Mandobo language
Appearance
Mandobo | |
---|---|
Dumut | |
Kaeti | |
Native to | Indonesia |
Region | Mandobo District in Boven Digoel Regency, South Papua |
Native speakers | 30,000 (2002)[1] |
Dialects |
|
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | Either:bwp – Mandobo Bawahaax – Mandobo Atas |
Glottolog | mand1473 |
Mandobo, or Kaeti, is a Papuan language of Mandobo District in Boven Digoel Regency, South Papua, Indonesia.
Varieties
[edit]Ethnologue distinguishes two languages:
- Mandobo Bawah, spoken on the Lower Mandobo River
- Mandobo Atas, spoken on the Upper Mandobo River
Phonology
[edit]Vowels
[edit]Front | Central | Back | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Close | i | y | u | |
Mid | e | o | ||
Open | a |
Consonants
[edit]Labial | Alveolar | Dorsal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Plosive | voiceless | p | t | k |
prenasal | ᵐb | ⁿd | ᵑɡ | |
Nasal | m | n | ||
Rhotic | ɾ | |||
Approximant | w | j |
Evolution
[edit]Below are some Kaeti reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea proposed by Pawley (2012), drawn from McElhanon and Voorhoeve (1970).[3][4]
proto-Trans-New Guinea | Kaeti |
---|---|
*maŋgat[a] ‘teeth, mouth’ | magot |
*mVkVm ‘cheek’ | (a)moka (cf. Axu moxo pe) |
*maŋgV ‘compact round object’ | (Axu mügo ‘egg’) |
*amu ‘breast’ | am |
*k(o,u)ma(n,ŋ)[V] ‘neck, nape’ | koman |
*kumV- ‘die’ | kün (cf. Sawuy xom-, Wambon N. & Wambon S. kim-) |
*mVkVm ‘cheek, jaw’ | (a)moka ‘cheek’ |
*na ‘1SG’ | nø(p) |
*ni, *nu ‘1PL free pron.’ | no-güp |
*na- ‘eat’ | (Wambon en-) |
*k(o,u)ma(n,ŋ)[V] ‘neck, nape’ | koman |
*mb(i,u)t(i,u)C ‘fingernail’ | betit |
*imbi ‘name’ | üp |
*apa[pa]ta ‘butterfly’ | apap |
*k(a,o)ndok[V] ‘foot, leg’ | kodok |
*andu- ‘to cook’ | odu |
*mb(i,u)t(i,u)C ‘fingernail’ | betit |
*(ŋg,k)iti-maŋgV ‘eye’ | (?) kerop |
*(mb,p)ututu- ‘to fly’ | (?) bere(na) |
*kumut, *tumuk ‘thunder’ | komöt |
*maŋgat[a] ‘teeth, mouth’ | magot |
*ŋga ‘2SG’ | gu |
*maŋgat[a] ‘teeth, mouth’ | magot |
*maŋgV ‘compact round object’ | (Axu mügo ‘egg’) |
*ka(nd,t)(e,i)kV ‘ear’ | kere(top) |
*k(a,o)ndok[V] ‘foot, leg’ | kodok |
*ka(nd,t)apu ‘skin’ | kotae |
*kumbutu ‘wind’ | kiow |
*kin(i,u)- ‘sleep’ | kinum |
*kumV- ‘die’ | kün |
*k(o,u)ma(n,ŋ)[V] ‘neck’ | koman |
*kuya ‘cassowary’ | (Sawuy kuye) |
*kV(mb,p)(i,u)t(i,u) ‘head’ | (?) xebia(an) |
*mVkVm ‘cheek’ | (a)moka (cf. Axu moxo pe) |
*kutV(mb,p)(a,u)[C] ‘long’ | (?) guru(op) |
*ok[V] ‘water’ | ok |
*k(a,o)ndok[V] ‘foot’ | kodok |
Further reading
[edit]- Jang, Hong-Tae. 2003. Survey report on languages of southeastern foothills in Papua Merauke Regency of Papua, Indonesia. Manuscript.
- Lebold, Randy, Ronald Kriens and Yunita Susanto. 2013. A Report on the Bamgi, Kia, and Lower Digul River Language Survey in Papua, Indonesia. SIL International.
References
[edit]- ^ Mandobo Bawah at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Mandobo Atas at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) - ^ Voorhoeve, C. L. (2001). Proto-Awyu-Dumut phonology II. In Andrew Pawley and Malcolm Ross and Darrell Tryon (eds.), The Boy from Bundaberg: Studies in Melanesian Linguistics in Honor of Tom Dutton: Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University. pp. 361–381.
- ^ Pawley, Andrew (2012). Hammarström, Harald; van den Heuvel, Wilco (eds.). "How reconstructable is proto Trans New Guinea? Problems, progress, prospects". History, Contact and Classification of Papuan Languages (Language & Linguistics in Melanesia Special Issue 2012: Part I). Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea: Linguistic Society of Papua New Guinea: 88–164. hdl:1885/38602. ISSN 0023-1959.
- ^ McElhanon, Kenneth A. AND C.L. Voorhoeve. 1970. The Trans–New Guinea Phylum: explorations in deep-level genetic relationships. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.