Bangka Malay
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| Bangka Malay | |
|---|---|
| |
| بهاس بڠك | |
| Native to | Indonesia (Bangka-Belitung) |
| Region | Bangka |
| Ethnicity | Bangka Malay, Bangka Chinese, etc. |
Native speakers | 340,000 (2000 census)[1] |
| Dialects |
|
| Latin (Indonesian alphabet) Jawi (historical) | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | mfb |
| Glottolog | bang1365 |
| ELP | Bangka |
 Areas where Bangka Malay is a majority | |
Bangka or Bangka Malay (bahase Bangka or base Bangka, Jawi: بهاس بڠك), is a Malayic language spoken in Indonesia, specifically on the island of Bangka in the Bangka Belitung Islands of Sumatra. It is primarily spoken by the native Malay people of Bangka, as well as by immigrants from other parts of Indonesia and the Bangka Chinese, who use it as their second language in addition to their native Hakka. Bangka Malay is spoken exclusively on the island of Bangka, although it is related to Palembang Malay and Belitung Malay spoken on neighboring islands. There are five different dialects of Bangka Malay: the Pangkalpinang dialect, Mentok dialect, Belinyu dialect, Sungailiat dialect, and Toboali dialect. Each of these dialects has its own subdialects. Additionally, the Bangka Chinese community speaks their own dialect of Bangka Malay, which is influenced by Hakka. The differences between each of these dialects are mostly lies in their phonology and morphology, except for the Bangka Cina dialect, which also has slight differences in vocabulary.[2]
In Bangka, Bangka Malay serves as the lingua franca among the island's diverse ethnic groups. It has been influenced by Palembang Malay, owing to Bangka's historical association with the Palembang Sultanate,[3] as well as by Hakka, introduced by Chinese migrants,[4] and standard Indonesian, the national language of Indonesia. Bangka Malay differs significantly from standard Indonesian and other Malay dialects in terms of phonology, morphology, and lexicon, though they are generally mutually intelligible. It includes unique vocabulary that sets it apart from both standard Indonesian and other dialects.
Classification[edit]
Bangka Malay is a dialect of Malay. Speakers of the Malay language are spread from Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Southern Thailand, to the southernmost part of the Philippines. Malay is a member of the Austronesian family of languages, which includes languages from Taiwan, Southeast Asia and the Pacific Ocean, with a smaller number in continental Asia. Malagasy, a geographic outlier spoken in Madagascar in the Indian Ocean, is also a member of this language family. Although these languages are not necessarily mutually intelligible to any extent, their similarities are often quite apparent. In more conservative languages like Malay, many roots have come with relatively little change from their common ancestor, Proto-Austronesian language. There are many cognates found in the languages' words for kinship, health, body parts and common animals. Numbers, especially, show remarkable similarities.[5]
Bangka Malay is closely related to other Malay dialects like Palembang Malay and Belitung Malay spoken on nearby islands. However, Bangka Malay has its own distinct features in vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation that set it apart from standard Indonesian and other Malay varieties.
Geographic distribution and usage[edit]
Bangka Malay is exclusively spoken on Bangka and its surrounding islands, as well as by the Bangka diaspora living in other parts of Indonesia. However, Bangka Malay is not the only language spoken on the island. The Chinese community in Bangka, who migrated from Guangdong due to the booming tin mining industry in the 19th century, primarily speak Hakka or Mandarin, though many also speak Bangka Malay as a second language.[6] Additionally, due to transmigration policies enacted during the Dutch colonial era and continuing through the New Order, many immigrants from Java and other parts of Indonesia have settled in Bangka, bringing their own languages and cultures with them.
Like other regional languages in Indonesia, Bangka Malay serves as an important and effective means of communication, especially within family settings, among peers, and in informal gatherings.[7] In formal settings such as wedding parties, ceremonies, public meetings, and sermons in mosques or prayer rooms, people in Bangka almost always use Indonesian, sometimes mixed with Bangka Malay. Indonesian is also used in government offices, schools, and official ceremonies. While the language of instruction in schools is Indonesian, in the early grades of elementary school, teachers who are native to Bangka often use Bangka Malay to present lessons. In markets, Bangka Malay is generally used among Bangka people, while code-mixing with other regional languages, such as Palembang Malay, is common among people from outside Bangka.[8]
Bangka Malay holds a prestigious position among its speakers. This becomes apparent when students, university students, or officials returning from assignments outside Bangka converse with local elders or community leaders—they typically opt for Bangka Malay over Indonesian.[8] This choice of language conveys a deeper respect to the elders and community leaders compared to using Indonesian. In fact, speaking Indonesian in such contexts after returning from outside Bangka can be seen as disrespectful.[8]
Dialects[edit]
There are five recognized dialects of Bangka Malay, namely Mentok, Belinyu, Sungailiat, Pangkalpinang, and Toboali, each corresponding to administrative units in Bangka.[9] The Mentok dialect is often referred to as the West Bangka dialect, the Belinyu dialect as the North Bangka dialect, and the Toboali dialect as the South Bangka dialect. Meanwhile, the Sungailiat and Pangkalpinang dialects are collectively known as the Central Bangka dialect. In addition, the Chinese community in Bangka speaks a distinct dialect of Bangka Malay infused with Hakka influences.[10] Most of the differences among these dialects primarily lie in phonology and morphology, with vocabulary differences being relatively minor. For example, the Belinyu dialect shows significant phonological influence from Palembang Malay, where words that typically end with [a] change to [o], such as apa 'what' becoming apo, kita 'we' becoming kito, and tiga 'three' becoming tigo.[11][12] The Belinyu dialect also shares similar pronouns with Palembang Malay, such as kamek 'we (exclusive)', sayo 'I', and so on. Additionally, due to its interaction with Palembang Malay, the Belinyu dialect has adopted words from Javanese, including wong 'people' and lanang 'male'. Other Bangka Malay dialects, on the other hand, exhibit similarities with the Malay dialect spoken in Riau and Peninsular Malaysia, where words that typically end with [a] change to [e], such as apa 'what' becoming ape, rasa 'taste' becoming rase, and so on.[13]
There are some lexical differences among different dialects, but they are limited, and each dialect is mostly mutually intelligible with the others. Below are examples of lexical differences in Bangka Malay across various dialects:
| Standard Indonesian | West Bangka (Mentok) | North Bangka (Belinyu) | South Bangka (Toboali) | Central Bangka (Sungailiat and Pangkalpinang) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| hidup
'to live' |
idup | idup | idup | idup |
| orang
'people' |
orang | urang, wong | urong, urun | uran |
| kami
'we (exclusive)' |
kami | kamek | kami | kami |
| rumah
'house' |
romah | ruma | ruma | rumah |
| pergi
'to go' |
pegi | gi | gi | gi |
| tidur
'to sleep' |
tidok | tiduk | tiduk | tiduk |
| anak
'kid' |
budak | budak | berik | anak |
| semua
'all' |
semue | semuo | hamue | gale, segale |
The Bangka Cina dialect, spoken by the Chinese community in Bangka, incorporates loanwords from Hakka. For example, amoi 'Chinese girls', which is derived from the Hakka word â-moi (阿妹), cion 'beautiful', which is derived from the Hakka word chiâng (靚), and hoklo 'rich person', which is derived from the Hakka word ho̍k-ló (學佬).
Phonology[edit]
Bangka Malay, like many other regional languages in Indonesia, lacks a standardized phonological system. Each dialect may also have unique phonological features not found in other dialects.
Vowels[edit]
Like Indonesian, all Bangka Malay dialects have the same number of vowels, possessing six phonemic vowels: i, ə, e, a, o, and u.[14][15]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Mid | e | ə | o |
| Open | a |
Notes:
- In writing, /e/ and /ə/ are both represented as ⟨e⟩.
- Final /a/ in Baku Malay/Indonesian correspond to /ə/ in Bangka Malay, so Baku Malay/Indonesian ada /ada/ "to have" corresponds to Bangka Malay ade /adə/.
- Baku Malay/Indonesian /i/ and /u/ in closed syllables correspond to lower /e/ and /o/ in Bangka Malay, so Baku Malay/Indonesian pasir /pasir/ "sand" and taruh /taruh/ "to place" correspond to Bangka Malay paser /paser/ and tarok /taroʔ/.
Consonants[edit]
All Bangka Malay dialects have 19 consonants, similar to Indonesian and Standard Malay. However, there are some differences in the articulation of certain consonants. For example, in Standard Malay and Indonesian, the consonant "w" is an approximant velar consonant, while in Bangka Malay, "w" is an approximant labial consonant.[16][17]
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Alveopalatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |||
| Plosive/ | voiceless | p | t | t͡ʃ | k | ʔ | |
| voiced | b | d | d͡ʒ | ɡ | |||
| Fricative | s | h | |||||
| Approximant | w | y | |||||
| Trill | r | ||||||
| Lateral | l | ||||||
Notes:
- In writing, the following phonemes are represented as thus:
- /ʔ/ only occurs root-finally.
- Final /ʔ/ in some root words in Bangka Malay correspond to Standard Malay/Indonesian /h/ such as Bangka Malay tarok /taroʔ/ which corresponds to Standard Malay/Indonesian taruh /taruh/ "to place".
Diphthongs[edit]
In Bangka Malay, there are almost no words that begin with diphthongs. Generally, diphthongs are found at the end of words.[18] In all dialects of the Bangka Malay language, there are three diphthongs, namely /ay/, /oy/, and /aw/. The diphthongs /ay/ and /oy/ are fronting diphthongs, and the diphthong /aw/ is a backing diphthong. The use of these diphthongs can be seen below:
- /ay/: pantay 'beach', sungay 'river'
- /oy/: oy 'oi', amboy 'wow'
- /aw/: suraw 'surau', bulaw 'fur'
The Pangkalpinang dialect has two additional diphthongs, which are /ow/ and /ey/.[19] The Pangkalpinang dialect commonly employs the diphthongs /aw/ or /ow/ at the end of words, whereas other dialects typically use the vowel /u/. In addition, the Pangkalpinang dialect uses the diphthong /ey/ at the end of words, while other dialects use the vowel /i/ at the end of words. The use of these diphthongs can be seen below:
- /ow/: barow 'new' (other dialects: baru), batow 'stone' (other dialects: batu)
- /ey/: jarey 'finger' (other dialects: jari), kuncey 'key' (other dialects: kunci)
Grammar[edit]
Along with Indonesian, standard Malay, and other Malayic languages, the word order in Bangka Malay is typically subject-verb-object (SVO). While there are notable exceptions, the grammar structure of Bangka Malay shares many similarities with Indonesian and standard Malay.
Affixes[edit]
In Bangka Malay, like other Malayic languages, there are three types of affixes: prefixes, infixes, and suffixes.[20] Prefixes are affixes attached at the beginning of a word, suffixes are affixes added at the end of a word, and infixes are affixes inserted in the middle of a word.
Prefixes[edit]
In every dialect of Bangka Malay, there are seven prefixes: N-, be-, te-, di-, peN-, se- and ke-. Specifically in the Toboali dialect, the prefix se- changes to ke- based on its phonological characteristics.[21] These five dialects of Bangka Malay do not exhibit significant phonological changes in prefixes morphophonemically, in relation to other morphemes. In these dialects, the prefix N- changes to /n/ when followed by a word starting with a vowel phoneme. For example:
- N- + kapur 'calcium' → ngapur 'calcification'
- N- + kopi 'coffee' → ngopi 'to have a coffee'
- N- + kacaw 'messy' → ngacaw 'to mess up'
- N- + kapak 'axe' → ngapak 'to chop using an axe'
- N- + kunah 'chew' → ngunah 'to chew'
In those five dialects, the prefix N- changes to /n/ when followed by a word starting with the phoneme /g/. In the Mentok dialect, however, the phoneme /g/ does not undergo lenition, whereas in other dialects, the phoneme /g/ does undergo lenition. For example:
References[edit]
- ^ Bangka Malay at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Silahidin et. al. 1991, p. 66.
- ^ Abdullah, Husnial Husin (1983). Sejarah perjuangan kemerdekaan R.I. di Bangka-Belitung (in Indonesian). Karya Unipress.
- ^ Hariyanto, Prima; Zalmansyah, Achril; Endardi, Joni; Sukesti, Restu; Sumadi, Sumadi; Abidin, Zainal; Hastuti, Heksa; Syamsurizal, Syamsurizal; Taha, Mujahid; Ratnawati, Ratnawati (2023). "Language Maintenance and Identity: A Case of Bangka Malay". International Journal of Society Culture and Language (Online First). doi:10.22034/ijscl.2023.2002013.3030.
- ^ Adelaar, K. Alexander; Himmelmann, Nikolaus (2013-03-07). The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar. Routledge. ISBN 9781136755095.
- ^ Ibrahim, Ibrahim; Hidayat, Arief; Herza, Herza (2022-11-02). "Habituation of Chinese Subculture amid Bangka Malay Domination: The Role-sharing Politics". Society. 10 (2): 255–270. doi:10.33019/society.v10i2.424.
- ^ Mustafa et. al. 1984, p. 11.
- ^ a b c Mustafa et. al. 1984, p. 12.
- ^ Silahidin et. al. 1991, p. 6.
- ^ Arif et. al. 1984, p. 8.
- ^ Arif et. al. 1984, p. 35.
- ^ Saputra, Putra Pratama; Afifulloh, M (2020-06-19). "Pemetaan Penggunaan Bahasa Melayu Bangka" [Mapping the Use of Bangka Malay Language]. KREDO : Jurnal Ilmiah Bahasa dan Sastra (in Indonesian). 3 (2): 307–321. doi:10.24176/kredo.v3i2.4560. ISSN 2599-316X.
- ^ Kurniati, Kurniati; Utama, Budi (2018-04-25). "Konvergensi Bahasa Melayu Bangka: Kajian Dialektologi Tuturan Mahasiswa Bangka di Bandung" [The Convergence of Bangka Malay Language: A Dialectological Study of Bangka Students' Speech in Bandung]. Sirok Bastra (in Indonesian). 3 (1). doi:10.37671/sb.v3i1.51. ISSN 2621-2013.
- ^ Mustafa et. al. 1984, p. 18.
- ^ Arif et. al. 1984, p. 15.
- ^ Soderberg, Craig D.; Olson, Kenneth S. (2008). "Indonesian". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 38 (2): 209–213. doi:10.1017/S0025100308003320. ISSN 1475-3502.
- ^ Mustafa et. al. 1984, p. 24.
- ^ Silahidin et. al. 1991, p. 29.
- ^ Silahidin et. al. 1991, p. 30.
- ^ Mustafa et. al. 1984, p. 58.
- ^ Silahidin et. al. 1991, p. 37.
Bibliography[edit]
- Silahidin, Sofyan; Saleh, YuslizaI; Burhan, Ahyar (1991). Ragam dan Dialek Bahasa Bangka [Varieties and dialects of the Bangka language] (PDF) (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Department of Education and Culture. ISBN 979 459 105 X.
- Mustafa, Zulkarnain; Gani, Zainal Abidin; Silahiddin, Sofian; Saleh, Yuslizal; Aliana, Zainul Arifin (1984). Struktur Bahasa Melayu Bangka [Structure of the Bangka Malay language] (PDF) (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation.
- Arif, R.M; Nursato, Suwami; Gaffar, Zainal Abidin; Sulainum, H. Mas'ud; Saleh, Yuslizal (1984). Latar Belakang Sosial Bahasa Melayu Bangka [Social Background of the Bangka Malay language] (PDF) (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation.
- Susilo, Firman (2018). Kamus Bahasa Melayu Bangka - Indonesia [Bangka Malay - Indonesian Dictionary] (PDF) (in Indonesian). Pangkalpinang: Bangka-Belitung Language Center.
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