaera, Angie (4 September 1996). "NOTIFICATION OF WRIT OF ELECTION" (PDF). Republic of Nauru Government Gazette (58): 1–2.
  51. ^ Itsimaera, Angie (7 October 1996). "DECLARATION OF RESULT" (PDF). Republic of Nauru Government Gazette (69): 1–6.
  52. ^ a b The Far East and Australasia 2004. 2003. p. 825. Retrieved 1 September 2024.
  53. ^ Emiu, Kelly D. (26 January 1998). "NOTIFICATION OF WRIT OF ELECTION" (PDF). Republic of Nauru Government Gazette (7): 1–3.
  54. ^ Emiu, Kelly D. (23 February 1998). "DECLARATION OF RESULT" (PDF). Republic of Nauru Government Gazette (18): 1–6.
  55. ^ Itsimaera, Angie (29 June 1998). "NOTIFICATION OF WRIT OF BY-ELECTION" (PDF). Republic of Nauru Government Gazette (42): 1.
  56. ^ Itsimaera, Angie (27 July 1998). "DECLARATION OF RESULT" (PDF). Republic of Nauru Government Gazette (50): 1.
  57. ^ Batsiua, Mathew (8 November 2001). "WRIT FOR AN ELECTION OF MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF NAURU TO FILL A VACANCY" (PDF). Republic of Nauru Government Gazette (68): 1.
  58. ^ Batsiua, Mathew (10 December 2001). "PARLIAMENTARY ELECTION FOR THE CONSTITUENCY OF UBENIDE" (PDF). Republic of Nauru Government Gazette (75): 1–2.
  59. ^ Kephas, Jarden (29 December 2004). "NOTIFICATION OF WRIT FOR ELECTION" (PDF). Republic of Nauru Government Gazette (106): 1.
  60. ^ Kephas, Jarden (24 January 2005). "DECLARATION OF RESULT" (PDF). Republic of Nauru Government Gazette (8): 1–3.
  61. ^ a b Nauru Electoral Commission (30 March 2017). "Ubenide By-Election Report" (PDF). pp. 3–5.
  62. ^ Cain, Joseph (20 January 2017). "DECLARATION OF RESULT" (PDF). Republic of Nauru Government Gazette (10): 1–6.
  63. ^ a b "Ludwig Scotty returns to Nauru parliament after by-election". Loop Nauru (Press release). 31 May 2019. Archived from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 7 September 2024.
  64. ^ Nauru Electoral Commission. "2019 Anabar (AIA) By-election Report" (PDF). p. 5.
  65. ^ Nauru Electoral Commission. "2019 Anabar (AIA) By-election Report" (PDF). p. 27.
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