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Examples of oral repositories
Five sangomas in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Seán Ó hEinirí, seanchaí from Mayo, Ireland
Mandinka jeli Al-Haji Papa Susso performing songs on the kora from the oral tradition of the Gambia
A Kyrgyz manaschi performing the Epic of Manas in Karakol, Kyrgyzstan

Oral repositories are people that have been trusted with mentally recording information constituting oral tradition within a society, serving an important role in oral cultures and illiterate societies as repositories of their culture's traditional knowledge, values, and morals.[1][2][3][4]

Roles

[edit]

People termed as "oral repositories" have been likened to "walking libraries", leading to the saying "whenever an old man dies, it is as though a library were burning down".[5][6][7] Roles vary, and can be titular, formal or informal, some professional specialists such as the Caucasian ashik, or more commonly amateurs and knowledgeable generalists such as the bulaam of the Kuba people .[8]: 36–39 

Types of information held by oral repositories includes lineages, oral law, mythology, oral literature and oral poetry (of which oral history is often entwined), folk songs and aural tradition, and traditional knowledge. In many indigenous societies, such as Native American and San, these roles are fulfilled in a general sense by elders.[9][10] In some societies anyone could become a generalist or traditionalist regardless of their social class, and acquisition depends solely on individual aptitude, while in others the roles are hereditary and dependent on class or caste.[11]: 192–193 

These people usually hold authority within their respective societies, although musicians sometimes constitute a low caste/class. They can be religious figures playing roles in rituals and ceremonies.[12] With regard to narrative traditions, they usually perform from their repertoire and apply their distinct style while innovating on a well-known tale or work, seeking to create an experience by leading, involving, and responding to the audience.[8]: 34  Some participate in improvised poetry competitions such as the Central Asian aytysh, the North African Kabyle people's amusnaw, the Spanish repentismo [es], or the African Ewe people's halo.[13][14] In parts of the world they remain as custodians of culture despite rising literacy rates.

Africa

[edit]
Term Type/s of information Society/ies Period Sources
Abacurabwenge Genealogy Rwandan [15][16]
Abasizi Poetry/panegyrics Rwandan [15][16]
Abateekerezi Royal memoirs Rwandan [15][16]
Abiru Code of kingship Rwandan [15][16]
Akewi Poetry, eg. oríkì Yoruba To present [17][18]
Akomfo Religious lore Akan To present [19][20]
Arókin (griot) General Yoruba To present [21]
Amdyaz Poetry Berber To present [22][23]
Amusnaw General, eg. asefru Kabyle [24]
Anechchad Songs Berber To present [25]
Azmari Poetry and songs Amharic [26]
Babalawo Religious lore Yoruba To present [27]
Bambudye/Mbudye General Luba To present [28]
Bulaam History, literature, and poetry Kuba To present [29]: 17 
Debtera Religious lore Ethiopian and Eritrean [30][31]
Gawlo (griot) General Fula and Toucouleur To present [32]
Gesere/Jaare (griot) General Soninke To present [33][34]
Géwël (griot) General Wolof and Serer To present [35]
Halaiqui Literature Moroccan To present [36][37]
Iggiw/Ighyuwn/Iggawen (griot) General Hassaniya To present [38]
Imbongi Poetry Southern African, eg. Xhosa and Zulu To present [39]
Jèli/Jali General Mandinka, Dyula, Mossi, and Bambara To present [40]
Hogon Religious lore Dogon To present [41]
Maalem Songs, religious lore Moroccan To present [42]
Mahosi [ve] General Venda To present [43]
Maroka (griot) General Hausa To present [44]
Mbomo mvet Songs and literature Fang To present [45][46]
Mganga Religious lore Swahili [47]
Mmoki Poetry Tswana To present [48]
Moreti Poetry Bapedi To present [49]
Mpikabary Public speaking Merina To present [50]
Mukhodi Poetry Venda To present [51]
Muphati Poetry Tsonga To present [52]
N'anga Religious lore Shona To present [53]
Nganga Religious lore Kongo To present [54]
Oday General, law Somali To present [55]
Ogbu Avu General Igbo To present [56][57]
Okyeame General Akan [58]
Omwevugi General, eg poetry Banyankore and Bahima To present [59]
Sangoma Religious lore, general Nguni, Sotho, and Tsonga To present [60]
Sarungano Literature Shona To present [61]
Seroki Poetry, genealogies Sotho To present [62]
Ughoro General Edo [63]
Ugogo Literature (ntsomi or izinganekwane [zu]) Xhosa and Zulu To present [64]


Asia

[edit]
Term Type/s of information Society/ies Period Sources
Aqyn Poetry and songs Kazakh and Kyrgyz [65]
Ashik/Ashugh Poetry and songs Azerbaijani, Georgian, and Armenian [66][67][68]
Babaylan Religious lore Filipino Until 20th century [69]
Bagshy Literature Turkmen To present [70]
Baxshi [uz] Poetry Uzbek To present [71]
Bhanaka Religious texts Asian (Buddhist) Until 1st century BCE [72]
Bhāts Genealogy, sometimes poetry and storytelling Indian [73]
Bobohizan Religious knowledge Kadazan-Dusun (Malay) To present [74]
Bomoh Religious knowledge Malay and Sumatran To present [75]
Charan General, eg. Rajasthani and Gujarati literature Rajasthani, Gujurati, Baloch, and Sindhi [76][77]
Dalang Literature Indonesian To present[78]
Dastango Literature Pakistani Until 20th century (revived) [79]
Dengbêj Literature and songs Kurdish [80]
Dukun Religious knowledge Malay and Indonesian To present [81]
Gusans Poetry Armenian [82][83]
Hakawati Literature Arab To present [84]
Kamishibaiya Literature Japanese To present [85]
Kathakar Literature Indian To present [86]
Maggid Religious lore, literature Jewish [87]
Manaschi Literature Kyrgyz To present [88]
Manganiar Songs and music Rajasthani (Indian) To present [89][90]
Meddah Literature Turkish Until 20th century [91]
Mo phi Religious knowledge Thai [92]
Naqqal Literature Iranian To present [93]
Pawang Religious knowledge Malay and Indonesian To present [94]
Qawwāl Religious songs Asian (Sufi) To present [95]
Rāwī Poetry, literature, and religious texts Arabic Until 8th century CE [96]
Sėsėn Literature Bashkir To present [97]
Sorikkun Pansori Korean [98]
Tuulchi Literature Mongolian To present [99]
Wu Religious lore Chinese Until ? [100]
Zajjalin Poetry Andalusian, Lebanese, Palestinian, Syrian,
Jordanian, Moroccan, and Algerian		 To present [101]
Zhyrau Poetry, eg. Kazakh literature Turkic, eg. Kazakh To present [102][103]

Europe

[edit]
Term Type/s of information Society/ies Period Sources
Aoidos Poetry and songs Ancient Greek Until ? [104]
Aois-dàna Genealogy Scottish Highlander Until 17th century [105]
Bard General Scottish, Irish, and Welsh Until ? [106]
Bertsolaris Poetry Basque To present [107]
Cuntisti Literature Sicilian (Italian) [108][109]
Druid Religious lore Celtic Until ? [110]
Drut'syla Literature Jewish To present [111]
Dziady Songs Slavic eg. Polish [112]
Filí Poetry Irish and Scottish Until 15th century [113]
Fulesta [it] Literature Romagnol (Italian) To present? [114]
Kobzar Songs Ukrainian Until 20th century (revived) [115].[116]
Lahutar Poetry Albanian [117]
Lăutari Songs Romanian and Romani To present [118]
Lirnyk Literature and songs Ukrainian Until 20th century [119]
Klezmer Songs Jewish [120]
Makar General Scottish [121]
Minstrel Songs European Until 19th century [122]
Ollam General Irish Until ? [123]
Piitárides Songs Cypriot [124]
Rhapsode Poetry Ancient Greek Until ? [125]
Rimadóri Songs Cretan (Greek) [124]
Seanchai Literature and history Irish, Manx, and Scottish Highlander To present [126]
Scop Poetry English Until ? [127]
Skald Poetry Scandinavian Until 16th century [128]
Skomorokh Songs Russian Until 18th century [129]
Spelman Songs Swedish [130]
Spielmann Songs German [131]
Thyle General Scandinavian and Anglo-Saxon Until 7th century [132][133]
Tietäjä General, Poetry Finnish Until 20th century [134]

North America

[edit]
Term Type/s of information Society/ies Period Sources
Calypsonian Songs Trinidadian [135]
Iyalawo Religious knowledge Afro-Cuban To present [136]
Medicine man Religious knowledge Native American To present [137]
North American Indigenous elder General North American Indigenous To present [138]
Oungan and Manbo Religious lore Afro-Haitian To present [139][140]
Paleros Religious lore Afro-Cuban [141]

South America

[edit]
Term Type/s of information Society/ies Period Sources
Amauta General Incan Until ? [142]
Yatiri Religious knowledge Aymara To present [143]

Oceania

[edit]
Term Type/s of information Society/ies Period Sources
Australian Aboriginal elder General Australian Aboriginal To present [144][145]
Fāgogo Literature Samoan To present [146]
Ha'atufunga Royal rituals Tongan To present [147][148]
Haku mo'olelo Literature Hawaiian [149]
Kahuna Religious lore Polynesian, eg. Hawaiian [150]
Mea hula Literature Hawaiian To present [151]
Tulafale General Samoan To present [152]
Wānanga General Māori To present [153]

See also

[edit]

References

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  90. ^ Kothiyal, Tanuja (2016). Nomadic narratives: a history of mobility and identity in the Great Indian Desert. Cambridge University press. p. 261. ISBN 9781107080317. The Manganiyars and Langhas are Muslim musicians and are quite different from the Bhopas of Pabuji, as they do not claim to be bards but musicians in a real sense. Using instruments like rabab, kamayacha, pyaledar sarangi, chautaro, sirimandal etc., they not only sing songs of birth, marriages and death, but are also entitled to sing in the kacheris of the patrons. It is in these assemblies that they sing ballads like Dhola-Maru, Umar-Marvi, Moomal-Rano and Sassi-Punnu. Manganiyars sing classical compositions like mota git (bada khayal) and chota git (chota khayal). Some of their ragas have originated in the Thar and are not found in north Indian classical tradition.
  91. ^ Halman, Talât Sait; Warner, Jayne L. (2008). İbrahim the Mad and Other Plays. Syracuse University Press. pp. xiii–xiv. ISBN 9780815608974.
  92. ^ Anuman Rajadhon (1968-01-01). Essays on Thai folklore. Internet Archive. Social Science Association Press of Thailand.
  93. ^ Jahandideh, Mitra; Khaefi, Shahab (2017-03-17). "The Most Important Performing Arts Arisen from Shahnameh of Ferdowsi: Shahnameh-khani and Naqqali of Shahnameh". Journal of the Indiana Academy of the Social Sciences. 16 (2).
  94. ^ Rakhim, Dinah; Vermol, Verly Veto (2020). "Preserving and promoting Malay folklores through souvenir product: Pak Belalang / Dinah Rakhim and Verly Veto Vermol". International Journal of INTI. 24 (1): 1–7.
  95. ^ Bhattacharjee, Anuradha; Alam, Shadab (November 2012). "The Origin and Journey of Qawwali: From Sacred Ritual to Entertainment?". Journal of Creative Communications. 7 (3): 209–225. doi:10.1177/0973258613512439.
  96. ^ Jacobi 1995, p. 467.
  97. ^ "Сэсен" (in Russian). 2023.
  98. ^ Hae In, Lee (2017). Exploring a Tradition Identity: Gwangdaejeon in Jeonju, an Innovative Strategy in Pansori Popularization (Thesis). University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa.
  99. ^ Gejin, Chao (1997). "Mongolian Oral Epic Poetry: An Overview" (PDF). Oral Tradition. 12 (2).
  100. ^ Boileau 2002, p. 376.
  101. ^ Kanaaneh, Moslih (2018). "Palestinian popular music". The Routledge Companion to Popular Music History and Heritage. pp. 376–387. doi:10.4324/9781315299310-37. ISBN 978-1-315-29931-0.
  102. ^ Turgenbayeva, A. Sh; Zhanabayev, K.; Bozhbanbayev, B. M. (2016). "The role of spiritual leader, zhyrau, in harmonization of nomadic society of the 15th-18th centuries". Вестник КазНУ. Серия философии, культурологии и политологии. 57 (3): 197–200.
  103. ^ Alpysbaeva, K. B. (2022). "The Place of Zhyrau Poetry in Literature" (PDF). "Keruen" Scientific Journal. 74 (1).
  104. ^ Marshall, C. W. (2020). "The melody of Homeric performance". Text and Intertext in Greek Epic and Drama. pp. 102–117. doi:10.4324/9780429024573-11. ISBN 978-0-429-02457-3.
  105. ^ Stirling, Simon Andrew (2012-02-29). The King Arthur Conspiracy: How a Scottish Prince Became a Mythical Hero. The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-8345-0.
  106. ^ "Bard | Medieval, Celtic & Welsh | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 2024-08-07. Retrieved 2024-09-26.
  107. ^ White, Linda (2003). "Basque Bertsolaritza". Oral Tradition. 18 (1): 142–143. doi:10.1353/ort.2004.0043.
  108. ^ Scuderi, Antonio (2006). "Performance and Text in the Italian Carolingian Tradition". Oral Tradition. 21 (1): 68–89. doi:10.1353/ort.2006.0018. hdl:10355/65074. Project MUSE 205143.
  109. ^ "How stories are told around the world". ideas.ted.com. 2015-03-17. Retrieved 2024-09-03.
  110. ^ Ross, Anne (1995). "Ritual And The Druids". The Celtic World. doi:10.4324/9780203713792-31/ritual-druids-anne-ross (inactive 2024-09-26).{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (link)
  111. ^ Heywood, Simon; Cumbers, Shonaleigh (2017). "War and the Ruby Tree. The Motif of the Unborn Generations in Jewish Women's Story-Telling". War, Myths, and Fairy Tales. pp. 219–237. doi:10.1007/978-981-10-2684-3_10. ISBN 978-981-10-2683-6.
  112. ^ P. Grochowski, Dziady. Rzecz o wędrownych żebrakach i ich pieśniach, Toruń 2009.
  113. ^ MacKillop, James (2004). Oxford Dictionary of Celtic Mythology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-860967-1.
  114. ^ ""Ascoltate, signore e signori", di Raffaele Nigro (2012) by Capone Editore - Issuu". issuu.com. 2012-08-29. Retrieved 2024-09-26.
  115. ^ "The Kobzar-Lirnyk Tradition". honchar.org.ua. Retrieved 2023-11-27.
  116. ^ Kononenko, Natalie O. (2019). Ukrainian epic and historical song: folklore in context. Toronto Buffalo London: University of Toronto Press. pp. 56–72. ISBN 978-1-4875-0263-8.
  117. ^ Elmer, David F. (2009). "Presentation Formulas in South Slavic Epic Song". Oral Tradition. 24 (1). doi:10.1353/ort.0.0050. Project MUSE 383465.
  118. ^ Beissinger, Margaret (2024). "Lăutari, Music-Making, and Social Practices of Live Performance in Southern Romania". The Routledge Handbook of Popular Music and Politics of the Balkans. pp. 49–60. doi:10.4324/9781003328162-4. ISBN 978-1-003-32816-2.
  119. ^ Tovkailo, Mykola (2023). "On the History of the Kobzar-Lirnyk Tradition". Ethnologies. 45 (1): 59. doi:10.7202/1111895ar.
  120. ^ Feldman, Zev (2016). Klezmer: music, history and memory. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. pp. 61–67. ISBN 9780190244521.
  121. ^ Crotty, Patrick (2015-11-13). "Doon Canongate: A centenary appreciation of a Scots makar". TLS. Times Literary Supplement (5876): 14–16. Gale A640002874.
  122. ^ Beattie, James (2024-02-28). The Minstrel. BoD - Books on Demand. ISBN 979-10-419-8710-8.
  123. ^ Ahlqvist, Anders; Kelly, Fergus; Kelly, Patricia; McCone, Kim R.; McManus, Damian; McTurk, Rory; Nagy, Joseph Falaky; hUiginn, Ruairí Ó; Simms, M. Katharine (2016-02-12). Ollam: Studies in Gaelic and Related Traditions in Honor of Tomás Ó Cathasaigh. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-61147-835-8.
  124. ^ a b Beaton, Roderick (1986). "The Oral Traditions of Modern Greece: A Survey" (PDF). Oral Tradition. 1 (1).
  125. ^ Hargis, Donald E. (1970). "The rhapsode". Quarterly Journal of Speech. 56 (4): 388–397. doi:10.1080/00335637009383026.
  126. ^ McKendry, Eugene. "Study Ireland:An Introduction to Storytelling, Myths and Legends" (PDF). BBC Northern Ireland.
  127. ^ Opland, Jeff (1993). "Scop and Imbongi IV: Reading Prose Poems". Comparative Literature. 45 (2): 97–120. doi:10.2307/1771433. JSTOR 1771433.
  128. ^ Tearse, Brandon (2018). Skald: Exploring Story Generation and Interactive Storytelling by Reconstructing Minstrel (Thesis). ProQuest 2181579300.[page needed]
  129. ^ Zguta, Russell (1972). "Skomorokhi: The Russian Minstrel-Entertainers". Slavic Review. 31 (2): 297–313. doi:10.2307/2494335. JSTOR 2494335.
  130. ^ Ronstrom, Owe (2019). "Spelman, folkmusiker, artist" (PDF). Folk och Musik. 1.
  131. ^ "Spielman Surname/Last Name: Meaning, Origin & Family History". discover.23andme.com. Retrieved 2024-09-26.
  132. ^ Paul C. Bauschatz, The Well and the Tree: World and Times in Early Germanic Culture, Amherst: University of Massachusetts, 1982, ISBN 0-87023-352-1, note 22, pp. 215–16.
  133. ^ Enright, Michael J. (1998). "The Warband Context of the Unferth Episode". Speculum. 73 (2): 297–337. doi:10.2307/2887155. JSTOR 2887155.
  134. ^ "Tietäjä". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2013-07-12.
  135. ^ Dean, Darryl G. (2015-09-18). "Calypso as a Vehicle for Political Commentary: An Endangered Musical Species". repository.library.carleton.ca. Retrieved 2024-09-26.
  136. ^ Kumari, Ayele. Iyanifa Women of Wisdom.
  137. ^ "Medicine man | Native American healing, shamanism & spirituality | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2024-09-26.
  138. ^ Justo (2023-09-28). "Native American Elders: Vital Leaders in Tribal Communities". Native Tribe Info. Retrieved 2024-09-26.
  139. ^ Claudine, Michel; Bellegarde-Smith, Patrick (2006). Vodou In Haitian Life and Culture. Palgrave Macmillan.
  140. ^ Métraux, Alfred (2016). Voodoo in Haiti. Pickle Partners Publishing. ISBN 9781787201668. OCLC 969020248.
  141. ^ Martin, Oba Frank; Luis, William (2012). "Palo and Paleros: An Interview with Oba Frank Martin". Afro-Hispanic Review. 31 (1): 159–168. JSTOR 23617217.
  142. ^ McEwan, Gordon Francis (2006). The Incas: New Perspectives. ABC-CLIO. p. 106. ISBN 9781851095742.
  143. ^ "The Yatiri in Aymara communities : (with complete text) / by | WorldCat.org". search.worldcat.org. Retrieved 2024-09-26.
  144. ^ "Glossary of Terms : "Elder"". Indigenous Teaching. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  145. ^ "MTWW Protocols and Procedures Working in Partnership with Aboriginal Communities". Women's Health Goulbourn North East. Archived from the original on 5 March 2019. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  146. ^ Tielu, Amy Jane (2016). Searching for the Digital Fāgogo: A Study of Indigenous Samoan Storytelling in Contemporary Aotearoa Digital Media (Thesis). Auckland University of Technology.
  147. ^ Clark, Geoffrey; Leclerc, Mathieu; Parton, Phillip; Reepmeyer, Christian; Grono, Elle; Burley, David (March 2020). "Royal funerals, ritual stones and participatory networks in the maritime Tongan state". Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. 57: 101115. doi:10.1016/j.jaa.2019.101115.
  148. ^ Latukefu, Sione (1968). "Oral Traditions: An Appraisal of Their Value in Historical Research in Tonga". The Journal of Pacific History. 3: 135–143. doi:10.1080/00223346808572130. JSTOR 25167942.
  149. ^ Baker, C. M. Kaliko; Baker, Tammy Haili‘ōpua (2023-03-31). Moʻolelo: The Foundation of Hawaiian Knowledge. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-9529-7.
  150. ^ King, Serge Kahili (2008-11-18). Huna: Ancient Hawaiian Secrets for Modern Living. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4165-6800-1.
  151. ^ Garcia, Shirley Naomi Kanani (2002). E Nā Hālau Hula, Nana Kākou Iā Laka (Look to the Source): Finding Balance Between the Practice of Hula Forest Gathering and the Ecological Realities of Hawaii's Native Forests (Thesis). [Honolulu] : [University of Hawaii at Manoa], [December 2002].
  152. ^ Holmes, Lowell (1969). "Samoan oratory". Journal of American Folklore. 82 (326): 342–352. doi:10.2307/539779. JSTOR 539779.
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