Maidam
| UNESCO World Heritage Site | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Official name | Moidams – the Mound-Burial System of the Ahom Dynasty |
| Location | Assam |
| Criteria | Cultural: (iii) (iv) |
| Reference | 1711 |
| Inscription | 2024 (46th Session) |
Frang-Mai-Dam or Maidam for short (Ahom:𑜉𑜩𑜓𑜝𑜪;meaning:Burial of the dead) is a traditional tumulus of the Ahom religion.[1] The royal maidams of Charaideo are listed as UNESCO world heritage site.[2][3] Maidams are often compared with the Egyptian pyramids of the Pharaohs and the tombs of ancient Chinese royalty.[4][5] Today, the people of the four clans namely Mo-Hung, Mo-Cham, Chaodang and Mo-Plong follow the tomb tradition of Ahom religion. [1]
Structurally, a maidam consists of vaults with one or more chambers.[6] The vaults have a domical superstructure that is covered by a hemispherical earthen mound that rises high above the ground with an open pavilion at the peak called chow chali. An octagonal dwarf wall encloses the entire maidam.
Burial is the predominant funeral rite of the Tai people, to which the Ahom people originally belonged. This is opposed to the Hindu system of cremation. After the Ahom kings adopted Hinduism, they chose to bury the ashes after cremation.
Ahom first inhabited a land named Tyai -Shan on the bank of river Tarim which flowed to the north of Mongolia and China. From Tyai-Shan they first migrated to China in about 5th century AD and then to Mungrimungram in Yunan.
According to the historical chronicles and manuscripts by Ahom Kingdom named as Buranjis, in 1218, Shukapha led 9,000 people from Mong mao to settle in Assam after 13 -years trudge. In 1228, they conquered the tribes, ended a long war, and established a dynasty, historically known as the kingdom of Ahom.
The Ahom community in Assam consider the excavation as an affront to their tradition, because the maidams are associated with the Ahom ancestor worship and the festival of Me-Dam-Me-Phi.
Etymology
[edit]The word Maidam is shorter form of Tai-Ahom word Phrang-Mai-Dam.[7] Phrang-Mai means to bury and Dam means dead ones or Ancestral Spirit.[8]
Maidams
[edit]Inside the Maidams there are underground vaults or chambers for different purposes, one for keeping the body of the departed king with all the necessary things for afterlife, and others for the servants, care-takers, horses, and elephants.[citation needed] The present height of Maidams is reduced due to various natural calamities. In earlier times at least 10 living persons were buried alive with the departed king to take care of him in afterlife, however this custom was abolished by Rudra Singha.
Height of the Maidams depended on the power of the kings, most of the Maidams were not designated by the name of kings, so most remain unidentified, except the Maidams of Gadadhar Singha and Rudra Singha. Most of the big Maidams belongs from the late 17th century and 18th century, earlier most of the Maidam chambers were built using solid wood poles and beams, it got replaced with bricks and stones since Gadadhar Singha and his successors.[citation needed] As a custom only the people of Gharphaliya and Lakhurakhan clans were permitted to bury the dead bodies of Kings and queens. There was a specified officer called Chang-Rung Phukan responsible for construction of Maidams. Chang-Rung Phukan was also the Chief-architect of Ahom kingdom.[9] Officers called Maidam Phukans and guards called Maidamiya were appointed to protect and maintain the Maidams.
The structural construction and the process of royal burials are explained in historical documents called Chang-Rung Phukanor Buranji, which detail even the articles that were buried. Later excavations under the Archaeological Survey of India found some of the maidams previously defiled,[10] with the articles mentioned in the Buranji missing. Many of the maidams were excavated and looted, most famously under the Mughal general Mir Jumla who had occupied Garhgaon briefly in the 17th century, and by the British after 1826.
In the past, when any king or a warrior died in a battle, their severed heads were brought and buried here. When the Chutia kingdom fell to the Ahoms in 1524, the heads of the Chutia king and his son were also buried in the tomb of Charaideo.[11]
Excavation
[edit]
Being famous for its vault treasure Maidams also attracted many plunderers from Mughals, British to even local people, who have plundered the maidams multiple times. The earliest sketch of Maidam was made by 1848 by Serjeant C.Clayton who superintendent an excavation of a Maidam in the 1840s.
In 2000-02, Archaeological Survey of India, Guwahati circle excavated Maidam No. 2. It retained the characteristics of a full-fledged Maidam. The Maidam vault and covering earthen mound was made out of burned bricks, and encircled by an octagonal boundary wall. There was a hole at the roof of the Maidam indicating it was robbed earlier. The arched-shaped door of the maidam was found on the western side after it was excavated, which was originally covered with bricks and stone masonry. Though already robbed it still yielded several artefacts including skeleton remains of 5 individuals, ivory decorative pieces, several pieces of wooden objects (including a Xorai designed at the shape of a pillar), an ivory panel depicting royal Ahom insignia, carvings of elephants, peacock and floral motifs etc. The exact dating of this Maidam couldn't be done, but it is estimated at the first half of the 18th century.[9]
Notes
[edit]- ^ a b Gohain, Dr. BK (2009). Tai-ahom Janagosthi Aru Tai Parampara Ed. 1st. p. 283.
- ^ World Heritage List
- ^ Kalita 2023, Times of India, Unesco ICOMOS Expert Arrives At Assam's Charaideo District, Vying For World Heritage Status
- ^ Moidams – the Mound-Burial system of the Ahom Dynasty - UNESCO
- ^ Desai, Raha (2004), page 450, The Dying Earth People's Action, Nature's Reaction,ACB Publications,ISBN:9788187500216, 8187500212
- ^ (ASI 2007)
- ^ Brochure on moidams at Charaideo, Sivasagar, Government of Assam p. 04
- ^ Brochure on moidams at Charaideo, Sivasagar, Government of Assam p. 04
- ^ a b "Maidams at Charaideo" (PDF). 2014.
- ^ (Dutta & Das 2003)
- ^ Barua, G.C, "Ahom Buranji, p. 57
References
[edit]- Gogoi, Padmeswar (1976). Tai-Ahom Religion and cusotms (1st ed.). Publication Board, Gauhati, Assam.
- ASI (2007). "Group of Maidams, Charaideo". Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India. Archived from the original on 2009-04-10. Retrieved 2007-11-30.
- Dutta, Pullock; Das, Ripunjay (3 January 2003). "Bounty hunters beat ASI to tombs". The Telegraph (Kolkata). Archived from the original on May 25, 2011. Retrieved 2007-12-06.
- Das, Ripunjay (2006-01-19). "Saving Ahom kingdom - Local youths push for Unesco tag to protect Charaideo". The Telegraph (Kolkata). Archived from the original on May 25, 2011. Retrieved 2007-12-06.
- Terweil, B J (1979). "Tai Funeral Customs: Towards a Reconstruction of Archaic-Tai Ceremonies". Anthropos. 74 (3/4): 393–432. JSTOR 40460011.
External links
[edit]
- Moidams in Dibrugarh District, Assam
- Lachit Moidam The Moidam of Lachit Borphukan.
- Multi-crore rupee project to give facelift to Ahom maidams The Telegraph, August 4, 2006.