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List of restriction enzyme cutting sites: Bsp–Bss

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Legend of nucleobases
Code Nucleotide represented
A Adenine (A)
C Cytosine (C)
G Guanine (G)
T Thymine (T)
N A, C, G or T
M A or C
R A or G
W A or T
Y C or T
S C or G
K G or T
H A, C or T
B C, G or T
V A, C or G
D A, G or T

This article contains a list of the most studied restriction enzymes whose names start with Bsp to Bss inclusive. It contains approximately 180 enzymes.

The following information is given:

  • Enzyme: Accepted name of the molecule, according to the internationally adopted nomenclature[1][2], and bibliographical references. (Further reading: see the section "Nomenclature" in the article "Restriction enzyme".)
  • PDB code: Code used to identify the structure of a protein in the PDB database of protein structures. The 3D atomic structure of a protein provides highly valuable information to understand the intimate details of its mechanism of action[3][4].
  • Source: Organism that naturally produces the enzyme.
  • Recognition sequence: Sequence of DNA recognized by the enzyme and to which it specifically binds.
  • Cut: Cutting site and DNA products of the cut. The recognition sequence and the cutting site usually match, but sometimes the cutting site can be dozens of nucleotides away from the recognition site[5][6].
  • Isoschizomers and neoschizomers: An isoschizomer is an enzyme that recognizes the same sequence as another. A neoschizomer is a special type of isoschizomer that recognizes the same sequence as another, but cuts in a different manner. A maximum number of 8-10 most common isoschizomers are indicated for every enzyme but there may be many more. Neoschizomers are shown in bold and green color font (e.g.: BamHI). When "None on date" is indicated, that means that there were no registered isoschizomers in the databases on that date with a clearly defined cutting site. Isoschizomers indicated in white font and grey background correspond to enzymes not listed in the current lists:
as in this not listed enzyme:  EcoR70I 


Whole list navigation

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Restriction enzymes

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Bsp

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Enzyme PDB code Source Recognition sequence Cut Isoschizomers
Bsp6I Bacillus sp. RFL6 5' GCNGC
3' CGNCG
5' ---GC   NGC--- 3'
3' ---CGN   CG--- 5'
Bsp13I Bacillus sp. 13 5' TCCGGA
3' AGGCCT
5' ---T   CCGGA--- 3'
3' ---AGGCC   T--- 5'
AccIII, BbvAIII, BlfI, BsiMI, BspMII, Bsu23I, Kpn2I, PinBII
Bsp19I Bacillus sp. 19 5' CCATGG
3' GGTACC
5' ---C   CATGG--- 3'
3' ---GGTAC   C--- 5'
Bsp24I Bacillus sp. 24 5' GACN6TGG
3' CTGN6ACC
5' ---GACN6TGGN6NNNNNN   --- 3'
3' ---CTGN6ACCN6N   NNNNN--- 5'
Bsp50I Bacillus sp. RFL50 5' CGCG
3' GCGC
5' ---CG   CG--- 3'
3' ---GC   GC--- 5'
BceBI, Bsh1236I, BstFNI, BstUI, Bsu1532I, FalII, FnuDII, MvnI, ThaI
Bsp63I Bacillus sphaericus 63 5' CTGCAG
3' GACGTC
5' ---CTGCA   G--- 3'
3' ---G   ACGTC--- 5'
AjoI, Asp713I, BloHII, MhaAI, Pfl21I, PstI, SalPI, SflI, Sst12I, YenI
Bsp67I Bacillus sphaericus 67 5' GATC
3' CTAG
5' ---   GATC--- 3'
3' ---CTAG   --- 5'
AspMDI, Bsp143I, BspJI, BtkII, DpnII, LlaAI, NlaII, SsiBI
Bsp68I Bacillus sp. RFL68 5' TCGCGA
3' AGCGCT
5' ---TCG   CGA--- 3'
3' ---AGC   GCT--- 5'
NruI
Bsp98I Bacillus sp. RFL98 5' GGATCC
3' CCTAGG
5' ---G   GATCC--- 3'
3' ---CCTAG   G--- 5'
AccEBI, AliI, BamHI, BnaI, BstI, CelI, OkrAI, NspSAIV, Pfl8I, SurI
Bsp105I Bacillus sphaericus 105 5' GATC
3' CTAG
5' ---   GATC--- 3'
3' ---CTAG   --- 5'
Bfi57I, Bsp143I, BspJI, BtkII, DpnII, LlaAI, NlaII, SsiBI
Bsp106I Bacillus sphaericus 106 5' ATCGAT
3' TAGCTA
5' ---AT   CGAT--- 3'
3' ---TAGC   TA--- 5'
BbvAII, Bci29I, BciBI, BcmI, BspOVII, BstNZ169I, Rme21I
Bsp119I Bacillus sp. RFL119 5' TTCGAA
3' AAGCTT
5' ---TT   CGAA--- 3'
3' ---AAGC   TT--- 5'
AcpI, Bim19I, Bpu14I, BspT104I, Csp45I, FspII, NspV, SspRFI
Bsp120I Bacillus sp. RFL120 5' GGGCCC
3' CCCGGG
5' ---G   GGCCC--- 3'
3' ---CCCGG   G--- 5'
ApaI, PpeI, PspOMI
Bsp123I Bacillus sp. 123 5' CGCG
3' GCGC
5' ---CG   CG--- 3'
3' ---GC   GC--- 5'
BceBI, Bsh1236I, BstFNI, BstUI, BtkI, Csp68KVI, FnuDII, MvnI, ThaI
Bsp143I Bacillus sp. RFL143 5' GATC
3' CTAG
5' ---   GATC--- 3'
3' ---CTAG   --- 5'
Bce243I, Bsp105I, BspFI, BstKTI, CpfI, HacI, NdeII, Sth368I, Sau3AI
Bsp143II Bacillus sp. RFL143 5' RGCGCY
3' YCGCGR
5' ---RGCGC   Y--- 3'
3' ---Y   CGCGR--- 5'
AccB2I,  BfoI,  Bme142I, BstH2I,
HaeII, LpnI
Bsp211I Bacillus sphaericus 211 5' GGCC
3' CCGG
5' ---GG   CC--- 3'
3' ---CC   GG--- 5'
Bsp423I Bacillus sp. 423 5' GCAGC
3' CGTCG
5' ---GCAGCN7N   NNNN--- 3'
3' ---CGTCGN7NNNNN   --- 5'
AlwXI, BbvI, BseKI, BseXI, Bst12I, Bst71I, BstV1I
Bsp519I Bacillus sp. 519 5' GRGCYC
3' CYCGRG
5' ---GRGCY   C--- 3'
3' ---C   YCGRG--- 5'
Bsp1286I Bacillus sphaericus 5' GDGCHC
3' CHCGDG
5' ---GDGCH   C--- 3'
3' ---C   HCGDG--- 5'
AocII, BmyI, BsoCI, Bsp1286I, BspLS2I, NspII, SduI
Bsp1407I Bacillus stearothermophilus RFL1407 5' TGTACA
3' ACATGT
5' ---T   GTACA--- 3'
3' ---ACATG   T--- 5'
AauI,  BsmRI,  BsrGI, BstAUI,
Ssp4800I, SspBI
Bsp1720I Bacillus sp. 1720 5' GCTNAGC
3' CGANTCG
5' ---GC   TNAGC--- 3'
3' ---CGANT   CG--- 5'
Bsp1894I Bacillus sphaericus 1894 5' GGNCC
3' CCNGG
5' ---G   GNCC--- 3'
3' ---CCNG   G--- 5'
AspS9I, Bac36I, BavBII, BshKI, BspBII, CcuI, MaeK81II, Pde12I
Bsp2095I Bacillus sphaericus 2095 5' GATC
3' CTAG
5' ---   GATC--- 3'
3' ---CTAG   --- 5'
Bfi57I, Bsp143I, BspKT6I, BtkII, DpnII, LlaAI, NlaII, SsiBI
Bsp4009I Bacillus sp. 4009 5' GGATCC
3' CCTAGG
5' ---G   GATCC--- 3'
3' ---CCTAG   G--- 5'
AccEBI, AliI, ApaCI, BamHI, BstI, CelI, OkrAI, Pfl8I, RspLKII, SurI
BspAI Bacillus sphaericus JL4B 5' GATC
3' CTAG
5' ---   GATC--- 3'
3' ---CTAG   --- 5'
Bfi57I, Bsp2095I, BspKT6I, BtkII, DpnII, LlaAI, NlaII, SsiBI
BspA2I Bacillus sp. A2 5' CCTAGG
3' GGATCC
5' ---C   CTAGG--- 3'
3' ---GGATC   C--- 5'
AspA2I, AvrII, AvrBII, BlnI, XmaJI
Bsp153AI Bacillus sp. 153A 5' CAGCTG
3' GTCGAC
5' ---CAG   CTG--- 3'
3' ---GTC   GAC--- 5'
BspAAI Bacillus sp. AA 5' CTCGAG
3' GAGCTC
5' ---C   TCGAG--- 3'
3' ---GAGCT   C--- 5'
AbrI, BluI, BstVI, PanI, SauLPII, SciI, SlaI, StrI, TliI
BspAAII Bacillus sp. AA 5' TCTAGA
3' AGATCT
5' ---T   CTAGA--- 3'
3' ---AGATC   T--- 5'
BspAAIII Bacillus sp. AA 5' GGATCC
3' CCTAGG
5' ---G   GATCC--- 3'
3' ---CCTAG   G--- 5'
AccEBI, AliI, ApaCI, AsiI, BamHI, Bce751I, Pfl8I, RspLKII, SolI
BspANI Bacillus sp. AN 5' GGCC
3' CCGG
5' ---GG   CC--- 3'
3' ---CC   GG--- 5'
BspBI Bacillus sphaericus JL14 5' CTGCAG
3' GACGTC
5' ---CTGCA   G--- 3'
3' ---G   ACGTC--- 5'
AjoI, ApiI, Asp713I, BloHII, CfrA4I, Pfl21I, PstI, SalPI, Sst12I, YenI
BspBII Bacillus sphaericus JL14 5' GGNCC
3' CCNGG
5' ---G   GNCC--- 3'
3' ---CCNG   G--- 5'
AsuI, Bac36I, BavBII, BshKI, BspF4I, CcuI, MaeK81II, PspPI
BspBRI Bacillus sp. 5' GGCC
3' CCGG
5' ---GG   CC--- 3'
3' ---CC   GG--- 5'
BspBS31I Bacillus sp. BS31 5' GAAGAC
3' CTTCTG
5' ---GAAGACNN   NNNN--- 3'
3' ---CTTCTGNNNNNN   --- 5'
BspCI Bacillus sp. C1 5' CGATCG
3' GCTAGC
5' ---CGAT   CG--- 3'
3' ---GC   TAGC--- 5'
Afa16RI, Afa22MI, EagBI, ErhB9I, NblI, Psu161I, RshI, XorII
BspCNI Bacillus sp. 1310 5' CTCAG
3' GAGTC
5' ---CTCAGN6NNN   --- 3'
3' ---GAGTCN6N   NN--- 5'
BspDI Bacillus sp. 5' ATCGAT
3' TAGCTA
5' ---AT   CGAT--- 3'
3' ---TAGC   TA--- 5'
AagI, BanIII, BavCI, Bsa29I, BseCI, Bsu15I, BsuTUI, ClaI, ZhoI
BspD6I[7][8] 2P14 Bacillus sp. D6 5' GACTC
3' CTGAG
5' ---GACTCNNNN   NN--- 3'
3' ---CTGAGNNNNNN   --- 5'
BspEI Bacillus sp. 5' TCCGGA
3' AGGCCT
5' ---T   CCGGA--- 3'
3' ---AGGCC   T--- 5'
AccIII, BlfI, BsiMI, Bsp13I, BspMII, CauB3I, MroI, PinBII
BspFI Bacillus sp. 5' GATC
3' CTAG
5' ---   GATC--- 3'
3' ---CTAG   --- 5'
Bfi57I, Bsp2095I, BspKT6I, BtkII, DpnII, LlaAI, NlaII, SsiBI
BspF4I Bacillus sp. F4 5' GGNCC
3' CCNGG
5' ---G   GNCC--- 3'
3' ---CCNG   G--- 5'
AsuI, Bac36I, BavBII, BsiZI, BspBII, CcuI, MaeK81II, PspPI
BspHI Bacillus sp. H3 5' TCATGA
3' AGTACT
5' ---T   CATGA--- 3'
3' ---AGTAC   T--- 5'
BspIS4I Bacillus sp. IS4 5' GAAGAC
3' CTTCTG
5' ---GAAGACNN   NNNN--- 3'
3' ---CTTCTGNNNNNN   --- 5'
BspJI Bacillus sp. 5' GATC
3' CTAG
5' ---   GATC--- 3'
3' ---CTAG   --- 5'
BfuCI, Bsp2095I, BspKT6I, BtkII, DpnII, LlaAI, NmeCI, SsiAI
BspJII Bacillus sp. 5' ATCGAT
3' TAGCTA
5' ---AT   CGAT--- 3'
3' ---TAGC   TA--- 5'
Bsa29I, BseCI, Bsp106I, BspDI, BspOVII, BspXI, BspZEI
BspKI Bacillus sp. K 5' GGCC
3' CCGG
5' ---GG   CC--- 3'
3' ---CC   GG--- 5'
BspKT5I Bacillus sp. 5' CTGAAG
3' GACTTC
5' ---CTGAAGN12NNNN   --- 3'
3' ---GACTTCN12NN   NN--- 5'
BspKT6I Bacillus sp. KT6 5' GATC
3' CTAG
5' ---GAT   C--- 3'
3' ---C   TAG--- 5'
BfuCI, Bsp2095I, Bst19II, BstKTI, DpnII, LlaAI, NmeCI, SsiAI
BspKT8I Bacillus sp. KT8 5' AAGCTT
3' TTCGAA
5' ---A   AGCTT--- 3'
3' ---TTCGA   A--- 5'
BspLI Bacillus sp. RJ3-212 5' GGNNCC
3' CCNNGG
5' ---GGN   NCC--- 3'
3' ---CCN   NGG--- 5'
AspNI, BscBI,  BmiI,  NlaIV,
PspN4I
BspLAI Bacillus sp. LA 5' GCGC
3' CGCG
5' ---GCG   C--- 3'
3' ---C   GCG--- 5'
AspLEI, BstHHI, CfoI, FnuDIII, HhaI, Hin6I, HinP1I, HsoI, HspAI, SciNI
BspLAII Bacillus sp. LA 5' TTCGAA
3' AAGCTT
5' ---TT   CGAA--- 3'
3' ---AAGC   TT--- 5'
BspLAIII Bacillus sp. LA 5' AAGCTT
3' TTCGAA
5' ---A   AGCTT--- 3'
3' ---TTCGA   A--- 5'
BspLS2I Bacillus sp. LS2 5' GDGCHC
3' CHCGDG
5' ---GDGCH   C--- 3'
3' ---C   HCGDG--- 5'
AocII, BmyI, BsoCI, BspLS2I, MhlI, NspII, SduI
BspLU4I Bacillus sp. LU4 5' CYCGRG
3' GRGCYC
5' ---C   YCGRG--- 3'
3' ---GRGCY   C--- 5'
Ama87I, AvaI, Bse15I, BsoBI, BstSI, NspIII, NspSAI, OfoI
BspLU11I Bacillus sp. LU11 5' ACATGT
3' TGTACA
5' ---A   CATGT--- 3'
3' ---TGTAC   A--- 5'
BspLU11III Bacillus sp. LU11 5' GGGAC
3' CCCTG
5' ---GGGACN8NN   NNNN--- 3'
3' ---CCCTGN8NNNNNN   --- 5'
BspMI Bacillus sp. M 5' ACCTGC
3' TGGACG
5' ---ACCTGCNNNN   NNNN--- 3'
3' ---TGGACGNNNNNNNN   --- 5'
Acc36I, BfuAI, BveI
BspMII Bacillus sp. M 5' TCCGGA
3' AGGCCT
5' ---T   CCGGA--- 3'
3' ---AGGCC   T--- 5'
AccIII, BbvAIII, BlfI, BsiMI, BspEI, Bsu23I, CauB3I, MroI
BspM39I Bacillus sp. M39 5' CAGCTG
3' GTCGAC
5' ---CAG   CTG--- 3'
3' ---GTC   GAC--- 5'
BspM90I Bacillus sp. M90 5' GTATAC
3' CATATG
5' ---GTA   TAC--- 3'
3' ---CAT   ATG--- 5'
BspMAI Bacillus stearothermophilus MA 5' CTGCAG
3' GACGTC
5' ---CTGCA   G--- 3'
3' ---G   ACGTC--- 5'
AjoI, Asp713I, BloHII, PaePI, Psp23I, PstI, SalPI, Sst12I, YenI
BspMKI Bacillus sp. MKI 5' GTCGAC
3' CAGCTG
5' ---G   TCGAC--- 3'
3' ---CAGCT   G--- 5'
BspNI Bacillus sp. N 5' CCWGG
3' GGWCC
5' ---CC   WGG--- 3'
3' ---GGW   CC--- 5'
AglI, BseBI, Bse17I, Bst2I, CbrI, CthII, EcoRII, MvaI, SspAI, TaqXI
BspO4I Bacillus sp. O-4 5' CAGCTG
3' GTCGAC
5' ---CAG   CTG--- 3'
3' ---GTC   GAC--- 5'
BspOVI Bacillus sp. OV 5' GACN5GTC
3' CTGN5CAG
5' ---GACNNN   NNGTC--- 3'
3' ---CTGNN   NNNCAG--- 5'
AhdI, AspEI,  BmeRI,  DriI,
Eam1105I, EclHKI, NruGI
BspOVII Bacillus sp. OV 5' ATCGAT
3' TAGCTA
5' ---AT   CGAT--- 3'
3' ---TAGC   TA--- 5'
BanIII, BavCI, BciBI, BcmI, Bli86I, BliRI, BspJII, BstNZ169I, SpmI
BspPI Bacillus sp. d 1-34 5' GGATC
3' CCTAG
5' ---GGATCNNNN   N--- 3'
3' ---CCTAGNNNNN   --- 5'
AclWI, AlwI, BinI,  BsrWI, 
BstH9I,  Bst31TI, Bth617I,  EacI
BspRI Bacillus sphaericus R 5' GGCC
3' CCGG
5' ---GG   CC--- 3'
3' ---CC   GG--- 5'
BspR7I Bacillus sp. R7 5' CCTNAGG
3' GGANTCC
5' ---CC   TNAGG--- 3'
3' ---GGANT   CC--- 5'
AocI, AxyI, Bse21I, Bsu36I, Eco81I, MstII, SauI, SshAI
BspST5I Bacillus sp. ST5 5' GCATC
3' CGTAG
5' ---GCATCN4N   NNNN--- 3'
3' ---CGTAGN4NNNNN   --- 5'
BspTI Bacillus sp. RFL1265 5' CTTAAG
3' GAATTC
5' ---C   TTAAG--- 3'
3' ---GAATT   C--- 5'
AflII
BspT104I Bacillus sp. T104 5' TTCGAA
3' AAGCTT
5' ---TT   CGAA--- 3'
3' ---AAGC   TT--- 5'
AcpI, Bim19I, Bpu14I, BstBI, Csp45I, LspI, NspV, SspRFI
BspT107I Bacillus sp. T107 5' GGYRCC
3' CCRYGG
5' ---G   GYRCC--- 3'
3' ---CCRYG   G--- 5'
AccB1I, BanI, BbvBI, Eco64I, HgiCI, HgiHI, MspB4I, PfaAI
BspTNI Bacillus sp. TN 5' GGTCTC
3' CCAGAG
5' ---GGTCTCN   NNNN--- 3'
3' ---CCAGAGNNNNN   --- 5'
BspTS514I Bacillus sp. TS514 5' GAAGAC
3' CTTCTG
5' ---GAAGACNN   NNNN--- 3'
3' ---CTTCTGNNNNNN   --- 5'
BspWI Bacillus sp. 3456 5' GCN7GC
3' CGN7CG
5' ---GCNNNNN   NNGC--- 3'
3' ---CGNN   NNNNNCG--- 5'
BspXI Bacillus sphaericus X 5' ATCGAT
3' TAGCTA
5' ---AT   CGAT--- 3'
3' ---TAGC   TA--- 5'
BliAI, BliRI, BscI, Bst28I, Bsu15I, LcaI, PgaI, Ssp27144I, ZhoI
BspXII Bacillus sphaericus X 5' TGATCA
3' ACTAGT
5' ---T   GATCA--- 3'
3' ---ACTAG   T--- 5'
AbaI, BclI, BsiQI,
BstT7I, FbaI, Ksp22I,  ParI 
BspZEI Bacillus sp. ZE 5' ATCGAT
3' TAGCTA
5' ---AT   CGAT--- 3'
3' ---TAGC   TA--- 5'
Bsa29I, BseCI, BspDI, BspXI, Bst28I, BstNZ169I, BsuTUI, LplI

Bsr - Bss

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Enzyme PDB code Source Recognition sequence Cut Isoschizomers
BsrI Bacillus stearothermophilus 5' ACTGG
3' TGACC
5' ---ACTGGN   --- 3'
3' ---TGAC   CN--- 5'
BsrAI Bacillus stearothermophilus CPW7 5' GGWCC
3' CCWGG
5' ---G   GWCC--- 3'
3' ---CCWG   G--- 5'
BamNxI, BcuAI, Csp68KI, Eco47I, FssI, HgiCII, HgiJI, SinI
BsrBI Bacillus stearothermophilus CPW193 5' CCGCTC
3' GGCGAG
5' ---CCG   CTC--- 3'
3' ---GGC   GAG--- 5'
AccBSI, BstD102I, Bst31NI, MbiI
BsrBRI Bacillus stearothermophilus BR 5' GATN4ATC
3' CTAN4TAG
5' ---GATNN   NNATC--- 3'
3' ---CTANN   NNTAG--- 5'
BsrDI Bacillus stearothermophilus D70 5' GCAATG
3' CGTTAC
5' ---GCAATGNN   --- 3'
3' ---CGTTAC   NN--- 5'
BsrFI Bacillus stearothermophilus CPW16 5' RCCGGY
3' YGGCCR
5' ---R   CCGGY--- 3'
3' ---YGGCC   R--- 5'
BsrGI Bacillus stearothermophilus GR75 5' TGTACA
3' ACATGT
5' ---T   GTACA--- 3'
3' ---ACATG   T--- 5'
AauI,  BsmRI,  Bsp1407I, BstAUI,
Ssp4800I, SspBI
BsrSI Bacillus stearothermophilus CPW19 5' ACTGG
3' TGACC
5' ---ACTGGN   --- 3'
3' ---TGAC   CN--- 5'
BssAI Bacillus sp. 5' RCCGGY
3' YGGCCR
5' ---R   CCGGY--- 3'
3' ---YGGCC   R--- 5'
BssECI Bacillus stearothermophilus EC 5' CCNNGG
3' GGNNCC
5' ---C   CNNGG--- 3'
3' ---GGNNC   C--- 5'
BssHI Bacillus stearothermophilus H3 5' CTCGAG
3' GAGCTC
5' ---C   TCGAG--- 3'
3' ---GAGCT   C--- 5'
AbrI, BluI, BstVI, PanI, SauLPII, SciI, SlaI, StrI, TliI
BssHII Bacillus stearothermophilus H3 5' GCGCGC
3' CGCGCG
5' ---G   CGCGC--- 3'
3' ---CGCGC   G--- 5'
BssIMI Bacillus stearothermophilus IM 5' GGGTC
3' CCCAG
5' ---GG   GTC--- 3'
3' ---CCCAG   --- 5'
BssKI Bacillus stearothermophilus TBI 5' CCNGG
3' GGNCC
5' ---   CCNGG--- 3'
3' ---GGNCC   --- 5'
BssNAI Bacillus stearothermophilus NA 5' GTATAC
3' CATATG
5' ---GTA   TAC--- 3'
3' ---CAT   ATG--- 5'
BssNI Bacillus sphaericus KTN 5' GRCGYC
3' CYGCRG
5' ---GR   CGYC--- 3'
3' ---CYGC   RG--- 5'
AcyI, AhaII, AosII, AstWI, AsuIII, BsaHI, HgiI, Hsp92I, Msp17I
BssSI Bacillus stearothermophilus S719 5' CACGAG
3' GTGCTC
5' ---C   ACGAG--- 3'
3' ---GTGCT   C--- 5'
BssT1I Bacillus stearothermophilus T1 5' CCWWGG
3' GGWWCC
5' ---C   CWWGG--- 3'
3' ---GGWWC   C--- 5'

Notes

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  1. ^ Smith HO, Nathans D (December 1973). "Letter: A suggested nomenclature for bacterial host modification and restriction systems and their enzymes". J. Mol. Biol. 81 (3): 419–23. doi:10.1016/0022-2836(73)90152-6. PMID 4588280.
  2. ^ Roberts RJ, Belfort M, Bestor T, Bhagwat AS, Bickle TA, Bitinaite J, Blumenthal RM, Degtyarev SK, Dryden DT, Dybvig K, Firman K, Gromova ES, Gumport RI, Halford SE, Hattman S, Heitman J, Hornby DP, Janulaitis A, Jeltsch A, Josephsen J, Kiss A, Klaenhammer TR, Kobayashi I, Kong H, Krüger DH, Lacks S, Marinus MG, Miyahara M, Morgan RD, Murray NE, Nagaraja V, Piekarowicz A, Pingoud A, Raleigh E, Rao DN, Reich N, Repin VE, Selker EU, Shaw PC, Stein DC, Stoddard BL, Szybalski W, Trautner TA, Van Etten JL, Vitor JM, Wilson GG, Xu SY (April 2003). "A nomenclature for restriction enzymes, DNA methyltransferases, homing endonucleases and their genes". Nucleic Acids Res. 31 (7): 1805–12. doi:10.1093/nar/gkg274. PMC 152790. PMID 12654995.
  3. ^ Jeremy MB, John LT, Lubert S (2002). "3. Protein Structure and Function". Biochemistry. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-4684-0.
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