Penicillium camemberti
| Penicillium camemberti | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Eurotiomycetes |
| Order: | Eurotiales |
| Family: | Aspergillaceae |
| Genus: | Penicillium |
| Species: | P. camemberti
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| Binomial name | |
| Penicillium camemberti Thom (1906)
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| Synonyms[1] | |
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Penicillium camemberti is a species of fungus in the genus Penicillium. It is used in the production of Camembert, Brie, Langres, Coulommiers, and Cambozola cheeses, on which colonies of P. camemberti form a hard, white crust. It is responsible for giving these cheeses their distinctive flavors. An allergy to the antibiotic penicillin does not necessarily imply an allergy to cheeses made using P. camemberti.[2]
When making soft cheese that involves P. camemberti, the mold may be mixed into the ingredients before being placed in the molds, or it may be added to the outside of the cheese after it is removed from the cheese molds.[3] P. camemberti is responsible for the soft, buttery texture of Brie and Camembert, but a too high concentration may lead to an undesirable bitter taste.[4]
Using PCR techniques, cheese manufacturers can control cheesemaking by monitoring the mycelial growth of P. camemberti.[5] This is particularly significant, as controlling the growth is important to maintain desirable levels of compounds for flavor and to keep toxicity at a safe level.
History
[edit]The fungus was first described by Dr. Charles Thom in 1906.[6] It is considered to be a great subject for experiments and tests, as the fungus thrives well in artificial situations, creates dense, enzymatic mycelia, and is readily available in markets from cheeses. P. camemberti is also important economically for the cheese industry.[7]
The fungus originated through artificial selection of P. biforme around 1900, which in turn was a result of artificial selection among P. fuscoglaucum.[8]
The complete genome sequence of P. camemberti was published in 2014.[9]
In 2024, the French National Centre for Scientific Research warned that the spore-producing ability of albino strains of P. camemberti has declined due to prolonged vegetative reproduction. The Norman cheese industry now struggles to find enough spores to inoculate their cheese with.[10]
Taxonomy
[edit]Twenty-four isolates of Penicillium species are known, resulting in “considerable taxonomic confusion”. However, these strains are only antigenically related, having similarities in micromorphology, growth rates, toxin production, and the ability to grow in water and at low temperatures. These isolates can be grouped into nine subdivisions below the species level.[11]
There is some degree of disagreement on how to deliminate P. camemberti from closely-related species, namely P. biforme, P. fuscoglaucum, and P. caseifulvum.
- In a traditional "lumping" scheme, P. biforme and P. fusoglaucum are united in P. commune Thom.[11]
- In the MycoBank scheme, as of February 2024, P. commune (includes P. fusoglaucum), P. biforme, P. camemberti, and P. caseifulvum are each "current".[12]
- Ropars et al. (2020) recognizes P. fusoglaucum, P. biforme, and P. camemberti. They list two varieties under P. camemberti:
- P. camemberti var. "camemberti", the lineage found in Camembert and Brie. White colonies, slow radial growth, fluffy mycelia. Produces cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), a mycotoxin.[8]
- P. camemberti var. "caseifulvum", the lineage found in cheeses other than Camembert, such as St. Marcellin and Rigotte de Condrieu. Grey-green colonies, faster rate of growth on cheese (comparable to P. biforme), unable to produce CPA.[8]
Toxic properties
[edit]As a fungus, P. camemberti can produce toxins, in this case, cyclopiazonic acid. The amount of the mycotoxin produced depends on the strain of P. camemberti, as well as the temperature[which?] at which the culture is grown. Additionally, the toxin is typically more concentrated on the crust of the fungus rather than the inner part. In regard to safety, generally, consumers would only receive lower than a 4 μg dose of cyclopiazonic acid. Still, using weaker strains of the fungus is advised, since the secretion of the toxin appears to be natural and necessary, but unhealthy for cheese consumers.[13]
Use in other foods
[edit]Since P. camemberti is responsible for the main flavor and odor of popular cheeses, the fungus can be used for the flavoring of other foods, such as dry, fermented sausages. José M. Bruna and his team saw that the flavor comes from compounds produced by the fungus, such as ammonia, methyl ketones, primary and secondary alcohols, esters, and aldehydes, and decided to superficially inoculate P. camemberti on dry, fermented sausages to improve its sensory properties. P. camemberti promotes proteolysis and lipolysis, which is the breakdown of proteins and lipids, resulting in free amino acids, free fatty acids, and volatile compounds that allow for the ripened flavor. The fungus created a mycelium, protecting the lipids within, allowing for better flavor and odor of sausages. This is a potential starter culture for dry, fermented sausages.[14]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "Penicillium camemberti Thom, U.S.D.A. Bureau of Animal Industry Bulletin, 82: 33, 1906". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2013-09-12.
- ^ Wolke, Robert L. "Cheese Course". Washington Post. Retrieved 25 July 2014.
- ^ Helweg, Richard (2010). The Complete Guide to Making Cheese, Butter, and Yogurt at Home: Everything You Need to Know Explained Simply. Atlantic Publishing Company. pp. 148–149. ISBN 9781601383556.
- ^ Michelson, Patricia (2010). Cheese: Exploring Taste and Tradition. Gibbs Smith. p. 12. ISBN 9781423606512. Retrieved September 12, 2013.
- ^ Dréan, G. Le; Mounier, J.; Vasseur, V.; Arzur, D.; Habrylo, O.; Barbier, G. (31 March 2010). "Quantification of Penicillium camemberti and P. roqueforti mycelium by real-time PCR to assess their growth dynamics during ripening cheese". International Journal of Food Microbiology. 136 (1–2): 100–107. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.12.013. PMID 20060187.
- ^ Thom C. (1906). "Fungi in cheese ripening; Camembert and Roquefort". U.S.D.A. Bureau of Animal Industry Bulletin. 82: 1–39 (see p. 33).
- ^ Dox, Arthur Wayland (1910). The Intracellular Enzymes of Penicillium and Aspergillus. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Bureau of Animal Industry. p. 70.
- ^ a b c Ropars, J; Didiot, E; Rodríguez de la Vega, RC; Bennetot, B; Coton, M; Poirier, E; Coton, E; Snirc, A; Le Prieur, S; Giraud, T (16 November 2020). "Domestication of the Emblematic White Cheese-Making Fungus Penicillium camemberti and Its Diversification into Two Varieties". Current Biology. 30 (22): 4441–4453.e4. Bibcode:2020CBio...30E4441R. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2020.08.082. PMID 32976806.
- ^ Cheeseman K, Ropars J, Renault P, et al. (2014). "Multiple recent horizontal transfers of a large genomic region in cheese making fungi". Nature Communications. 5: 2876. Bibcode:2014NatCo...5.2876C. doi:10.1038/ncomms3876. PMC 3896755. PMID 24407037.
- ^ Harmi, Mehdi (January 16, 2024). "French cheese under threat". CNRS News.
- ^ a b Polonelli, L.; Morace, G.; Rosa, R.; Castagnola, M.; Frisvad, J.C. (1987). "Antigenic characterization of Penicillium camemberti and related common cheese contaminants". American Society for Microbiology. 53 (4): 872–878. Bibcode:1987ApEnM..53..872P. doi:10.1128/AEM.53.4.872-878.1987. PMC 203771. PMID 3579286.
- ^ MycoBank: https://www.mycobank.org/page/Name%20details%20page/18729, https://www.mycobank.org/page/Name%20details%20page/18590, https://www.mycobank.org/page/Name%20details%20page/51589
- ^ Bars, J. Le (1979). "Cyclopiazonic acid production by Penicillium camemberti Thom and natural occurrence of this mycotoxin in cheese". American Society for Microbiology. 38 (6): 1052–1055. Bibcode:1979ApEnM..38.1052L. doi:10.1128/aem.38.6.1052-1055.1979. PMC 291243. PMID 526014. S2CID 40015269.
- ^ Bruna, José M.; Hierro, Eva M.; de la Hoz, Lorenzo; Mottram, Donald S.; Fernández, Manuela; Ordóñez, Juan A. (15 August 2003). "Changes in selected biochemical and sensory parameters as affected by the superficial inoculation of Penicillium camemberti on dry fermented sausages". International Journal of Food Microbiology. 85 (1–2): 111–125. doi:10.1016/s0168-1605(02)00505-6. PMID 12810276.
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