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Neurospora

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Neurospora
Neurospora crassa
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Sordariomycetes
Order: Sordariales
Family: Sordariaceae
Genus: Neurospora
Shear & B.O.Dodge (1927)
Type species
Neurospora sitophila
Shear & B.O.Dodge (1927)
Synonyms[1]
  • Gelasinospora Dowding (1933)
  • Anixiella Saito & Minoura (1948)
  • Anixiella Saito & Minoura ex Cain (1961)
  • Chrysonilia Arx (1981)
Oncom, made using Neurospora intermedia var. oncomensis

Neurospora is a genus of Ascomycete fungi. The genus name, meaning "nerve spore" refers to the characteristic striations on the spores that resemble axons.

The best known species in this genus is Neurospora crassa, a common model organism in biology. Neurospora intermedia var. oncomensis is believed to be the only mold belonging to Neurospora which is used in food production (to make oncom).[2]

Characteristics

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Neurospora species are molds with broadly spreading colonies, with abundant production of ascomata. Ascomata are superficial or immersed, perithecial and ostiolate or cleistothecial and non-ostiolate, hairy or glabrous, dark coloured. Peridium membranaceous, asci cylindrical, clavate or subspherical, with a persistent or evanescent wall, usually with a thickened and non-amyloid annular structure at the apex, usually 8-spored. Ascospores broadly fusiform, ellipsoidal, or nearly spherical, unicellular, hyaline to yellowish brown or olive-brown, becoming dark and opaque at maturity, ascospore wall with longitudinal ribs or pitted, occasionally nearly smooth, 1–2 (but rarely up to 12) germ pores disposed at the ends of the ascospores, gelatinous sheaths or appendages are absent. Anamorphs are known in only a relatively small number of species, which belong to the fungi imperfecti genus Chrysonilia. The type species of the genus is Neurospora sitophila Shear.[3]

Systematics

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The former genus Gelasinospora is closely related and not resolved as a distinct monophyletic group,[4] thus the former genus is nowadays included as a synonym of Neurospora.[3]

Species

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As model organisms

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Neurospora is widely used in genetics as a model organism (especially N. crassa) because it quickly reproduces, is easy to culture,[5] and can survive on minimal media (inorganic salts, glucose, water and biotin in agar).

The first studies of sexual reproduction in Neurospora were made by B. O. Dodge. Neurospora was later used by George Wells Beadle and Edward Lawrie Tatum in X-ray mutation experiments to discover mutants that would differ in nutritional requirements. The results of their experiments led them to the one gene-one enzyme hypothesis, in which they postulated that every enzyme was encoded with its own gene.

Research with Neurospora is reported semi-annually at the Neurospora Meeting at Asilomar, California, coordinated by the Fungal Genetics Stock Center. Mutant and wild-type strains of Neurospora are available from the FGSC. The FGSC also publishes the Fungal Genetics Reports.

Important people in Neurospora research:

Sexual reproduction

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In the heterothallic species Neurospora crassa, the interaction of haploid strains of opposite mating type is necessary for the occurrence of sexual reproduction and the production of ascospores by meiosis. Ascospores then restore haploid individuals of either mating type. The life cycle phase is thus predominantly haploid, however, upon mating, the nuclei do not immediately fuse: karyogamy is delayed until the very onset of meiosis. The resulting mycelium is called a heterokaryon and is neither diploid nor haploid. The genus Neurospora also includes homothallic species in which a single haploid individual carries both mating type loci and can undergo self-fertilization leading to meiosis and sexual reproduction. Neurospora africana is an example of such a species.[12][13] Additionally, some "Neurospora" species are said pseudohomothallic. They carry both mating types, but in separate nuclei in the same individual. Two haploid nuclei originating from the same meiosis are packaged into one ascospore.[14] The individual is thus permanently heterokaryotic. Examples of this mating system include "Neurospora tetrasperma" and "Neurospora tetraspora". Because heterothallic species necessarily undergo some degree of outcrossing they may benefit from a higher efficiency of selection because of higher effective recombination rates. In contrast, pseudohomothallic and homothallic species do not outcross (or rarely) and do not experience these benefits: in homothallics a reduced efficiency of negative selection has been shown.[15] However, both hetero- and pseudohomothallic species benefit from the masking of deleterious recessive alleles in the heterokaryotic phase. In addition, all species derive the benefits of meiosis that include the removal of stress-induced DNA damages by homologous recombinational repair, and the formation of stress-resistant ascospores.

References

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  1. ^ "Synonymy: Neurospora Shear & B.O. Dodge, J. Agric. Res., Washington 34: 1025 (1927)". Species Fungorum. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
  2. ^ Ho, C.C. (April 1986). "Identity and characteristics of Neurospora intermedia responsible for oncom fermentation in Indonesia". Food Microbiology. 3 (2): 115–132. doi:10.1016/S0740-0020(86)80035-1.
  3. ^ a b Garcia, D.; et al. (2004). "A synopsis and re-circumscription of Neurospora (syn. Gelasinospora) based on ultrastructural and 28S rDNA sequence data". Mycological Research. 108 (10): 1119–1142. doi:10.1017/s0953756204000218. PMID 15535064. S2CID 31673455.
  4. ^ Cai, L.; et al. (2006). "Phylogenetic investigations of Sordariaceae based on multiple gene sequences and morphology". Mycological Research. 110 (2): 137–150. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2005.09.014. PMID 16378718.
  5. ^ a b Dodge, B. O. (1932). "Crossing hermaphroditic races of Neurospora". Mycologia. 24 (1): 7–13. doi:10.2307/3753727. JSTOR 3753727.
  6. ^ Zimmer, E. M., August 1946, "MUTANT STRAINS OF NEUROSPORA DEFICIENT IN PARA-AMINOBENZOIC ACID", MA Thesis, Stanford University
  7. ^ Hollaender, A., Sansome E. R., Zimmer, E., Demerec, M., April 1945, "Quantitative Irradiation Experiments with Neurospora crassa. II. Ultraviolet Irradiation", American Journal of Botany 32(4):226-235 Also: "Quantitative effects of radiation on mutation production in Neurospora crassa", Records of the Genetics Society of America, Number Thirteen, 1944
  8. ^ a b Giles, N. H. Jr., Lederberg, E. Z., March 1948, "Induced reversions of biochemical mutants in Neurospora crassa", American Journal of Botany 35(3):150-157
  9. ^ Mitchell HK, Nyc JF (January 1948). "Hydroxyanthranilic Acid as a Precursor of Nicotinic Acid in Neurospora" (PDF). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 34 (1): 1–5. Bibcode:1948PNAS...34....1M. doi:10.1073/pnas.34.1.1. PMC 1062899. PMID 16588774.
  10. ^ Mitchell MB (April 1955). "Aberrant Recombination Of Pyridoxine Mutants of Neurospora". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 41 (4): 215–20. Bibcode:1955PNAS...41..215M. doi:10.1073/pnas.41.4.215. PMC 528059. PMID 16589648.
  11. ^ Merrow, M, Brunner M, Roenneberg T (June 1999). "Assignment of circadian function for the Neurospora clock gene frequency" (PDF). Nature. 399 (6736): 584–586. Bibcode:1999Natur.399..584M. doi:10.1038/21190. hdl:11370/f3afd147-0431-46a1-9471-3df73e14d070. PMID 10376598. S2CID 4422762.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ Glass NL, Smith ML (August 1994). "Structure and function of a mating-type gene from the homothallic species Neurospora africana". Mol. Gen. Genet. 244 (4): 401–9. doi:10.1007/bf00286692. PMID 8078466. S2CID 19747733.
  13. ^ Metzenberg RL, Glass NL (February 1990). "Mating type and mating strategies in Neurospora". BioEssays. 12 (2): 53–9. doi:10.1002/bies.950120202. PMID 2140508. S2CID 10818930.
  14. ^ Raju, N. B., Perkins, D. D. (1994). "Diverse programs of ascus development in pseudohomothallic species of Neurospora, Gelasinospora, and Podospora". Developmental Genetics. 15 (1): 104–118. doi:10.1002/dvg.1020150111. PMID 8187347.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ Nygren, Kristiina, Wallberg, Andreas, Samils, Nicklas, Stajich, Jason E., Townsend, Jeffrey P., Karlsson, Magnus, Johannesson, Hanna (2012). "Analyses of expressed sequence tags in Neurospora reveal rapid evolution of genes associated with the early stages of sexual reproduction in fungi". BMC Evol. Biol. 12 (3): 649–663. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.03.023. PMID 21439389.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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