Peter Barbour

Peter Barbour
Peter Barbour
3rd Director-General of Security
	In office; 22 January 1970 – 28 September 1975
Prime Minister	John Gorton; William McMahon; Gough Whitlam
Preceded by	Sir Charles Spry
Succeeded by	Frank Mahony
Personal details
Born	5 October 1925; Geelong, Victoria, Australia
Died	7 November 1996 (aged 71); Stirling, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
Spouse	Penelope Elizabeth Nuttall (m. 1951)
Alma mater	University of Melbourne
Occupation	Intelligence officer
Military service
Allegiance	Australia
Branch/service	Australian Army
Years of service	1944–1946
Rank	Sergeant

Peter Robert Woolnough Barbour (5 October 1925 – 7 November 1996)^[1] was an Australian intelligence officer and diplomat. He was also the Director-General of Security leading the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation (ASIO) from 1970 to 1975.

Early life

Barbour was born in Geelong, Victoria into a family of educators. He was schooled at Scotch College, Adelaide and Geelong Church of England Grammar School.^[2]^[3] His father was warden of the University of Melbourne Union, and Barbour commenced in residence at Trinity College, Melbourne in 1947, while undertaking studies in Latin and German at the University of Melbourne before joining the Australian Army during World War II.^[4] Following his army service, he returned to Melbourne University to study a Master of Arts in German, but was recruited into ASIO in April 1951 before he completed the degree.^[5]

Intelligence and diplomatic career

Barbour's early work at ASIO saw him posted to the Netherlands and Italy as an immigration official, to prevent Communists migrating to Australia. In 1959, he was posted to ASIO's Canberra office as head of counterespionage. His role in entrapping the Soviet diplomat and KGB agent Ivan Skripov^[6] gave a boost to his career, and he became head of the Canberra office in 1964, Deputy Director-General in 1965 and in 1970 was promoted to Director-General.^[5] Barbour is the only Director-General of ASIO to have been appointed from within the organisation.^[7]

At the time of Barbour's appointment, ASIO was seen by many Australians as politically compromised, and had been passing information to the Menzies government regarding suspected Communists and Soviet agents associated with the Australian Labor Party. The day after the election of Labor's Gough Whitlam as Prime Minister in 1972, Whitlam's soon-to-be appointed Attorney-General Lionel Murphy (ASIO's responsible minister), met with Barbour to inform him in no uncertain terms that the agency's days of autonomy and lack of ministerial and parliamentary oversight were over.^[8] The ensuing strained relationship between the Whitlam government and ASIO culminated when Murphy raided its Melbourne headquarters on 15 March 1973. Barbour was dismissed by Whitlam on the 17 September 1975. the Whitlam government announced that Barbour was to be posted to the United States as Australian Consul-General in New York. In 1978, he took a consular role in Los Angeles, and from 1981 to 1984 he was appointed Australia's Ambassador to Venezuela.^[9]

The reasons for Barbour's sudden dismissal by Whitlam were never officially explained. Confidential documents released by the National Archives in 2008 revealed that Barbour's dismissal was by bipartisan agreement between Whitlam and Opposition Leader Malcolm Fraser, and had been recommended by Justice Robert Hope as part of the Hope Royal Commission into the intelligence services. In a record written by Barbour he said that Whitlam pointed that "morale in the Organisation [ASIO] was poor and that there were unsatisfactory administrative aspects", Whitlam also pointed to Barbour's relationship with his secretary "who had accompanied [him] on a recent overseas trip".^[10] Barbour's successor, Edward Woodward, wrote in his memoirs that Barbour's sacking had followed a lengthy overseas trip with his "beautiful Eurasian secretary" to ostensibly review overseas intelligence agencies, but for which Barbour had failed to produce any reports, suggestions or information of benefit to the agency.^[11]

Personal life

Barbour married Penelope Elizabeth Nuttall on 10 March 1951 at the Trinity College Chapel.^[12]

References

^ Australian Dictionary of Biography
^ New head of ASIO named, The Canberra Times, Friday 23 Jan 1970, p. 1.
^ ASIO head replaced: Mr Justice Woodward to Take Over, The Canberra Times, Saturday 27 Sep 1975, p. 1.
^ "BARBOUR, PETER ROBERT WOOLNOGH". WW2 Nominal Roll. Department of Veterans' Affairs. Retrieved 4 September 2014.
^ ^a ^b Cain, Frank (12 November 2012). The Australian Security Intelligence Organization: An Unofficial History. Routledge. ISBN 978-1136293924.
^ Willix, Pierra (10 August 2020). "Espionage mystery solved". The West Australian. Archived from the original on 19 November 2022.
^ Jackson, Brian A. (2009). Considering the creation of a domestic intelligence agency in the United States lessons from the experiences of Australia, Canada, France, Germany, and the United Kingdom. Santa Monica, CA: RAND. ISBN 978-0833048233.
^ Hocking, Jenny (2000). Lionel Murphy : a political biography (1st pbk. ed.). Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521794854.
^ Milson, Scott (26 March 1981). "Barbour now our man in Caracas". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 4 September 2014.
^ Blaxland, John (2016). The protest years. Volume II: the official history of ASIO, 1963-1975. Allen & Unwin. pp. 192–193. ISBN 9781925268515.
^ "Secrets of the '70s: Spy Head Rolled in Australia's Cold War", The Canberra Times, 28 May 2008.
^ "Holy Matrimony" (PDF). The Fleur-de-lys. University of Melbourne. Retrieved 29 April 2020.

Government offices
Preceded by Sir Charles Spry	Director-General of Security 1970–1975	Succeeded by Frank Mahony
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by Sir John Wilton	Australian Consul-General in New York 1975–1978	Succeeded by Bob Cotton
Vacant Title last held by Harold Marshall	Australian Consul-General in Los Angeles 1978–1981	Succeeded by John McLeay
Preceded by Alan Brown	Australian Ambassador to Venezuela 1981–1984	Succeeded by Richard Starr

[1] Australian Dictionary of Biography

[2] New head of ASIO named, The Canberra Times, Friday 23 Jan 1970, p. 1.

[3] ASIO head replaced: Mr Justice Woodward to Take Over, The Canberra Times, Saturday 27 Sep 1975, p. 1.

[ww2nomroll-4] "BARBOUR, PETER ROBERT WOOLNOGH". WW2 Nominal Roll. Department of Veterans' Affairs. Retrieved 4 September 2014.

[cain-5] Cain, Frank (12 November 2012). The Australian Security Intelligence Organization: An Unofficial History. Routledge. ISBN 978-1136293924.

[thewest/b881629087z-6] Willix, Pierra (10 August 2020). "Espionage mystery solved". The West Australian. Archived from the original on 19 November 2022.

[jackson-7] Jackson, Brian A. (2009). Considering the creation of a domestic intelligence agency in the United States lessons from the experiences of Australia, Canada, France, Germany, and the United Kingdom. Santa Monica, CA: RAND. ISBN 978-0833048233.

[murphy-8] Hocking, Jenny (2000). Lionel Murphy : a political biography (1st pbk. ed.). Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521794854.

[caracas-9] Milson, Scott (26 March 1981). "Barbour now our man in Caracas". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 4 September 2014.

[10] Blaxland, John (2016). The protest years. Volume II: the official history of ASIO, 1963-1975. Allen & Unwin. pp. 192–193. ISBN 9781925268515.

[cantimes-11] "Secrets of the '70s: Spy Head Rolled in Australia's Cold War", The Canberra Times, 28 May 2008.

[marriage-12] "Holy Matrimony" (PDF). The Fleur-de-lys. University of Melbourne. Retrieved 29 April 2020.

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