Money worship

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Money worship is a type of money disorder. The core driver of this behaviour is the belief that having more money will lead to greater happiness in the afterlife.[1]In modern society, "money is revered, feared, worshipped, and treated with the highest respect".[2] It is doubted that money cannot buy everything when people sell their organs, souls, and even children for money. Individuals with this disorder are obsessed with the idea that obtaining more money is necessary to make progress in life[3] and, at the same time, convinced that they will never have enough money to fulfil their needs or desires.

Money worship and types of money[edit]

Different forms of money may lead to different extents of money worship. A banknote has a given amount of value, so the extent to which a money worshiper spends is limited. On the other hand, credit cards offer almost unlimited amounts of money to the person, which can lead to high debt and negative psychological impacts such as higher anxiety levels.[4]

Susceptibility of money worship[edit]

[5] Younger, single and low-net worth individuals are more likely to engage in this behaviour,[6] which has also been linked to a higher probability of carrying over credit card debt from month to month. It has been suggested that young adults are most susceptible to money worship due to their higher impressionability[7] from social forces such as social media and peer groups. In addition, it has been suggested that social media promotes shopping, as many people, especially young adults, use social media to spend their fragmented time.[8] The content and advertisements seen may lead to increased shopping behaviour. Similar to web advertising, heavy web users tend to purchase more items from the Web, although not all purchases are rational.[9]

Money and Happiness[edit]

Money has been referred to as a "neglected"[10] field in psychology however, the studies which have been conducted regarding the paradox of happiness and income, and money worship often failed to find proof that more money leads to more happiness, only finding a positive relationship when looking at short-term effects. However, this does not prove that money cannot buy happiness, because people may not spend their income in the optimal way to increase happiness. Steven and Wolfer (2008) claimed that "cross-section data suggests that the answer to the question whether higher income leads to greater happiness is 'yes'; on the other, the time-series data say 'no'."

The time-series data often comes to the same conclusion as the Easterlin Paradox,[11] which illustrates how at a set point in time more income can make people happier however, this isn't constant, with happiness decreasing as time passes. Findings which support the Easterlin Paradox indicate that long-term happiness is not correlated with money increase but does come from other, personal factors such as shelter, friendship, family, and food[12] however, it is important to note that happiness is subjective[13] to each person therefore the reason behind it is not universal. Some people suggests that money brings happiness, but Wessman (1956) found correlations which suggest the opposite. Instead, the observed relation suggests that marriage, doing good, friendships, religion, and love are more likely to lead to happiness.[14] To a poor person, happiness could mean receiving a free apple from a good-hearted person. This aligns with the need theory that originates from Maslow's Hierarchy of needs.[15] Need theory[16] in the context of money promotes the view that money only brings happiness until all our basic needs are satisfied, after that it no longer increases our happiness. A study conducted by Princeton University researchers in 2010 revealed that happiness increased based on income up to around $75,000[17] dollars in a sample taken in the US, after this it tops out and no longer affects our happiness levels. Data derived from the Bureau of Labour Statistics found that the median necessary wage needed to live across the USA is $67,609[18] annually which aligns with the results of the Princeton study as both figures illustrate what is needed to meet our basic needs in life. Similar studies have been conducted in other countries, finding similar results.

Cross-section studies conducted on money worship include those comparing lottery winners subjective happiness to those of accident victims[19] or non-lottery winners finding that day-to-day happiness of lottery winners was the same with the main difference being what they perceived their future happiness would be, scoring it higher than the control groups. Furthermore, "every representative national survey ever done"[20] has found a positive relationship between happiness and income, this research provides empirical data that at set points in time, money can provide short-term happiness. Research has also been conducted on how age can affect our happiness from money,[21] revealing that younger adults are more influenced by money than older participants. When socio-demographic explanatory variables were included in the study of income and happiness, the only group that still had a positive relationship were young adults. This is supportive of the idea that younger adults are more Susceptible to money worship and that happiness from money is temporary, as the inclusion of socio-demographic explanatory variables made the relationship between happiness and money insignificant for middle-aged and old adults.

While these different studies reveal that money doesn't bring constant, long-term happiness, only short-term, the Skandia International Wealth Sentiment Monitor alongside other studies did reveal that as many as 80% of people worldwide still hold the view that money will bring them happiness (the range between individual countries is 68% in Germany to 93% in Brazil). This ongoing belief that it brings happiness can result in money worship being described as a behavioral addiction;[22] that is, a person's need to make money can affect their day-to-day life due to their growing focus on accumulating money. It can become a mood-altering experience and lead to emotional disruptions, sharing similarities with substance addictions. Their behavior becomes influenced and guided by their desire to make money due to the false belief that it will bring them happiness.

This belief presents much like money worship in science, as believers constantly desire more money, believing it to be a gift from God and that it would bring them happiness. Moreover, the Goddess Lakshmi[23] is worshipped every Friday and on certain festivals in Hinduism, she is believed to be responsible for wealth and good fortune. Some believers keep silver coins with her image in their homes believing it will bring them wealth. Other religions also have gods which represent money, such as Plutus, Oshun, and Mercury, amongst countless others. Money worship is a prominent theme across a variety of religions.

Extreme cases of money worship[edit]

The first case is the gold diggers, who trade sex for money. Sex is the commodity she offers and material or economic rewards is what she receive. This group of people are so heavily influenced by money worship that they view men as their means of making money. Also, this suggests that they believe someone’s worth is completely measured by the balance of his or her bank account, which is inaccurate as people also have skills, relationships, and talents.[24] Their sense of self-worth could be closely tied to their material possessions since the only contribution they can provide is sex. This group of people may have luxury obsessions, which can lead to financial irresponsibility and debt accumulation.

The second extreme case is when someone engages in compulsive gambling or pathological gambling. Pathological gamblers gamble more than others and build debt since losses outweigh wins in the long run. According to the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, pathological gamblers are preoccupied with gambling, need to gamble with more money to achieve excitement, are restless when attempting to stop gambling, etc.[25] Gamblers may end up with debts and family issues, which have a huge negative impact on their daily life. In worse cases, excessive gambling can lead to suicide when the debt is too large and inhibits one from more gambling. In a nationally representative sample of Canadians, it was found that there was a correlation between pathological gambling and attempted suicide.[26]

Mitigating the negative effects of money worship[edit]

The first approach is to promote financial literacy and education. In a cross-country study, it has been suggested that there is an urgent need to improve financial literacy, as the average rate of financial literacy found was at around 30%.[27] By implementing comprehensive financial education programs in schools and communities, individuals can be taught to make informed financial decisions such as budgeting, saving, and investing. This can help individuals to prioritize financial well-being over money worshipping. One example of financial education in the community is the International Federation of Finance Museums, which is a global organization that enhances financial literacy through exhibitions and exchange of resources.[27]

The second approach is to provide access to mental health resources and services to individuals with psychological issues related to money worship, such as compulsive buying disorder or anxiety about financial status. Specifically, providing access to counselling, therapy, and support groups may be useful for people to develop healthier attitudes towards money.

The third approach is to promote sustainable shopping and ethical consumption practices. In online shopping platforms, nudges that promote sustainable shopping can be implemented. For example, when someone is about to check out, a default option for carbon-free delivery is shown to increase the likelihood of individuals choosing this method of delivery. Furthermore, rewards such as discounts can be provided to individuals who purchase products that require less packaging. By making individuals aware of the environmental impact that their consumer choices can have, individuals are encouraged to prioritize ethical considerations over their materialistic wants. This may reduce money-worshipping behaviour and foster healthier purchasing behaviour in consumers.

References[edit]

  1. ^ Klontz, Brad; Kahler, Rick (24 May 2016). Facilitating Financial Health: Tools for Financial Planners, Coaches, and Therapists. National Underwriter Company. ISBN 978-1-941627-87-7.
  2. ^ Belk, Russell W.; Wallendorf, Melanie (March 1990). "The sacred meanings of money". Journal of Economic Psychology. 11 (1): 35–67. doi:10.1016/0167-4870(90)90046-c. ISSN 0167-4870.
  3. ^ Britt, Sonya L.; Klontz, Bradley; Tibbetts, Racquel; Leitz, Linda (2015). "The Financial Health of Mental Health Professionals". Journal of Financial Therapy. 6 (1). doi:10.4148/1944-9771.1076. ISSN 1944-9771.
  4. ^ Drentea, Patricia (2000). "Age, Debt and Anxiety". Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 41 (4): 437–450. doi:10.2307/2676296. ISSN 0022-1465. JSTOR 2676296. PMID 11198567.
  5. ^ "How Clients' Money Scripts Predict Their Financial Behaviors". Journal of Financial Planning, 25 (11): 33–49.
  6. ^ Klontz, Bradley; Britt, Sonya L; Mentzer, Jennifer; Klontz, Ted (2011). "Money Beliefs and Financial Behaviors: Development of the Klontz Money Script Inventory". Journal of Financial Therapy. 2 (1). doi:10.4148/jft.v2i1.451. ISSN 1944-9771.
  7. ^ Gwon, Seok Hyun; Jeong, Suyong (October 2018). "Concept analysis of impressionability among adolescents and young adults". Nursing Open. 5 (4): 601–610. doi:10.1002/nop2.170. PMC 6177548. PMID 30338106.
  8. ^ Jaffe, Catie (May 2019). "Part of the Advertising and Promotion Management Commons, Public Relations and Advertising Commons, Sales and Merchandising Commons, Social Media Commons, and the Social Psychology Commons". Retrieved 2024-03-20.
  9. ^ Korgaonkar, Pradeep; Wolin, Lori D. (2002-01-01). "Web usage, advertising, and shopping: relationship patterns". Internet Research. 12 (2): 191–204. doi:10.1108/10662240210422549. ISSN 1066-2243.
  10. ^ Argyle, Michael; Furnham, Adrian (23 October 2013). The Psychology of Money. Routledge. p. 2. ISBN 978-1-317-79871-2.
  11. ^ Beja, Edsel L. (1 December 2014). "Income growth and happiness: reassessment of the Easterlin Paradox" (PDF). International Review of Economics. 61 (4): 329–346. doi:10.1007/s12232-014-0211-y. S2CID 55620869.
  12. ^ Dolan, Paul; Peasgood, Tessa; White, Mathew (1 February 2008). "Do we really know what makes us happy? A review of the economic literature on the factors associated with subjective well-being". Journal of Economic Psychology. 29 (1): 94–122. doi:10.1016/j.joep.2007.09.001.
  13. ^ Lyubomirsky, Sonja; Lepper, Heidi S. (1 February 1999). "A Measure of Subjective Happiness: Preliminary Reliability and Construct Validation". Social Indicators Research. 46 (2): 137–155. doi:10.1023/A:1006824100041. S2CID 28334702.
  14. ^ "Publications | World Database of Happiness". Retrieved 2024-03-20.
  15. ^ Mathes, Eugene W. (October 1981). "Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs as a Guide for Living". Journal of Humanistic Psychology. 21 (4): 69–72. doi:10.1177/002216788102100406. S2CID 144424616.
  16. ^ Howell, Ryan T.; Kurai, Mark; Tam, Leona (1 January 2013). "Money Buys Financial Security and Psychological Need Satisfaction: Testing Need Theory in Affluence". Social Indicators Research. 110 (1): 17–29. doi:10.1007/s11205-010-9774-5. S2CID 12823.
  17. ^ Kahneman, Daniel; Deaton, Angus (21 September 2010). "High income improves evaluation of life but not emotional well-being". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107 (38): 16489–16493. Bibcode:2010PNAS..10716489K. doi:10.1073/pnas.1011492107. PMC 2944762. PMID 20823223.
  18. ^ "Psychologists: Occupational Outlook Handbook: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics". www.bls.gov.
  19. ^ Brickman, Philip; Coates, Dan; Janoff-Bulman, Ronnie (1978). "Lottery winners and accident victims: Is happiness relative?". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 36 (8): 917–927. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.36.8.917. PMID 690806.
  20. ^ Easterlin, Richard A. (2001). "Income and Happiness: Towards a Unified Theory". The Economic Journal. 111 (473): 465–484. doi:10.1111/1468-0297.00646. JSTOR 2667943.
  21. ^ Hsieh, Chang-Ming (2011). "Money and happiness: does age make a difference?". Ageing & Society. 31 (8): 1289–1306. doi:10.1017/S0144686X10001431. ISSN 1469-1779. S2CID 154993357.
  22. ^ Alavi, Seyyed Salman; Ferdosi, Masoud; Jannatifard, Fereshte; Eslami, Mehdi; Alaghemandan, Hamed; Setare, Mehrdad (2012). "Behavioral Addiction versus Substance Addiction: Correspondence of Psychiatric and Psychological Views". International Journal of Preventive Medicine. 3 (4): 290–294. ISSN 2008-8213. PMC 3354400. PMID 22624087.
  23. ^ Monaghan, Patricia (31 December 2010). Goddesses in World Culture. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-35465-6.
  24. ^ Stephens, Dionne P.; Phillips, Layli D. (2003-03-01). "Freaks, gold diggers, divas, and dykes: The sociohistorical development of adolescent African American women's sexual scripts". Sexuality and Culture. 7 (1): 3–49. doi:10.1007/BF03159848. ISSN 1936-4822.
  25. ^ American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596. ISBN 978-0-89042-555-8. Retrieved 2024-03-20. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  26. ^ Newman, Stephen C; Thompson, Angus H (September 2007). "The Association between Pathological Gambling and Attempted Suicide: Findings from a National Survey in Canada". The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 52 (9): 605–612. doi:10.1177/070674370705200909. ISSN 0706-7437. PMID 17953165.
  27. ^ a b Lusardi, Annamaria (2019-01-24). "Financial literacy and the need for financial education: evidence and implications". Swiss Journal of Economics and Statistics. 155 (1): 1. doi:10.1186/s41937-019-0027-5. hdl:10419/259733. ISSN 2235-6282.
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