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Navy of the Ukrainian People's Republic

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Navy of the Ukrainian People's Republic
Військово-морський флот Української Народної Республіки
Naval Ensign of the Ukrainian People's Republic
Active1917–1921

The Navy of the Ukrainian People's Republic (Ukrainian: Військово-морський флот Української Народної Республіки), was a marine military force of the Ukrainian People's Republic that was based on a free will of Imperial Russian Navy sailors to pledge allegiance to Ukraine. The force was never fully operational as the country constantly fought for its survival with the neighboring Soviet Russia. Eventually most of the Black Sea Fleet of the former Imperial Russian Navy was either sunk by the Bolsheviks or become part of expeditionary force of the White movement on evacuation.

History

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Medal of Ukrainian fleet of April 29, 1918.
Gunboat "Donets" of Ukrainian Naval Forces, July–November 1918
Ukrainian marines in 1921
Ukrainian warships in the port of Sevastopol, 1918

During 1917 Russian Revolution, several ships of the Russian Imperial Navy's Black Sea Fleet, commanded and crewed by ethnic Ukrainians, declared themselves the Navy of the newly autonomous Ukrainian People's Republic Black Sea Fleet commander Mikhail Sablin raised the colours of the Ukrainian National Republic on 29 April 1918.[1][2] However, few further steps on establishing a navy were made as the Ukrainian government lost control over coastal territories.

Starting October 1917 the crews of the ships established military councils; the blue-yellow flags were flying from the masts. The ships Zavidny [ru] and Russian cruiser Pamiat Merkuria (1907) were the first examples. The General Secretariat for Naval Affairs was established within the government of the Central Rada in Kyiv (in January 1918 it was reformed in a Ministry). The head of it became D. Antonovich. The Main Navy Staff was led by Captain Jerzy Świrski. For the educational and agitational purposes of the seamen the Central Rada seconded the commissars to Odessa, Nikolayev, Kherson and Sevastopol. On 22 November 1917, the whole crew of the newest and most powerful warship of the Black Sea Fleet Volya swore fealty to the Central Rada, followed soon by several ships and submarines. On 29 April 1918, Rear-admiral M. Sablin was appointed commander-in-chief of the Ukrainian Navy. A telegram to Kyiv was sent from the staff ship Georgiy Pobedonosets “Effective today the Sevastopol fortress and the Fleet in Sevastopol raised the Ukrainian flag. Admiral Sablin assumed the command of the Fleet”. Having no reply the admiral ordered to repeat the telegram beginning with the words “Comrades of Kyiv Central Rada...”. But Sablin was unaware that at that moment the Central Rada in Kyiv was already history.

Ukraine had a navy for five months. From October 1917 till March 1918 the following came to be at the disposal of the Ukrainians: nine battleships, seven cruisers, 18 destroyers, 14 submarines, 16 patrol ships and avisos, 11 military transports and mother ships. Additionally, the Fleet's Headquarters, all military institutions and plants, all coastal fortifications were in hands of the Ukrainians. But they were yet to face a disaster.

The Kaiser's forces had been advancing on Sevastopol with a goal to capture the Black Sea Fleet. Having no support from the land forces, Admiral Sablin was forced enter negotiations regarding cessation of hostilities. The Germans however rejected the armistice proposals and the advance continued.

In April 1918 German and Ukrainian troops invaded Crimea. On 29 April 1918, fleet-commanding Rear-admiral Sablin (Russian) gave an order to hoist Ukrainian national flags over all ships in Sevastopol (the medal to the right commemorates that event). But Germans started to occupy Sevastopol, because the bolsheviks began to lead away ships. Centroflot (the combined fleet revolutionary committee), in order to save the Fleet, took a decision to move it to Novorossiysk. But on April 30, 1918, only the small part of the fleet under command of Admiral Sablin, which trusted the bolsheviks, headed for Novorossiysk and hoisted Russian St. Andrew (saltire) ensigns. The greater part of the Ukrainian fleet remained in Sevastopol - there were 30 destroyers and torpedo boats, 25 auxiliaries, 7 battleships and small craft as well as 15 submarines left in Sevastopol under Admiral Myhaylo Ostrogradskiy who in this situation assumed command.

On 1 May 1918 Germans captured the ships remaining in Sevastopol, because the actions of Bolsheviks violated the peace agreement. On 17 June 1918, 1 dreadnought and 6 destroyers returned from Novorossiysk to Sevastopol, where they were also captured. The greater part of the ships remaining in Novorossiysk were destroyed by their own crews on Lenin's command. In July–November 1918 Germans gradually transferred many ships to the command of Ukrainian government (Hetman Pavlo Skoropadskyi). The main Ukrainian sea power concentrated in Odessa and Nikolayev was more than 20 minesweepers, 7 small cruisers, 1 dreadnought and more than 30 auxiliaries. In Sevastopol there were only 2 old battleships under Ukrainian flags. On 18 July 1918 the Naval Ministry in Kyiv established new naval ensigns and some rank flags (e.g. flag of Naval Minister, flag of Deputy Minister). The old Russian jack remained as Ukrainian naval jack. It was regarded as symbol of glory of Black Sea Fleet, whose crews were in large part previously Ukrainian. On 17 September Germans gives Ukraine 17 U-boats. In December 1918, when naval forces of the Entente were approaching Sevastopol, Ukrainian Rear-admiral V. Klokhkovskyy (В'ячеслав Клочковський) commanded all ships to hoist Russian St. Andrew (saltire) ensigns. It was a demonstration of good intentions for the Entente. However, the Entente captured the Black Sea Fleet and subsequently transferred it to the Russian "White" forces. In Ukrainian hands remained only small in numbers subdivisions of marines. Ukrainian naval authorities existed until 1921.

List of Ukrainian ships

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Blue and yellow flag on cruiser Pamiat Merkuria, November 1917

On October 17, 1917, the 2nd rank Captain Ye .Akimov was appointed the representative of the Central Council of Ukraine at the command of the Black Sea Fleet. In November 1917 in Sevastopol was established the Sahaidachny Sea Battalion (kurin) which on November 24, 1917, was sent to Kyiv to extinguish Bolshevik uprisings and participated in the Kyiv Arsenal January Uprising.

In December 1917 the Black Seas Fleet squadron under Ukrainian flags led by the Russian battleship Imperator Aleksandr III and included another cruiser and three destroyers participated in the evacuation of the 127th Infantry Division from Trebizond back to Ukraine.

On December 29, 1917, most of the Black Sea Fleet was taken over by Bolsheviks.

Black Sea Fleet

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Legacy

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On 29 April 2018 Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko and Prime Minister Volodymyr Groysman greeted Ukrainian Navy personnel on the 100th anniversary since the foundation of Ukraine's Navy.[3] The Black Sea Fleet raised the colours of the Ukrainian National Republic on 29 April 1918.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Operation Fleet For Ukraine, The Ukrainian Week (16 May 2011)
  2. ^ (in Russian) Crimean campaign of Peter Bolbochan in 1918, Radio Free Europe (April 2018)
  3. ^ Ukraine marks 100th anniversary of Ukraine's Navy, UNIAN (29 April 2018)
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