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Non-cooperation movement (2024)

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This article is about movement focused on non-cooperation. For the quota reform movement, see 2024 Bangladesh quota reform movement.

Non-cooperation movement
Part of the Bangladesh protests (2022–2024)
People cheering in front of the prime minister's office after Sheikh Hasina's resignation
Date4–5 August 2024[1] (1 day)
Location
Bangladesh
Caused by
GoalsResignation of Sheikh Hasina and her cabinet
Methods
Resulted inProtests succeed
Parties
Lead figures

Collective leadership

Casualties and losses
Deaths: 142 protesters[7]

Injuries: 700+[8][9]
Deaths: 14 policemen[10] and 1 councilor

Injuries: 300+ policemen[11] and 20+ Awami League and Chhatra League members[citation needed]
Deaths: 1 journalist[12]
Injuries: 23 journalists[12]

The non-cooperation movement[a] was a protest against the government of Bangladesh, initiated within the framework of the 2024 Bangladesh quota reform movement. The sole demand of this movement was the resignation of Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina and her cabinet.[13][14]

Although initially limited to the goal of reforming quotas in government jobs, the movement snowballed into a mass anti-government uprising after the deaths of several protesters. The movement was also fueled by ongoing socio-economic and political issues, including the government’s mismanagement of the national economy, rampant corruption by government officials, human rights violations, allegations of undermining the country’s sovereignty by Sheikh Hasina, and increasing authoritarianism and democratic backsliding.[15][16][17][18][19]

On 3 August 2024, coordinators of the Anti-discrimination Students Movement announced a one-point demand for the resignation and called for "comprehensive non-cooperation".[20][21] The following day, violent clashes broke out, resulting in the deaths of 97 people, including students. The coordinators called for a long march to Dhaka to force Hasina out of power on 5 August. That day, a large crowd of protesters made its way through the capital.[22] At 2:30 p.m. BST, Sheikh Hasina resigned and fled with her sister Sheikh Rehana to India.[23]

Background

Main article: 2024 Bangladesh quota reform movement

During the quota reform movement in 2024, participants—particularly students—faced resistance, mass arrests, and numerous deaths and injuries at the hands of police and other security forces. Six coordinators of the initial quota reform movement were also detained and were forcefully made to announce the conclusion of the protests by the Detective Branch (DB) of the Dhaka Metropolitan Police (DMP). These events and authoritarianism fuelled people's anger against the government. On the morning of 3 August, one of the movement coordinators, Asif Mahmud, stated in a Facebook post that they would start a "non-cooperation movement" against the government, saying that it would be similar to that of "March '71".[24] In the afternoon, Prime Minister Hasina proposed talks with the protesters, saying that "The doors of Ganabhaban (the Prime Minister's official residence) are open".[25]

The Anti-discrimination Students Movement previously called for day-long protest programes on 3 August. After day-long protests, students and ordinary people gathered at the Central Shaheed Minar area with protest marches from different parts of Dhaka.[26] At around 5:30 p.m., Nahid Islam, one of the coordinators, addressed the assembled crowd at Shaheed Minar and announced that the movement's exclusive demand was the resignation of Hasina and her cabinet. He also called for a comprehensive non-cooperation movement starting from 4 August[27][28][29][30] and announced that they had no plans to negotiate with the government. He added that "we were forcefully offered to sit in talks with the Prime Minister. But we protested against this proposal by going on a hunger strike in DB custody."[31]

Timeline

4 August

Thousands of protesters gathered at the Shahbag intersection in the morning, obstructing it as a form of civil disobedience to demand the government's resignation.[32]

At least 97 people lost their lives nationwide in confrontations, shootings, and pursuits related to the Non-cooperation movement. Fourteen police officers were killed across the country, with 13 deaths occurring at the Enayetpur police station in Sirajganj. Another officer was killed in Eliotganj, Comilla.[33] Twenty-seven police facilities were attacked and vandalized, and a hundred policemen were injured in these incidents, according to an official statement by the Bangladesh Police.[11]

In Dhaka, unidentified individuals set fire to and damaged various vehicles, including cars, ambulances, motorcycles, and buses, at the Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University during the protests.[34] By 12:00 p.m., users across the country reported internet inaccessibility.[35] The government ordered the closure of Facebook, Messenger, WhatsApp, Instagram, and all other Meta-owned services, directing internet service providers to comply after 1:00 p.m.[36] Later, the Minister of Information and Broadcasting Mohammad A. Arafat confirmed that some social media platforms were blocked temporarily to prevent rumors from spreading amid protests.[37] An indefinite nationwide curfew was imposed starting at 6:00 p.m.[38][39] Additionally, all courts were also ordered to close indefinitely.[40]

The government declared a three-day general holiday starting from 5 August, during which banks will also remain closed.[41] The Anti-Discrimination Students Movement confirmed their intention to march towards Dhaka on 6 August to demand the Prime Minister's resignation.[42] The Bangladesh University Teachers' Network proposed a framework for an interim government, suggesting it be composed of teachers, judges, lawyers, and representatives from civil society, reflecting the views of various civil and political groups for a democratic transition.[43]

Asif Mahmud, a coordinator of the Anti-Discrimination Students Movement, announced that their march to Dhaka has been rescheduled to 5 August, instead of 6 August. He called on protesters and civilians nationwide to march toward the capital and participate in the civil disobedience.[44] Several former Bangladesh Army officers, including former chief of staff Iqbal Karim Bhuiyan, held a press briefing urging soldiers to return to camps and refrain from getting involved in the political crisis or being used against civilians.[45][46]

5 August

The Anti-discrimination Students Movement rejected the curfew.[47] In response to calls for the march to Dhaka, DMP Commissioner Habibur Rahman warned of zero tolerance, saying that firm legal action will be taken against those who violate the curfew.[48] It was reported that Hasina had been taken to a "safe shelter".[49] Up to 135 people were killed during protests that day.[50] Additionally, the resignation of Sheikh Hasina[51] accomplished the goal of the movement, which was to end the incumbent government's rule.

Resignation of Sheikh Hasina

On 5 August 2024, at around 3:00 p.m. BST (09:00 GMT), Prime Minister Hasina resigned and fled the country on a helicopter with her sister, Sheikh Rehana to India, Hasina's biggest ally,[2][23][52][3] arriving in Delhi via Agartala. Although she intended to record a speech, she did not have the opportunity to do so.[53]

Storming of Ganabhaban

People occupying the Ganabhaban

Around 3:00 p.m. BST, protesters breached the gates of the Ganabhaban and entered the Prime Minister's residence looting, vandalizing and destroying numerous items, including furniture.[54] They rummaged office files[55] and sat on her bed as well as her chair to take selfies.[56] Some protesters ate food and stole live animals,[57][58] while others took Hasina's luxury Dior suitcase and her sarees.[59]

Sheikh Hasina's departure

It was reported that Hasina and her sister Sheikh Rehana fled Dhaka aboard a military helicopter[60] before switching aircraft at a Bangladesh Air Force base at Kurmitola at about 14:25 BST. Initial reports suggested Hasina's flight, a C-130 transport with the callsign AJAX1431, would land in Agartala, in the Indian state of Tripura. AJAX1431 switched off its transponder at around 17:00 local time over Lucknow, rendering the aircraft untraceable. Shortly, she was reported to have landed at the Hindan Air Force Station in Ghaziabad, on the outskirts of the Indian capital New Delhi and was reportedly received by the Indian National Security Advisor, Ajit Doval at the base.[61][62] Her arrival in Delhi was subsequently confirmed by Indian foreign minister S. Jaishankar.[63] As of 6 August, Sheikh Hasina is living in a secret location within India under tight security.[61]

Flightradar24 reported that her flight was, at one point, the most tracked flight worldwide, with other civilian aircraft travelling into and out of Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport in Dhaka also being highly tracked.[64] She is expected to proceed to London for her safe passage[65] and seek political asylum in the United Kingdom, where Rehana's eldest daughter, Labour Party MP Tulip Siddiq is Economic Secretary to the Treasury under the incumbent Prime Minister Keir Starmer, while her youngest daughter Azmina Siddiq works for Control Risks as a global risk analysis editor.[66] However, such plans are believed to be on hold due to indications from the UK government that she would not receive legal protection from investigations into the violence in Bangladesh.[61]

Aside from Sheikh Hasina, several figures from her government and the Awami League were reported to have fled Bangladesh or tried to do so, including former ministers Zunaid Ahmed Palak and Hasan Mahmud, who were detained at Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport on 6 August.[67][68]

Violence

On the same day Hasina resigned, protesters vandalized statues of her father Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the former president of Bangladesh, in Dhaka.[69] They also set the Awami League's headquarters in Dhaka ablaze as well. The vandalizing of Mujibur Rahman's statues have been compared with that of Saddam Hussain's statue in Baghdad on 2003. Houses or businesses of several Awami League leaders and activists were attacked[b]. The Indira Gandhi Cultural Centre operated by the Indian Council for Cultural Relations and Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's residence in Dhanmondi where he and his family were assassinated by military personnel in 1975, known as Bangabandhu Memorial Museum, were burnt and ransacked by the demonstrators.[86][87][88] Two pro-government television stations were also forced off-air after being torched by demonstrators,[89] including ATN Bangla.[90] The Jatiya Sangsad Bhaban, which houses the Parliament of Bangladesh, was also stormed by protesters[91] who took 40 weapons from the building's security, although these were later returned by students.[92] The house of the Chief Justice of Bangladesh was vandalized by rioters who climbed the walls.[72]

An Awami League office in Chittagong was also set ablaze.[72] Two vehicles of Border Guard Bangladesh were set ablaze by the rioters and five were killed in clashes between BGB and demonstrators.[93] Jails were attacked in the Satkhira and Sherpur districts, leading to prisoners escaping,[94][95] including 596 in Satkhira alone.[96] An Awami League leader in Satkhira was hacked to death along with four associates after fatally shooting three members of a crowd that attacked his residence.[97] An installation of Bangladesh Ansar was also vandalized and partially burnt. Ansar retaliated by killing two demonstrators.[98] In Bogra, a police station was attacked and an Awami League office was set ablaze.[99] A violent mob attacked Baniachang police station in Habiganj and set it ablaze. Police retaliated killing six rioters, a total of 150 including police personnel were wounded in the incident.[100] Six people were killed and more than a hundred wounded in Kushtia when police opened fire on rioters.[101] Seven police stations were burnt and destroyed in Chittagong.[102] In Manikganj, a police station was vandalized, in retaliation police killed a demonstrator.[103] A peaceful victory march by demonstrators was carried out in Srimangal but police opened fire wounding more than a hundred.[104] In Jessore, at least 24 people, including an Indonesian national, were killed after a hotel belonging to a district leader of the Awami League was set on fire.[105] Two union council chairs were beaten to death by mobs in separate incidents in Khulna and Chandpur.[106][107] Clashes between BGB and demonstrators led to the deaths of six including a BGB soldier in Ghazipur.[108] Five people were killed in a clash between Awami League leaders and activists in Kishoreganj, hundreds of people including journalists were injured in the clash.[109]

Violence against Hindus also took place, with the killing of Kajal Roy, a Hindu councillor from the Awami League in Rangpur. Properties, houses and temples belonging to the Hindu community were burned or vandalized.[110][111][112] In total, attacks on Hindus occurred in 30 districts, including Chittagong, Netrakona and Feni.[113][114] The Ahmadiyya community in Panchagarh district was also attacked, with approximately 50 of their houses being set ablaze.[115]

Operations at Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport in Dhaka were suspended for eight hours.[96] The holding of the Higher Secondary Certificate examinations scheduled on 11 August was postponed after question papers were damaged in the attacks on police stations.[116]

Aftermath

Restoration of services

According to reports, broadband internet was restored around 1:00 p.m. BST on 5 August,[117] and cellular internet access after 2:00 p.m. BST,[118] although access to social media platforms remained suspended.[119][120] The curfew was lifted on 6 August, while offices, businesses and schools were allowed to reopen on the same day.[121]

Interim government formation

Main article: Interim Government of Bangladesh

On 5 August, the Chief of Army Staff, Waker-uz-Zaman, met representatives of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party, Jatiya Party (Ershad) and Jamaat-e-Islami[122] and called for the creation of an interim government within 48 hours excluding the Awami League.[123] It was later reported that Nobel laureate Muhammad Yunus had been approached to be the head of the interim government. Other possible names for the head of government include former governor of Bangladesh Bank Salahuddin Ahmed, retired General Jahangir Alam Chowdhury and lawyer Sara Hossain.[124] The nomination of Yunus, who accepted an offer to advise the interim government, has also been supported by key figures in the student movement.[125] Waker also pledged an investigation by the military into the preceding violence and ordered security forces not to fire on crowds.[126]

President Mohammed Shahabuddin ordered the release of all students detained during the protests as well as former prime minister and Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) chairperson Khaleda Zia,[50] who was also a long-time political rival of Sheikh Hasina, following a unanimous decision taken at a meeting with major opposition parties and the heads of the armed services.[127] On 6 August, Shahabuddin dissolved the Jatiya Sangsad[128] following an ultimatum from the student movement that threatened more demonstrations. A reshuffle was also conducted in the Bangladesh Armed Forces.[96]

Police strike

On 6 August, the Bangladesh Police Association launched a strike demanding security guarantees for its members. It also apologised for the police force's role in the violence but said that its officers had been "forced to open fire" and were cast as the “villain.”[129]

Reactions

Mass victory rally after the resignation of Hasina at Dhaka Elevated Expressway

Domestic

Tarique Rahman, the London-based acting chair of the BNP, said that "Hasina’s resignation proves the power of the people"[130] and called for "restraint".[96] Muhammad Yunus, who was in Paris for a medical operation, called Hasina's resignation Bangladesh's "second Liberation Day"[131] and pledged to return to Bangladesh "immediately" after accepting a request by the student movement to advise the interim government.[132]

International

  •  EU: Vice-President of the European Commission, Josep Borrell called for "calm and restraint" stating orderly and peaceful transition towards a democratically elected government is vital. He added that human rights and democratic principles must be respected.[133]
  •  India: The Ministry of External Affairs stated that the Government of India is closely monitoring the developments in Bangladesh, and assured continuous support to its nationals.[134] It urged Indian citizens to exercise extreme caution in Bangladesh, and stay in close contact with the High Commission of India in Dhaka. India put its Border Security Force on high alert on its 4,096 km common border with Bangladesh. India also cancelled trains and flights to Dhaka,[135] while the state government of Meghalaya imposed a night-time curfew on areas bordering Bangladesh. Goods traffic at the Petrapole border crossing was suspended.[136]
  •  UK: Foreign Secretary David Lammy called for the UN to do a complete and independent investigation into the events of the past few weeks in Bangladesh.[133] The spokesperson of Prime Minister Keir Starmer expressed called the violence "completely unacceptable" and expressed concern over the "significant loss of life, including of students, children and law enforcement officers". Celebrations were held by the Bangladeshi community in Whitechapel, London over Sheikh Hasina's ouster.[130]
  •  UN: Secretary-General António Guterres urged for a "peaceful, orderly and democratic transition". His spokesperson Farhan Haq called for an independent, impartial and transparent investigation into the violence.[133]
  •  USA: The White House called for a democratic interim government formation and urged all parties to stop further violence and restore peace swiftly.[137] US citizens were urged not to travel to Bangladesh “due to civil unrest, crime, and terrorism” in an advisory released on 6 August.[96]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Bengali: অসহযোগ আন্দোলন; also known as the one-point movement (Bengali: এক দফা আন্দোলন)
  2. ^ including Former President of Bangladesh Mohammad Abdul Hamid,[70] Asaduzzaman Khan,[71] Rezaul Haque Chowdhury, Mashrafe Mortaza,[72][73] Zunaid Ahmed Palak, MP Shafiqul Islam Shimul,[74] Sadhan Chandra Majumder and MP in Naogon,[75] Ajmeri Osman,[76] A. K. M. Bahauddin,[77] Anisul Huq,[78] Shaheen Chakladar[79] Nazmul Hassan,[80] an Upazila chairman in Jhenaidah,[81] four Jubo League activists in Chuadanga,[82] Selim Khan[83] Serniabat Sadiq Abdullah[84] Shajahan Khan and AFM Bahauddin Nasim[85]

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