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Convicted computer criminals are people who are caught and convicted of computer crimes such as breaking into computers or computer networks.[1] Computer crime can be broadly defined as criminal activity involving information technology infrastructure, including illegal access (unauthorized access), illegal interception (by technical means of non-public transmissions of computer data to, from or within a computer system), data interference (unauthorized damaging, deletion, deterioration, alteration or suppression of computer data), systems interference (interfering with the functioning of a computer system by inputting, transmitting, damaging, deleting, deteriorating, altering or suppressing computer data), misuse of devices, forgery (or identity theft) and electronic fraud.[2]

Three dark-haired men wearing dark clothing. The man on the left is wearing a checkered shirt with a rain jacket. The man in the middle is wearing a printed tee with a rain jacket. The man on the right is wearing a black sweater.
Hacker Adrian Lamo (left) with Kevin Mitnick and Kevin Poulsen
Dark-haired man with unkempt hair. He is wearing a red shirt. A silver chain around his neck and an earring in his left ear can be seen.
Mark Abene, who was convicted of computer charges

In the infancy of the hacker subculture and the computer underground,[3] criminal convictions were rare because there was an informal code of ethics that was followed by white hat hackers[broken anchor].[4] Proponents of hacking claim to be motivated by artistic and political ends, but are often unconcerned about the use of criminal means to achieve them.[5] White hat hackers break past computer security for non-malicious reasons and do no damage, akin to breaking into a house and looking around.[6] They enjoy learning and working with computer systems, and by this experience gain a deeper understanding of electronic security.[6] As the computer industry matured, individuals with malicious intentions (black hats) would emerge to exploit computer systems for their own personal profit.[6]

Convictions of computer crimes, or hacking, began as early as 1984 with the case of The 414s from the 414 area code in Milwaukee. In that case, six teenagers broke into a number of high-profile computer systems, including Los Alamos National Laboratory, Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and Security Pacific Bank. On May 1, 1984, one of the 414s, Gerald Wondra, was sentenced to two years of probation.[7] In May 1986, the first computer trespass conviction to result in a jail sentence was handed down to Michael Princeton Wilkerson, who received two weeks in jail for his infiltration of Microsoft, Sundstrand Corp., Kenworth Truck Co. and Resources Conservation Co.[8]

In 2006, a prison term of nearly five years was handed down to Jeanson James Ancheta, who created hundreds of zombie computers to do his bidding via giant bot networks or botnets.[9] He then sold the botnets to the highest bidder, who in turn used them for denial-of-service (DoS) attacks.[10]

As of 2012, the longest sentence for computer crimes is that of Albert Gonzalez for 20 years.[11] The next longest sentences are those of 13 years for Max Butler,[12] 108 months for Brian Salcedo in 2004 and upheld in 2006 by the U.S. 4th Circuit Court of Appeals,[13][14] and 68 months for Kevin Mitnick in 1999.[15]

Computer criminals

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Name Handle Nationality Conviction(s) Sentencing date(s) Penalty
Elliott Gunton Glubz/planet United Kingdom Money laundering, Computer Misuse Act crimes, breaching a Sexual Harm Prevention Order,[16] conspiracy to commit fraud[17] November 2016; August 2019; July 2024 3½ years of imprisonment (most recent)
Conor Brian Fitzpatrick Pompompurin United States Conspiracy to commit access device fraud, access device fraud, and possession of child pornography January 2024 20 years of supervised release
Tyler King — United States Conspiring to commit computer fraud, computer fraud, and two counts of aggravated identity theft[18] 2019 57 months federal prison[19][20]
Roman Seleznev Track2 Russian Convicted of 38 counts involving unauthorized access of business information systems and stealing over two million credit card numbers. Pleaded guilty to conspiracy to commit bank fraud.[21][22][23] August 2016 and September 2017 Sentenced to 27 years' imprisonment for the 2016 conviction,[21][22] concurrent with sentence of 14 years for the second set of charges[23]
Pascal van den Essenburg Twinkie Netherlands Nine counts of Illegal Computer Trespass to computers and one count of money laundering for an amount of $25 million[24] 2017 Two months jail sentence before they let him go due to lack of evidence
Hamza Bendelladj Bx1 Algeria Pleaded guilty to one count of conspiring to commit wire and bank fraud, 10 counts of wire fraud, one count of conspiring to commit computer fraud and abuse, and 11 counts of computer fraud and abuse[25]

He is a co-creator of Trojan horse SpyEye. He stole from 217 American banks in total stealing $400 million and is alleged to have donated all the money to Africa and Palestine, though Trial documents did not mention any donations or charity activities.[26] Despite much false information on the internet Bendelladj did not get sentenced to death, and claims saying he donated any money to charity is almost impossible to verify.[27] The SpyEye software was also sold to other hackers and used as part of a botnet.

23 April 2016 15 years jail sentence
Ross Ulbricht altoid/frosty/Dread Pirate Roberts United States money laundering, conspiracy to commit computer hacking, and conspiracy to traffic narcotics 29 May 2015 Double life imprisonment plus forty years, without the possibility of parole
Kristina Svechinskaya — Russia Accused of using Zeus Trojan horse to attack thousands of bank accounts and opened at least five accounts in Bank of America and Wachovia.[28] It is estimated that with nine other people Svechinskaya had skimmed $3 million in total.[29] 24 June 2013 Signed a personal recognizance bond[30] and was released under $25,000 bail.[31] Ordered to pay $35,000 in damages.[32]
Lewys Martin sl1nk United Kingdom Pleaded guilty to five counts of "unauthorised acts with intent to impair operation of or prevent/hinder access to a computer", two of "unauthorised computer access with intent to commit other offences", one of "unauthorised computer access with intent to commit other offences", and one of "unauthorised access to computer material".
Hacking attempt on the websites of Kent Police, Cambridge University and Oxford University. Former member of NullCrew and said to have penetrated the servers of Department of Defense (DoD), Pentagon, NASA, NSA, other UK government websites.[33] 		16 May 2013 Two years imprisonment[34]
David Schrooten Fortezza/Xakep Netherlands Accused of causing 63 million dollar in damages. Primarily for his role in trafficking credit cards he obtained by hacking other hackers.[35][36] Pleaded guilty to conspiracy to commit access device fraud and bank fraud, access device fraud, bank fraud, intentional damage to a protected computer, and aggravated identity theft. 1 February 2013 Extradited from Romania and sentenced to 144 months in U.S. federal prison[37]
Andrew Auernheimer Weev United States (at time of sentencing) On November 20, 2012, was found guilty of one count of identity fraud and one count of conspiracy to access a computer without authorization[38] 20 November 2012 Auernheimer was sentenced to 41 months in federal prison and ordered to pay $73,000 in restitution[39]
Samy Kamkar samy United States Pleaded guilty to violating California Penal Code 502(c)(8) for creating the "Samy is my hero" XSS worm that spread across the MySpace social networking site[40] 2007 Three years of formal probation, 90 days of community service, restitution paid to MySpace, restrictions on computer use[40]
Jeanson James Ancheta Gobo United States Pleaded guilty to four federal charges of violating United States Code Section 1030, Fraud and Related Activity in Connection with Computers, specifically subsections (a)(5)(A)(i), 1030 (a)(5)(B)(i) and 1030(b)[10] 8 May 2006 57 months in prison, forfeit a 1993 BMW and more than US$58,000 in profit
Restitution of US$15,000 to the U.S. federal government for infecting military computers[41][42]
Cameron Lacroix cam0 United States Pleaded guilty to hacking into the cell-phone account of celebrity Paris Hilton and participated in an attack on data-collection firm LexisNexis Group that exposed personal records of more than 300,000 consumers[43] 13 September 2005 11 months in a Massachusetts juvenile detention facility[43]
Jeffrey Lee Parson T33kid United States Pleaded guilty on August 11, 2004, to one count of intentionally causing or attempting to cause damage to a protected computer via his version of the Blaster computer worm[44] 28 January 2005 18 months in prison and 100 hours of community service[45]
Adrian Lamo — United States One-count of computer crimes against Microsoft, LexisNexis and The New York Times[46] 15 July 2004 Six months detention at his parents' home plus two years probation and roughly US$65,000 in restitution[46]
Kimberley Vanvaeck Gigabyte Belgium Wrote the Coconut-A, Sahay-A, and Sharp-A (first virus written in C#) computer viruses. Charged and arrested for computer data sabotage against internet security firm Sophos.[47] 16 February 2004 Released within 24 hours on bail due to being a minor (17 years old)[48]
Jerome Heckenkamp MagicFX United States Admitted the hacking and pleaded guilty to two felonies in 2004[49] 2004 Sentenced to time served after spending seven months in prison[49]
David L. Smith Kwyjibo United States Pleaded guilty to knowingly spreading a computer virus, the Melissa virus, with the intent to cause damage[50] 1 May 2002 20 months in federal prison, US$5,000 fine and 100 hours of community service upon release[50]
Gary McKinnon Solo United Kingdom Accused in 2002 of perpetrating the "biggest military computer hack of all time," although McKinnon himself states that he was merely looking for evidence of free energy suppression and a cover-up of UFO activity and other technologies potentially useful to the public 2002 On 16 October 2012, after a series of legal proceedings in Britain, Home Secretary Theresa May withdrew her extradition order to the United States
Jan de Wit OnTheFly Netherlands Spreading data into a computer network with the intention of causing damage as the creator of the Anna Kournikova virus[51] 27 September 2001 150 hours community service[51][52][53]
Michael Calce MafiaBoy Canada Pleaded guilty to 56 charges of "mischief to data"[54][55] 12 September 2001 Eight months "open custody", by the Montreal Youth Court, one year of probation, restricted use of the Internet and a small fine[55][56]
Raphael Gray Curador United Kingdom Pleaded guilty to theft and hacking offenses which fall under the Computer Misuse Act and six charges of intentionally accessing sites containing credit card details and using this information for financial gain[57] 6 July 2001 Three years of psychiatric treatment after evidence emerged that he was suffering from a mental condition which needed medical treatment rather than incarceration[58]
Ehud Tenenbaum Analyzer Israel Admitted to cracking US and Israeli computers, and pleaded guilty to conspiracy, wrongful infiltration of computerized material, disruption of computer use and destroying evidence[59] 15 June 2001 Six months of community service, one year of probation, a two-year suspended prison sentence and fined about US$18,000[59]
Dennis Moran Coolio United States Misdemeanor charges of hacking[60] 9 March 2001 Nine months in jail and US$5,000 in restitution to each victim[60]
David D'Amato Terri DiSisto United States Found guilty of email bombings which caused service outages at a number of colleges and universities; victims were young males from whom he solicited tickling videos who had stopped co-operating with his requests[61] 2001 Fined $5,000 (USD) and sentenced to six months in federal prison[62][63]
Jonathan James c0mrade United States Two counts of juvenile delinquency[64] 21 September 2000 Six-month prison sentence and probation until the age of eighteen[64]
Kevin Mitnick Condor United States Four counts of wire fraud, two counts of computer fraud and one count of illegally intercepting a wire communication[65] 9 August 1999 46 months in federal prison and US$4,125 in restitution[65]
Julian Paul Assange Mendax/profff Australia 31 charges of hacking and related charges. Pleaded guilty to 25 charges, the remaining 6 were dropped.[66] 5 December 1996 A recorded conviction on all counts, a reparation payment of A$2,100 to ANU (to be paid in 3 months time) and a A$5,000 good-behaviour bond[67]
Kevin Poulsen Dark Dante United States Pleaded guilty to seven counts of mail, wire and computer fraud, money laundering and obstruction of justice[9] 10 April 1995 51 months in prison and ordered to pay US$56,000 in restitution[9]
Chris Pile The Black Baron United Kingdom Writing and distributing computer viruses 1995 18 months in prison
Mark Abene Phiber Optik United States Misdemeanor theft-of-service for a free-call scam to a 900 number[1] 1991 35 hours of community service[1]
One count of computer trespass and one count of computer conspiracy[68] 1993 One-year jail sentence[68][69]
Nahshon Even-Chaim Phoenix Australia 15 charges including trespassing on the University of Texas computer network, altering data at NASA and the theft of the ZARDOZ file[70] 1993 One-year suspended sentence: A$1,000 good-behaviour bond and 500 hours community service[70]
Richard Jones Electron Australia Trespassing on the University of Texas computer network and theft of the ZARDOZ file[70] 1993 One year and six months suspended sentence, 300 hours of community service and psychiatric assessment and treatment[70]
Leonard Rose Terminus United States Illicit use of proprietary software (UNIX 3.2 code) owned by AT&T[1] and 2 counts of computer fraud and three counts of interstate transportation of stolen property[71][72] 12 June 1991 One-year jail sentence[71][73]
Robert Tappan Morris rtm United States Intentional access of federal interest computers without authorization thereby preventing authorized access and causing a loss in excess of US$1,000[74] 7 March 1991 Three years probation and 400 hours of community service in a manner determined by the Probation Office and approved by the Court[74]
Markus Hess — Germany Found guilty of espionage 15 February 1990 One to two years suspended sentence
Michael Princeton Wilkerson The Sprinter United States Four counts of Illegal Computer Trespass to computers at: Microsoft, Sundstrand Data Control, Kenworth Truck Co. and Resources Conservation Co. (a Boeing subsidiary)[75] 7 May 1986 Two weeks jail sentence, 200 hours community service, two years probation, fined US$2,000[76]
Gerald Wondra The 414s United States Unauthorized access to computers at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York and a Los Angeles bank[77] and two counts of "making harassing telephone calls"[78] 1 May 1983 Two years probation[77]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d Bruce Sterling (1993). The Hacker Crackdown—Law and Disorder on the Electronic Frontier (January 1994 ed.). Project Gutenberg. p. 336. ISBN 0-553-56370-X.
  2. ^ Paul Taylor (1999). Hackers: Crime in the Digital Sublime (November 3, 1999 ed.). Routledge; 1 edition. p. 200. ISBN 0-415-18072-4.
  3. ^ Steve Mizrach (2009). "The electronic discourse of the computer underground". Florida International University. Retrieved May 10, 2009. Gordon Meyer, a sociologist who has since left academia but continues to be involved in the computer industry (and to publish the Computer Underground Digest), wrote in his seminal paper The Social Organization of the Computer Underground that the "computer underground consists of actors in three roles – computer hackers, phone phreaks, and software pirates."
  4. ^ "Interview with Chris Davis". Public Broadcasting Service. 2001. Retrieved May 9, 2009.
  5. ^ Brian Blomquist (May 29, 1999). "FBI'S web site socked as hackers target feds". New York Post. Retrieved May 8, 2009.[permanent dead link]
  6. ^ a b c Andrew Brandt (April 2, 2001). "Hacker Speak". PC World. Archived from the original on May 1, 2009. Retrieved May 10, 2009.
  7. ^ "Computer User Sentenced". The New York Times. May 1, 1984. Retrieved September 11, 2008.
  8. ^ Emery, Julie (7 May 1986). "Light jail term for young hacker". The Seattle Times.
  9. ^ a b c pg 26—Richard Gissel (2005). Digital Underworld (August 23, 2005 ed.). Lulu. p. 222. ISBN 1-4116-4423-9.
  10. ^ a b Robert Vamosi (January 27, 2006). "Cybercrime does pay; here's how". CNET Reviews. Retrieved September 11, 2008.
  11. ^ Zetter, Kim (March 25, 2010). "TJX Hacker Gets 20 Years in Prison". Wired. Retrieved January 22, 2012.
  12. ^ Poulsen, Kevin (February 12, 2010). "Record 13-Year Sentence for Hacker Max Vision". Wired. Retrieved January 22, 2012.
  13. ^ "Hacker Sentenced to Prison for Breaking into Lowe's Companies' Computers with Intent to Steal Credit Card Information". cybercrime.gov. December 15, 2004. Archived from the original on November 30, 2011. Retrieved January 22, 2012.
  14. ^ "Crazy-Long Hacker Sentence Upheld". Wired. July 11, 2006. Retrieved January 22, 2012.
  15. ^ "Kevin Mitnick Sentenced to Nearly Four Years in Prison". cybercrime.gov. August 9, 1999. Archived from the original on December 19, 2011. Retrieved January 22, 2012.
  16. ^ "Three Norwich schools probed for weakness by teenage hacker". Eastern Daily Press. 5 April 2019. Retrieved 2024-09-01.
  17. ^ "TalkTalk hacker Elliott Gunton jailed in cryptocurrency scam". Eastern Daily Press. 26 July 2024. Archived from the original on 26 July 2024. Retrieved 2024-09-01.
  18. ^ "Jury Convicts Texas Man of Computer Fraud, Aggravated Identity Theft". www.justice.gov. 2019-11-12. Retrieved 2022-04-30.
  19. ^ "Texas Man Sentenced to 57 Months for Computer Hacking and Aggravated Identity Theft". www.justice.gov. 2020-08-13. Retrieved 2022-04-30.
  20. ^ "Texas Man Sentenced to 57 Months in Prison for Hacking Major Tech Firm | SecurityWeek.Com". www.securityweek.com. Retrieved 2022-04-30.
  21. ^ a b "Russian Cyber-Criminal Sentenced to 27 Years in Prison for Hacking and Credit Card Fraud Scheme".
  22. ^ a b Perlroth, Nicole (21 April 2017). "Russian Hacker Sentenced to 27 Years in Credit Card Case". Retrieved 21 May 2017 – via NYTimes.com.
  23. ^ a b "Russian Cyber-Criminal Sentenced to 14 Years in Prison for Role in Organized Cybercrime Ring Responsible for $50 Million in Online Identity Theft and $9 Million Bank Fraud Conspiracy" (Press release). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice. November 30, 2017. Retrieved 2018-05-26.
  24. ^ Julie, Emery (7 May 1986). "Light jail term for young hacker". The Seattle Times.
  25. ^ "Hacker Hamza Bendelladj sentenced to 15 years". Retrieved 2016-05-23.
  26. ^ "Hamza Bendelladj: Is the Algerian hacker a hero? | News". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2018-05-24.
  27. ^ Algerijnse hacker star van amerikanen en schonk aan palestijnen, De Standaard, édition du 22 septembre 2015.
  28. ^ Козловский, Владимир. В деле о хакерах таблоиды США нашли вторую Чэпман (in Russian). BBC Russian Service. Retrieved 2010-11-02.
  29. ^ "Kristina Svechinskaya: Accused Russian Hacker". CBS News. Archived from the original on July 24, 2012. Retrieved 2010-11-02.
  30. ^ Россиянку, подозреваемую в США в мошенничестве, отпустят под залог (in Russian). RIA Novosti. Retrieved 2010-12-04.
  31. ^ Суд над арестованными в США по обвинению в кибермошенничестве российскими студентами завершится в ближайшие месяцы (in Russian). Information Security. Retrieved 2011-11-26.
  32. ^ "US court frees "world's sexiest computer hacker" prosecuted for bank fraud". RAPSI. 24 June 2013. Retrieved 31 July 2017.
  33. ^ Is Department of Defense (DoD), Pentagon, NASA, NSA secure?, TheHackerNews, May 14, 2011.
  34. ^ Man jailed for attempting to compromise websites, Kent Police, United Kingdom, 16 May 2013. Archived September 25, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
  35. ^ "Feds Arrest 'Kurupt' Carding Kingpin? – Krebs on Security". Retrieved 2021-08-01.
  36. ^ "Study for an Impact Assessment on a Proposal for a New Legal Framework on Identity Theft - European Commission (Fortezza mentioned as example)" (PDF).
  37. ^ "Dutch Citizen Sentenced to 12 Years in Prison for Computer Hacking Scheme that Stole and Sold Credit Card Info". www.justice.gov. 2015-03-09. Retrieved 2021-08-01.
  38. ^ Zetter, Kim (November 20, 2012). "Hacker Found Guilty of Breaching AT&T Site to Obtain iPad Customer Data". Threat Level. Wired. Retrieved February 15, 2018.
  39. ^ Zetter, Kim (January 23, 2013). "iPad Hack Statement Of Responsibility". Wired. Retrieved February 15, 2018.
  40. ^ a b "MySpace speaks about Samy Kamkar's sentencing". TechSpot. January 31, 2007. Retrieved December 27, 2010.
  41. ^ "American owns up to hijacking PCs". BBC News. January 24, 2006. Retrieved June 22, 2009.
  42. ^ Debra Wong Chang - United States Attorney (May 8, 2006). ""Botherder" Dealt Record Prison Sentence for Selling and Spreading Malicious Computer Code". United States Department of Justice. Archived from the original on May 31, 2009. Retrieved June 22, 2009.
  43. ^ a b Brian Krebs (February 27, 2007). "They'll Always Have Paris". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on May 16, 2011. Retrieved May 9, 2009.
  44. ^ "Teen Pleds Guilty in Blaster Worm Attack". CRN Magazine. August 12, 2004. Archived from the original on 2011-06-06. Retrieved May 11, 2009.
  45. ^ "Blaster-B worm author sentenced to 18 months in jail - but bigger villain remains free, Sophos reports". Sophos Plc. January 28, 2005. Archived from the original on August 19, 2009. Retrieved May 11, 2009.
  46. ^ a b George V. Hulme (July 15, 2004). "Hacker Lamo Sentenced To Home Detention". Information Week. United Business Media, Inc. Archived from the original on January 22, 2009. Retrieved August 23, 2008.
  47. ^ Holt, Thomas J.; Schell, Bernadette H. (2011). Corporate Hacking and Technology-Driven Crime: Social Dynamics and Implications. Hershey, PA: Business Science Reference. p. 146. ISBN 9781616928056.
  48. ^ "Female virus-writer, Gigabyte, arrested in Belgium, Sophos comments". Sophos. 16 February 2004. Retrieved 9 August 2017.
  49. ^ a b Poulsen, Kevin (April 6, 2007). "Court Okays Counter-Hack of eBay Hacker's Computer". Wired News. Retrieved April 21, 2010.
  50. ^ a b "Creator of Melissa Computer Virus Sentenced to 20 Months in Federal Prison". United States Department of Justice. May 1, 2002. Archived from the original on August 20, 2006. Retrieved May 11, 2009.
  51. ^ a b Robert Blincoe (September 27, 2001). "Kournikova virus kiddie gets 150 hours community service". The Register. Retrieved May 10, 2009.
  52. ^ John Leyden (September 14, 2001). "Anna Kournikova virus author stands trial". The Register. Retrieved June 22, 2009.
  53. ^ Joris Evers (September 28, 2001). "Kournikova Virus Writer Found Guilty". PC World. Archived from the original on January 31, 2013. Retrieved May 23, 2009.
  54. ^ Tony Long (February 7, 2007). "February 7, 2000: Mafiaboy's Moment". Wired. Retrieved May 23, 2009.
  55. ^ a b "Mafiaboy given eight months". The Register. September 13, 2001. Retrieved May 23, 2009.
  56. ^ "FBI Facts and Figure 2003". Federal Bureau of Investigation. April 2003. Archived from the original on March 26, 2007. Retrieved March 27, 2007.
  57. ^ John Leyden (July 6, 2001). "'Bill Gates' hacker escapes jail". The Register. Retrieved September 11, 2008.
  58. ^ "Teen hacker escapes jail sentence". BBC News. July 6, 2001. Retrieved September 11, 2008.
  59. ^ a b Kevin Poulsen (June 15, 2001). "Solar Sunrise hacker 'Analyzer' escapes jail". The Register. Retrieved September 11, 2008.
  60. ^ a b "Hacker sentenced, must program jail computers". USA Today. Associated Press. February 6, 2002. Retrieved August 23, 2008.
  61. ^ Scoblionkov, Deborah (5 April 2001). "Who's Laughing Now?". mycitypaper.com. Philadelphia City Paper.
  62. ^ Rizza, Joe. "Who Was Educating Your Children?". Antonnews.com. Archived from the original on 2013-08-08. Retrieved 2013-05-02.
  63. ^ McWilliams, Brian (2004). Spam Kings: The Real Story behind the High-Rolling Hucksters Pushing Porn, Pills, and %*@)# Enlargements. O'Reilly. ISBN 978-0-596-00732-4.
  64. ^ a b Michael Newton (2004). The Encyclopedia of High-Tech Crime and Crime-Fighting (November 2003 ed.). Checkmark Books, an imprint of Facts on File Inc. p. 416. ISBN 0-8160-4978-5.
  65. ^ a b "Kevin Mitnick sentenced to nearly four years in prison". United States Department of Justice. August 9, 1999. Archived from the original on September 26, 2009. Retrieved August 23, 2008.
  66. ^ Dreyfus, Suelette (1997). Underground: Tales of Hacking, Madness and Obsession on the Electronic Frontier (PDF). pp. 48–49. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-05-21. Retrieved 2011-09-13.
  67. ^ Dreyfus, Suelette (1997). Underground: Tales of Hacking, Madness and Obsession on the Electronic Frontier (PDF). pp. 48–49. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-08-21.
  68. ^ a b "Phiber Optik Goes to Prison—Issue 2.04". Wired. April 1994. Retrieved August 23, 2008.
  69. ^ Elinor Mills (June 23, 2009). "Q&A: Mark Abene, from 'Phiber Optik' to security guru". CNET Networks. Archived from the original on August 5, 2009. Retrieved June 28, 2009.
  70. ^ a b c d "Hack to the future". The Age. Melbourne. May 25, 2003. Retrieved August 23, 2008.
  71. ^ a b Henry Weinstein (March 23, 1991). "Hacker Enters Guilty Plea in Theft of Computer Data". Los Angeles Times. Business; PART-D; Financial Desk. p. 2. Archived from the original on October 20, 2012. Retrieved May 9, 2009.
  72. ^ Rodney Hoffman (March 27, 1991). "Legion of Doom's "Terminus" sentenced". RISKS Digest. Retrieved May 9, 2009.
  73. ^ Rodney Hoffman (March 31, 1991). "Correction Re: Terminus". RISKS Digest. Retrieved May 9, 2009. Under the plea agreements, ... Rose ... will serve a year in prison.
  74. ^ a b Ronald B. Standler (August 14, 2002). "Judgment in U.S. v. Robert Tappan Morris". rbs2. Retrieved August 23, 2008.
  75. ^ Julie, Emery (7 May 1986). "Light jail term for young hacker". The Seattle Times.
  76. ^ Hopkins, Jack (7 May 1986). "Computer intruder gets 2 weeks in jail". The Seattle Post Intelligencer.
  77. ^ a b "Computer User Sentenced". The New York Times. May 1, 1983. Retrieved September 11, 2008.
  78. ^ "Two who raided computers pleading guilty—Late City Final Edition, Section 1, Page 6, Column 1, 383 words". The New York Times. March 17, 1984. Retrieved May 9, 2009.
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