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List of mosques in Brunei

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As of 2019, Brunei's government has constructed more than 102 masjid (mosques), 5 surau and 11 balai ibadat (worship halls).[1] These mosques are used for more than just prayer; they are also used for communal and religious events including Quran readings, religious lectures, and Shukr dinners. The Ministry of Religious Affairs' Department of Mosque Affairs oversees all mosques in Brunei.[2]

Background

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Mosques in Brunei may be divided into three categories: national mosques, main mosques, and village mosques. The Omar Ali Saifuddien Mosque (SOAS Mosque) and the Jame' Asr Hassanil Bolkiah Mosque (JAHB Mosque) are the two national mosques. Setia Ali Mosque in Serasa and Mohammad Jamalul Alam Mosque in Kuala Belait are examples of main mosques, or mukim mosques, that serve as important religious hubs in each district and can hold up to 2000 people. Village mosques are smaller, located in villages, and have a capacity of about 1000 worshippers. Examples of these mosques include Mohamed Bolkiah in Serusop and Sultan Sharif Ali Mosque in Sengkurong.[3]

Mosque architecture in Brunei reflects the monarchy's fusion of Malay cultural identity with Islamic governance, serving both religious and cultural purposes. Lower-class municipal and village mosques are inspired by traditional Malay vernacular design, while national and principal mosques integrate Arabic and South Asian elements with Malay symbolism. This design hierarchy mirrors the mosques' status, with higher-ranking mosques associated with the state and lower-ranking ones reflecting local environments. The concept of Melayu Islam Beraja (MIB) architecture, though formally established later, has roots in the designs from Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III's reign and continues to influence modern architecture.[4] Bruneian Malay architectural styles are governed by the interplay of Adat Istiadat Diraja (Royal Customs), Sharia (Islamic law), and Adat Istiadat Melayu (Malay Customs), with Islamic law dominating and shaping designs to embody Islamic values, Malay culture, and royal symbols. Mosques play a crucial role in ensuring these elements are integrated into the legal and cultural framework of the nation.[5]

Architectural history

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Early history

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Sultan Sharif Ali built the nation's first mosque at Kota Batu,[6] known as Masjid Besar.[2] In 1975, this early mosque was reported by researcher Robert Nicholl as being vast and elaborate, with gilding and half-relief, during Francisco de Sande's raid in 1578.[7] Later in 2004, Pengiran Badarudin determined that Sultan Saiful Rijal constructed the mosque, which had a high hip-tiered roof with a pyramidal design influenced by Malay architecture.[8] It had pillars set halfway up the walls to let light and air flow, along with a tower pillar made of solid black bulian wood and a bedok (drum) for announcements and prayer times. Arabic inscriptions and Quranic texts adorned the mosque's walls. On 23 June 1578, the Spaniards destroyed the mosque during the Castilian War. Mosques and balai ibadat with roofs made of nibong leaves had been constructed at Berakas, Subok, and Melabau by the 18th century, all using sturdy wood materials.[9]

Masjid Marbut Pak Tunggal, early 20th century architecture in Brunei

Masjid Marbut (Pak) Tunggal, or Masjid Pekan Brunei, was constructed with a double asbestos roof and a minaret that was split into three halves.[10] It is the first mosque ever erected on land, was established on the present location of SOAS Mosque during the reign of Sultan Muhammad Jamalul Alam II. Its building was a combination of brick and wood. At the location of the current TAIB Building, Masjid Kajang was constructed under Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin. It was an oblong wooden mosque with nibong leaves covering it that could accommodate up to 500 people. The 1930s saw an increase in the building of mosques outside of Brunei Town, notably those at Jalan Gadong and Kampong Lambak, both of which were destroyed during World War II. Small village mosques were constructed in the 1950s and 1960s by the locals themselves, with official assistance later.[11]

Mosques in Brunei were originally utilised as classrooms for pupils in 1914. However, when enrolment increased quickly, mosques stopped to be used as formal schools and the government built new facilities to house the growing number of pupils. In Kampong Sultan Lama, a mosque was constructed prior to World War II, but it was demolished during Japanese occupation of Brunei from 1941 to 1945.[11]

Before the 1950s, Brunei's mosques were built from wood, bamboo, and palm leaves, featuring Malay vernacular architecture with wooden rooms on stilts and pyramidal roofs for ventilation. Usually higher than ordinary structures, the roofs had pinnacles on top. Veranda, another typical architectural element that reflected traditional Malay house, were also prevalent. These early mosques lacked domes and minarets, features that were common in mosques built in the 1950s when concrete was used, reflecting influences from Hindu and Buddhist architecture and the broader Malay world (Indonesia and the Malay Peninsula). These mosques frequently included attached covered spaces for Quran readings, religious instruction, and other group activities. These spaces were known locally as balai adat and were encircled by hypostyles.[12]

Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III (1950–1967)

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Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III's reign saw the growth of Bruneian contemporary mosque architecture typically combines Bruneian cultural expressions with Arabic and Indo-Islamic components, such as onion-shaped domes, Moroccan carved walls, and numerous arches. Many mosques combine traditional and vernacular architecture, utilising regional materials and ornamental aspects to preserve cultural identity, even while they are influenced by foreign forms. Even after restorations, older mosques from the 1950s and 1970s still display traditional building techniques appropriate for the region's environment.[13]

Setia Ali Mosque in 2018

The majority of Brunei's principal mosques were built between the 1950s and the late 1980s, in a style that was unique to Brunei and was designed by the Sultan. The Setia Ali Mosque in Serasa, erected in 1961, is one of the most notable mosques from this era. The mosque has a square hall that is erected on a stilt-supported platform and has a veranda surrounding it. The low conical roof, which is made up of semi-circular arch-vaults that converge at the peak and resemble an open umbrella, is its most distinctive feature. A notable architectural feature in Brunei and Malaysia at this time was the umbrella-shaped dome. Round or onion-shaped domes progressively replaced the conventional pyramidal Malay roofs in favour of the umbrella-shaped dome. During his reign, this architectural element became a defining characteristic of Brunei's mosque architecture, although it lost popularity following his death.[14]

Hassanal Bolkiah Mosque in 2023

The mosques in Brunei have evolved architecturally, showcasing a smooth fusion of modernity and tradition. Certain traditional aspects, such the exposed interconnecting beam networks, were retained when mosque construction in Brunei shifted from timber constructions to masonry and stone. Originally intended to be structural, these beams were turned decorative, signifying the persistence of Malay architecture in contemporary mosque design. Particularly striking are the exposed beam networks seen in the Utama Mohammed Salleh Mosque in Temburong and the Hassanal Bolkiah Mosque in Tutong, which were finished in 1966 and 1968, respectively. These networks are evocative of mortise and tenon woodworking joints. Particularly at the major corners and other significant places, like the space between the main hall and the female prayer hall in the Mohamed Bolkiah Mosque, the beams in these mosques create visually beautiful patterns.[14]

It is possible that the Payung Diraja or parasol (royal umbrella), an old emblem of Bruneian royalty, served as the model for the umbrella-shaped dome. This insignia, which is part of the Panji-panji national emblem, stands for justice, peace and tranquility, and regal honour. The royal umbrella has a rich cultural history and is customarily used to shield the Sultan during ceremonial events. Since 1868, Brunei pitis, have been adorned with the winged umbrella symbol. The design was also included on the one-cent piece that was distributed to commemorate the coronation of Golden Jubilee of Hassanal Bolkiah.[14]

Some of Brunei's older timber mosques were rebuilt with masonry buildings under the Sultan's reign. These newer constructions were made of stronger materials and had a larger capacity. No historic timber mosques remain, in contrast to those in Malaysia and Indonesia, since they were either destroyed or demolished during the Japanese occupation and rebuilt with brick and concrete structures. The Antiquities and Treasure Trove Act of 1967 established Brunei's legislative framework for protecting its architectural history, classifying ancient monuments as those built before 1 January 1894. However, as of 2018, Brunei has just 27 structures and locations designated as historic monuments; none of them were mosques or the locations of former mosques.[15]

Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah (1967–present)

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Kampong Pandan Mosque in 2023

Arabic architectural features, especially domes, were more prevalent in Brunei's mosque architecture under the rule of Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah. For instance, the architecture of the Kampong Pandan Mosque and the Perpindahan Lambak Kanan Mosque is similar, with two minarets that were influenced by Al-Masjid an-Nabawi, an oval-shaped dome, a pentagonal drum, and a central quadrangular plan. The Al-Ameerah Al-Hajjah Maryam Mosque, with its quadrangular hall, straight lines, round drum, and dome, is a prime example of traditional Arabic architecture. It has pointed horseshoe and onion-shaped arches, as well as elaborate embellishment with geometric designs and Islamic calligraphy. Because of their grandeur and cultural significance, the majority of mosques from this era are constructed using premium materials like marble, granite, and bronze. Brunei's mosques' fusion of traditional Malay and Arabic architectural forms highlights the country's commitment to conserving its cultural legacy while embracing modernity. The thoughtful blending of these components captures the dynamic character of Brunei's architecture, where the ancient and the modern dwell in harmony.[16]

As of 2021, 24 municipal mosques in Brunei were constructed under the reign of the Sultan. These mosques are characterised by concrete pillars, floor designs that are quadrangular, and tiered pyramidal roofs. They frequently do not have domes and are built of simple materials. They frequently have areas designated for socioreligious events like weddings and Quran readings. Designed by Dato Idris Haji Abbas and finished in 1994, the Universiti Brunei Darussalam Mosque has a "vernacular Brunei architecture style" combining Islamic, Malay, and tropical elements. With a square main hall set on an elevated platform with an arched veranda, its design pays homage to the tropical environment and distinct cultural character of the area. Its three-tiered, pyramid-shaped roof is made of clay tiles and contains four windows on both sides between the base and middle levels. Two slightly raised towers with a lower pyramid canopy held up by four pillars flank the main entrance. The front gate is accessed by standalone balai adat on either side of the open corridor. These structures are embellished with geometric patterns and Rub el Hizb motifs made of beige, black, and pink tiles.[17]

Suri Seri Begawan Raja Pengiran Anak Damit Mosque in 2023

When building the Suri Seri Begawan Raja Pengiran Anak Damit Mosque in Madang, architect Dato Idris Haji Abbas used a similar Malay Islamic vernacular style known as MIB architecture. The mosque was finished in 2014.[18] This mosque has an extended multifunctional room that resembles a longhouse, a square floor plan, and a tiered pyramidal roof with a center round dome. The main entrance mimics the architecture of the UBD mosque with a lower canopy topped by a tiny dome. On the front corners, however, huge minarets have taken the place of the mosque's two little towers. Reflecting Brunei's architectural legacy, the interior has traditional Malay timber architecture components, such as decorative joineries and a shark-teeth motif on the fascia board.[19]

The modular design of traditional Malay buildings, which has horizontal spatial hierarchies and connecting passageways that offer places for multiple activities including multipurpose rooms, libraries, and social spaces, is a common influence for mosques in Brunei. Municipal mosques created by Adnan Badarudin in 1995, such as Kampong Tamoi and Kampong Lumapas Mosques, and Duli Pengiran Muda Mahkota Pengiran Muda Haji Al-Muhtadee Billah Mosque, are examples of mosques that demonstrate this architectural philosophy. Usually, these mosques have extended roof sections that are attached to the main hall, and they have tiered pyramidal tile roofs. Islamic calligraphy, arabesques, ogee or horseshoe arches, and round or onion-shaped domes are common decorative features. Intermittently employed in the exterior and interiors are geometric and vegetable motifs. These characteristics distinguish Islamic architecture and art from Malay cultural themes by highlighting the emphasis on non-representational art forms.[20]

The Brunei Association of Surveyors, Engineers, and Architects (PUJA) and the MIB Supreme Council of Brunei have collaborated since 2012 to further the use of MIB ideas in building. The significance of incorporating Islamic, Malay, royal, and ceremonial features into Brunei's architectural designs—especially for government buildings—was emphasized at a conference conducted in February 2013. This seminar mandated Islamic elements and formally established MIB architecture as the national style. This strategy is demonstrated by the Al-Falaah School in Diplomatic Enclave, which combines Islamic architectural features, traditional Malay culture, and royal symbols. The construction of mosques in Brunei is influenced by Middle Eastern traditions, but it also takes into account local cultural identity and natural elements, demonstrating the country's dedication to maintaining its own architectural character.[21]

National mosques

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The two national mosques, also known as masjid utama (main mosques),[14] in Brunei, the SOAS Mosque and the JAHB Mosque, stand for the harmony between the monarchy and Islam as the official state religion. Constructed in 1958 with personal contributions from the late Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III and Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah in 1994, these mosques are national icons profoundly ingrained in Bruneian Malays' collective consciousness.[22]

Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III is frequently credited with designing the SOAS Mosque, personally oversaw the design of these mosques as well as several other administrative structures. During this time, Brunei's distinctive mosque architecture came to be, distinguished by its inventiveness and incorporation of regional cultural icons.[14] The mosque, which is situated next to the Kedayan River and encircled by an artificial lagoon, serves as a symbolic link between Brunei's past and present. The mosque has aspects of Malay culture incorporated into its Mughal architecture. The most notable example is the concrete replica of a 16th-century Mahligai (royal barge) in the lagoon, which is a reproduction of Sultan Bolkiah's boat.[22]

Accessible since 1967, this boat is modelled after the ancient longboats that the indigenous peoples of Borneo used for battle, funeral rites, and royal festivities. It has a bird-shaped bow, stern, and center hypostyle pavilion with a pyramidal roof. European drawings, woodcarvings, cloth paintings, and murals frequently include these vessels. The SOAS Mosque's boat walkway and the lagoon around it are decorated with ridges that resemble the kelasak (traditional shield). The boat itself is lavishly embellished with floral and vegetal designs that draw inspiration from Bruneian textile weaving patterns and royal regalia. The regal symbol of Sultan Sharif Ali is displayed on the finial of the main pavilion. The mosque's water fountain and ablution area are also adorned with mosaics that mimic the rich colours, patterns, and designs of Brunei's best songket textiles, which are highly prized and integral to royal customs.[22]

The SOAS Mosque had modifications that included the insertion of new embellishments to the main hall vault and entry ceiling during the building of the JAHB Mosque in 1994. The architectural embellishment of both religious and secular structures notably featured the foliage pattern known as air muleh, which is regarded as a national emblem and reflects the Malay identity and character of the Bruneians. Air muleh patterns are used in the interior design of the JAHB Mosque, as well as in the minaret walls, entablatures, and chandelier glasswork. The main hall's chandelier discreetly displays wing pairs, a component of the royal and national symbols, while the minarets' octagonal tessera produce a "pixelated" look evocative of traditional Bruneian woven fabrics.[23]

  • SOAS Mosque and the Mahligai
    SOAS Mosque and the Mahligai
  • SOAS Mosque at night
    SOAS Mosque at night
  • SOAS Mosque interior
    SOAS Mosque interior
  • JAHB Mosque exterior
    JAHB Mosque exterior
  • JAHB Mosque main entrance
    JAHB Mosque main entrance
  • JAHB Mosque interior
    JAHB Mosque interior

Brunei–Muara District

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Name Images Location Year
Omar Ali Saifuddien Mosque Pusat Bandar 1958[24]
Jame' Asr Hassanil Bolkiah Mosque Kampong Kiarong 1994[25]
Ash-Shaliheen Mosque Kampong Melabau 2012[26]
Duli Pengiran Muda Mahkota Pengiran Muda Haji Al-Muhtadee Billah Mosque Kampong Tamoi 1999[27]
Perdana Wangsa Haji Mohammad Mosque Kampong Setia 'A' 1995[28]
Al-Ameerah Al-Hajjah Maryam Mosque Kampong Jerudong 1999[29]
Mohamed Bolkiah Mosque Kampong Serusop 1979[30]
Perpindahan Lambak Kanan Mosque Lambak Kanan 1996[31]
Sultan Sharif Ali Mosque Kampong Sengkurong 1986[32]
Al-Muhtadee Billah Mosque Kampong Sungai Kebun 1987[33]
Setia Ali Mosque Kampong Serasa 1962[34]
Kampong Belimbing Mosque Kampong Belimbing 1995[35]
Kampong Lambak Mosque Kampong Lambak Kiri 1994[36]
Kampong Salambigar Mosque Kampong Salambigar 1995[37]
Sufri Bolkiah Mosque Kampong Jaya Setia 1996[38]
Universiti Brunei Darussalam Mosque Kampong Rimba 1995[39]
Kampong Limau Manis Mosque Kampong Limau Manis 1994[40]
Kampong Bunut Mosque Kampong Bunut 1992[41]
Jubli Perak Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Mosque Kampong Jangsak 1996[42]
Kampong Serdang Mosque Kampong Serdang 1996[43]
Kampong Pintu Malim Mosque Kampong Pintu Malim 1997[44]
Kampong Kapok Mosque Kampong Kapok 1996[45]
Kampong Batu Marang Mosque Kampong Batu Marang 1996[46]
Kampong Lumapas Mosque Kampong Lumapas 1995[47]
Kampong Sungai Hanching Mosque Kampong Sungai Hanching 1982[48]
Kampong Pulaie Mosque Kampong Pulaie 1987[49]
Kampong Kasat Mosque Kampong Kasat 1980[50]
Kampong Masin Mosque Kampong Masin 1987[51]
Pehin Khatib Abdullah Mosque Kampong Kulapis 2017[52]
Hassanal Bolkiah Mosque Kampong Mentiri 2017[53]
Pengiran Muda Abdul Mateen Mosque Kampong Mulaut 2012[54]
Ar-Rahman Mosque Kampong Tanjong Bunut 2018[55]
Kampong Kilanas Mosque Kampong Kilanas 1968[56]
Duli Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Damit Mosque Kampong Kilanas 2012[57]
Kampong Beribi Mosque Kampong Beribi 1984[58]
Pengiran Muda Abdul Malik Mosque Kampong Katok 2012[59]
Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Hajah Saleha Mosque Kampong Rimba -
Suri Seri Begawan Raja Pengiran Anak Damit Mosque Kampong Madang 2014[18]
Rashidah Sa'adatul Bolkiah Mosque Kampong Sungai Akar 2013[60]
Kampong Pudak Mosque Kampong Pudak 1974[61]
Kampong Sungai Bunga Mosque Kampong Sungai Bunga -
Kampong Sungai Besar Mosque Kampong Sungai Besar 1984[62]
Kampong Tanah Jambu Mosque Kampong Tanah Jambu 1979[63]
Kampong Menunggol Mosque Kampong Menunggol 1980[64]
Kampong Panchor Murai Mosque Kampong Panchor Murai 1983[65]
Kampong Mentiri Mosque Kampong Mentiri 1984[66]
Kampong Junjungan Mosque Kampong Junjungan 1998[67]
Kampong Bengkurong Mosque Kampong Bengkurong 1991[68]
Jefri Bolkiah Mosque Kampong Batong 2013[69]
Az-Zakireen Meragang Mosque Kampong Meragang 2024[70]

Belait District

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Name Images Location Year
Al-Mashor Mosque Kampong Sungai Mau 1992[71]
Kampong Bukit Sawat Mosque Kampong Bukit Sawat 1990[72]
Kampong Labi Mosque Kampong Labi 1979[73]
Kampong Sungai Liang Mosque Kampong Sungai Liang 1980[74]
Kampong Sungai Teraban Mosque Kampong Sungai Teraban 1994[75]
Mohammad Jamalul Alam Mosque Pekan Kuala Belait 1963[76]
Pekan Seria Mosque Pekan Seria 1954[77]
Kampong Pandan Mosque Kampong Pandan 1996[78]
Skim Tanah Kurnia Rakyat Jati Lorong Tiga Selatan Mosque Kampong Lorong Tiga Selatan -[79]
Zainab Mosque Kampong Lumut 1998[80]

Tutong District

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Name Images Location Year
Kampong Telisai Mosque Kampong Telisai 1984[81]
Kampong Danau Mosque Kampong Danau 1973[82]
Kampong Perpindahan Bukit Beruang Mosque Kampong Bukit Beruang -
Kampong Penabai Mosque Kampong Penabai 1993[83]
Haji Abdul Azim Mosque Kampong Luagan Dudok 1992[84]
Kampong Bukit Mosque Kampong Bukit 1997[85]
Kampong Benutan Mosque Kampong Benutan 1996[86]
Kampong Bukit Udal Mosque Kampong Bukit Udal 1995[87]
Ar-Rahim Mosque Kampong Bukit Panggal 2019[88]
Kampong Birau Mosque Kampong Birau 1991[89]
Kampong Bang Dalam Mosque Kampong Bang Dalam 1990[90]
Kampong Lamunin Mosque Kampong Lamunin -
Kampong Menengah Mosque Kampong Menengah 1990[91]
Kampong Kiudang Mosque Kampong Kiudang 1972[92]
Pengiran Muda Abdul Wakeel Mosque Kampong Kiudang -
Kampong Penapar Mosque Kampong Penapar 1991[93]
Kampong Layong Mosque Kampong Layong 1990[94]
Kampong Lubok Pulau Mosque Kampong Lubok Pulau 1995[95]
Kampong Tanjong Maya Mosque Kampong Tanjong Maya 1973[96]
Kampong Kupang Mosque Kampong Kupang 1997[97]
Kampong Sinaut Mosque Kampong Sinaut 1979[98]
Kampong Keriam Mosque Kampong Keriam 1992[99]
Pengiran Anak Haji Mohamed Alam Mosque Kampong Sengkarai 2017[100]
Hassanal Bolkiah Mosque Pekan Tutong 1966[101]
Kampong Penanjong Mosque Kampong Penanjong 1984[102]
Pengiran Anak Isteri Pengiran Anak Sarah Mosque Kampong Sungai Kelugos -

Temburong District

[edit]
Name Images Location Year
Kampong Labu Estate Mosque Kampong Labu Estate 1982[103]
Kampong Batu Apoi Mosque Kampong Batu Apoi 1987[104]
Utama Mohammed Salleh Mosque Pekan Bangar 1968[105]
Kampong Puni Mosque Kampong Puni 1982[106]
Kampong Belais Mosque Kampong Belais 1996[107]
Pengiran Haji Abu Bakar Mosque Kampong Bokok 1988[108]
Kampong Selangan Mosque Kampong Selangan 1979[109]

See also

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References

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Citations

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  1. ^ BRUNEI DARUSSALAM STATISTICAL YEARBOOK 2019 (PDF). Department of Economic Planning and Statistics. 2020. p. 183. ISBN 9789991772264. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
  2. ^ a b Information Department 2009, p. 4.
  3. ^  Nurul Atiqah binti Haji Abd Latif & Lilly Suzanna Shamsu 2022, p. 2.
  4. ^ Lopes & Mohd Hasnan 2021, p. 17–18.
  5. ^ Lopes & Mohd Hasnan 2021, p. 5–6.
  6. ^ Sweeney 1968.
  7. ^ Nicholl 1975.
  8. ^ Pengiran Badarudin 2004.
  9. ^  Nurul Atiqah binti Haji Abd Latif & Lilly Suzanna Shamsu 2022, p. 2–3.
  10. ^ "Ruj. Tahukah Awda?". Pelita Brunei (in Malay). 20 February 2021. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
  11. ^ a b  Nurul Atiqah binti Haji Abd Latif & Lilly Suzanna Shamsu 2022, p. 3.
  12. ^ Lopes & Mohd Hasnan 2021, p. 6–7.
  13. ^ Lopes & Mohd Hasnan 2021, p. 7–8.
  14. ^ a b c d e Lopes & Mohd Hasnan 2021, p. 12.
  15. ^ Lopes & Mohd Hasnan 2021, p. 7.
  16. ^ Lopes & Mohd Hasnan 2021, p. 12–14.
  17. ^ Lopes & Mohd Hasnan 2021, p. 15.
  18. ^ a b Azlan Othman (19 July 2014). "Sultan performs 1st Friday prayers at new mosque". www.sultanate.com. Borneo Bulletin. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
  19. ^ Lopes & Mohd Hasnan 2021, p. 15–17.
  20. ^ Lopes & Mohd Hasnan 2021, p. 17.
  21. ^ Lopes & Mohd Hasnan 2021, p. 6.
  22. ^ a b c Lopes & Mohd Hasnan 2021, p. 8.
  23. ^ Lopes & Mohd Hasnan 2021, p. 8–9.
  24. ^ Fish, William (27 September 1958). "6,000 roar their thanks as Sultan of Brunei opens mosque". The Straits Times. p. 1. Retrieved 6 May 2020 – via NewspaperSG.
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  27. ^ "Masjid Duli Pengiran Muda Mahkota Pengiran Muda Haji Al-Muhtadee Billah, Kampong Tamoi". Ministry of Religious Affairs (in Malay). Retrieved 28 August 2024.
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  32. ^ "1986 - Titah KDYMM Di Majlis Pembukaan Rasmi Masjid Sultan Sharif 'Ali, Mukim Sengkurong Negara Brunei Darussalam Pada Hari Jumaat, 28 Februari 1986". Informations Department (in Malay). 26 May 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2024.
  33. ^ "Masjid Al-Muhtadee Billah, Sungai Kebun". Ministry of Religious Affairs (in Malay). Retrieved 28 August 2024.
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  46. ^ "Masjid Kampong Batu Marang". Ministry of Religious Affairs (in Malay). Retrieved 28 August 2024.
  47. ^ "Masjid Kampong Lumapas". Ministry of Religious Affairs (in Malay). Retrieved 28 August 2024.
  48. ^ "Masjid Kampong Sungai Hanching". Ministry of Religious Affairs (in Malay). Archived from the original on 26 July 2021. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
  49. ^ "Masjid Kampong Pulaie". Ministry of Religious Affairs (in Malay). Archived from the original on 22 July 2021. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
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  51. ^ "Masjid Kampong Masin". Ministry of Religious Affairs (in Malay). Retrieved 28 August 2024.
  52. ^ Othman, Azlan (20 May 2017). "Sultan attends Friday prayer at new Kg Kulapis mosque". Borneo Bulletin Online. Archived from the original on 12 January 2018. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
  53. ^ Hassan, Syahmi (24 June 2017). "Baginda Sultan berkenan rasmi masjid Mentiri". Media Permata (in Malay). Archived from the original on 8 December 2021. Retrieved 4 August 2018.
  54. ^ Swan, Eddy (15 August 2012). "Brunei Share: Masjid Pengiran Muda Abdul Mateen". Brunei Share. Retrieved 27 April 2022.
  55. ^ Ak. Syi'aruddin Pg. Dauddin (14 September 2018). "Masjid Ar-Rahman dirasmikan" (PDF). Pelita Brunei (in Malay). Information Department (published 15 September 2018). pp. 1, 3–4. Retrieved 18 July 2021.
  56. ^ "Masjid Kampong Kilanas". Ministry of Religious Affairs (in Malay). Archived from the original on 15 November 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2021.
  57. ^ "Masjid Duli Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Damit, Mukim Kilanas". Ministry of Religious Affairs (in Malay). Retrieved 28 August 2024.
  58. ^ "Masjid Kampong Beribi". Ministry of Religious Affairs (in Malay). Retrieved 28 August 2024.
  59. ^ "Masjid Pengiran Muda 'Abdul Malik, Kampong Tungku Katok". Ministry of Religious Affairs. Archived from the original on 18 February 2018. Retrieved 27 April 2022.
  60. ^ Pg. Haji Hamdani, Dk. Nur Effa Ryina. "Masjid Rashidah Sa'adatul Bolkiah terima lawatan persinggahan IUHK". Pelita Brunei (in Malay). Retrieved 28 August 2024.
  61. ^ "Masjid Kampong Pudak". Ministry of Religious Affairs (in Malay). Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 5 July 2021.
  62. ^ Abdul Latif, Haniza (3 January 2021). "Majlis Doa Kesyukuran 38 tahun Masjid Kampung Sungai Besar". Pelita Brunei (in Malay). Retrieved 28 August 2024.
  63. ^ "Masjid Kampong Tanah Jambu". Ministry of Religious Affairs (in Malay). Retrieved 28 August 2024.
  64. ^ "Masjid Kampong Menunggol". Ministry of Religious Affairs (in Malay). Retrieved 29 August 2024.
  65. ^ "Masjid Kampong Panchor Murai". Ministry of Religious Affairs (in Malay). Retrieved 29 August 2024.
  66. ^ "Masjid Kampong Mentiri". Ministry of Religious Affairs (in Malay). Retrieved 28 August 2024.
  67. ^ "Masjid Kampong Junjungan". Ministry of Religious Affairs (in Malay). Retrieved 28 August 2024.
  68. ^ "Masjid Kampong Bengkurong". Ministry of Religious Affairs (in Malay). Retrieved 28 August 2024.
  69. ^ "Masjid Jefri Bolkiah, Kampong Batong". Ministry of Religious Affairs (in Malay). Retrieved 29 August 2024.
  70. ^ Pg. Dauddin, Pg. Syi'aruddin (2 March 2024). "MASJID AZ-ZAKIREEN MERAGANG DIRASMIKAN" (PDF). Pelita Brunei (in Malay). pp. 1 and 3–4. Retrieved 28 August 2024.
  71. ^ "Masjid Al-Mashor, Kampong Sungai Mau". Ministry of Religious Affairs (in Malay). Retrieved 29 August 2024.
  72. ^ "Masjid Kampong Bukit Sawat". Ministry of Religious Affairs (in Malay). Retrieved 29 August 2024.
  73. ^ "Masjid Kampong Labi". Ministry of Religious Affairs (in Malay). Retrieved 29 August 2024.
  74. ^ "Masjid Kampong Sungai Liang". Ministry of Religious Affairs (in Malay). Retrieved 29 August 2024.
  75. ^ "Masjid Kampong Sungai Teraban". Ministry of Religious Affairs (in Malay). Retrieved 28 August 2024.
  76. ^ "Masjid Mohammad Jamalul Alam, Kuala Belait". Ministry of Religious Affairs (in Malay). Retrieved 29 August 2024.
  77. ^ "Masjid Pekan Seria". Ministry of Religious Affairs (in Malay). Retrieved 29 August 2024.
  78. ^ "Masjid RPN Kampong Pandan". Ministry of Religious Affairs (in Malay). Retrieved 29 August 2017.
  79. ^ "Masjid STKRJ Lorong 3 Selatan Seria". Ministry of Religious Affairs (in Malay). Retrieved 29 August 2024.
  80. ^ "Masjid Zainab". Ministry of Religious Affairs (in Malay). Retrieved 29 August 2024.
  81. ^ "Masjid Kampong Telisai". Ministry of Religious Affairs (in Malay). Retrieved 29 August 2024.
  82. ^ "Masjid Kampong Danau". Ministry of Religious Affairs (in Malay). Retrieved 29 August 2024.
  83. ^ "Masjid Kampong Penabai". Ministry of Religious Affairs (in Malay). Retrieved 29 August 2024.
  84. ^ "Masjid Haji Abd. Azim, Kampong Luagan Dudok". Ministry of Religious Affairs (in Malay). Retrieved 29 August 2024.
  85. ^ "Masjid Kampong Bukit". Ministry of Religious Affairs (in Malay). Retrieved 29 August 2024.
  86. ^ "SenaraiMasjid - Masjid Kampong Benutan". Ministry of Religious Affairs (in Malay). Retrieved 29 August 2024.
  87. ^ "Masjid Kampong Bukit Udal". Ministry of Religious Affairs (in Malay). Retrieved 29 August 2024.
  88. ^ Hayat, Hakim (18 May 2019). "Sultan officiates Ar-Rahim Mosque opening". Borneo Bulletin. Retrieved 12 July 2021.
  89. ^ "Masjid Kampong Birau". Ministry of Religious Affairs (in Malay). Retrieved 29 August 2024.
  90. ^ "Masjid Kampong Bang Dalam". Ministry of Religious Affairs (in Malay). Retrieved 29 August 2024.
  91. ^ "Masjid Kampong Menengah". Ministry of Religious Affairs (in Malay). Retrieved 29 August 2024.
  92. ^ "Masjid Kampong Kiudang". Ministry of Religious Affairs (in Malay). Retrieved 29 August 2024.
  93. ^ "Masjid Kampong Penapar". Ministry of Religious Affairs (in Malay). Retrieved 29 August 2024.
  94. ^ "Masjid Kampong Layong". Ministry of Religious Affairs (in Malay). Retrieved 29 August 2024.
  95. ^ "Masjid Kampong Lubok Pulau". Ministry of Religious Affairs (in Malay). Retrieved 29 August 2024.
  96. ^ "Masjid Kampong Tanjong Maya". Ministry of Religious Affairs (in Malay). Retrieved 29 August 2024.
  97. ^ "Masjid Kampong Kupang". Ministry of Religious Affairs (in Malay). Retrieved 29 August 2024.
  98. ^ "Masjid Kampong Sinaut". Ministry of Religious Affairs (in Malay). Retrieved 29 August 2024.
  99. ^ "Masjid Kampong Keriam". Ministry of Religious Affairs (in Malay). Retrieved 29 August 2024.
  100. ^ "Masjid PAHMA beri keselesaan beramal ibadat". Pelita Brunei (in Malay). 11 April 2017. Retrieved 28 August 2024.
  101. ^ "Masjid Hassanal Bolkiah, Pekan Tutong". Ministry of Religious Affairs (in Malay). Retrieved 29 August 2024.
  102. ^ "Masjid Kampong Penanjong". Ministry of Religious Affairs (in Malay). Retrieved 29 August 2024.
  103. ^ "Masjid Kampong Labu Estate". Ministry of Religious Affairs (in Malay). Retrieved 29 August 2024.
  104. ^ "Masjid Kampong Batu Apoi". Ministry of Religious Affairs (in Malay). Retrieved 29 August 2024.
  105. ^ "Masjid Utama Mohammad Salleh, Pekan Bangar". Ministry of Religious Affairs (in Malay). Retrieved 29 August 2024.
  106. ^ "Masjid Kampong Puni". Ministry of Religious Affairs ( (in Malay). Retrieved 29 August 2024.
  107. ^ "Masjid Kampong Belais". Ministry of Religious Affairs (in Malay). Retrieved 29 August 2024.
  108. ^ "Masjid Pengiran Haji Abu Bakar, Kampong Bokok". Ministry of Religious Affairs (in Malay). Retrieved 29 August 2024.
  109. ^ "Masjid Kampong Selangan". Ministry of Religious Affairs (in Malay). Retrieved 29 August 2024.

Sources

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