Press hardening
Hot stamping (also known as press hardening, hot press forming, or hot forming die quenching) is a relatively new technology which allows ultra-high strength steels (typically 22MnB5 boron steel[1]) to be formed into complex shapes, which is not possible with regular cold stamping operations.[2] This process is commonly used for the production of automotive body in white components because its advantages align with the design criteria of modern passenger vehicles. For high strength aluminium alloys, there is a similar hot forming process, which has different metallurgical transformations - Hot Form Quench.[3]
Methods
[edit]
- Direct Process
The unformed blank is heated in a furnace, formed in hot condition (state 2 in below figure), and quenched in the die to achieve the required properties.
- Indirect Process
The blank is formed, trimmed, and pierced in cold condition (i.e., state 1 in below figure). It is later heated and quenched in a die to get high strength properties.
Selection of the process depends on part complexity and blank coating (Zn based coatings typically require indirect process). In either method, the blank is formed in a much softer and formable state and is later hardened in the dies, which have drilled cooling channels. A typical hot stamped components has 1000 MPa (145 ksi) Yield Stress and 1500 MPa (215 ksi) Ultimate tensile strength.[4][5] The process is undergoing constant refinement with new grades of steel emerging for hot and cold forming.[6]
Advantages
[edit]Higher strength steels may help reducing the weight by downgauging (i.e., use of thinner sheets), while increasing the crashworthiness.[7] However, one problem with many high strength steels is that their formability is generally lower than milder grades. In addition, springback and die wear also cause problems as the forming stresses and contact pressures are higher.[8]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Hickey, Kate (2021-09-22). "Press Hardened Steels". AHSS Guidelines. Retrieved 2024-03-12.
- ^ So, H., D. Faßmann, H. Hoffmann, R. Golle & M. Schaper. "An investigation of the blanking process of the quenchable boron alloyed steel 22MnB5 before and after hot stamping process", Journal of Materials Processing Technology 212, 437-449 (2012).
- ^ Scharifi, Emad; Yardley, Victoria A.; Weidig, Ursula; Szegda, Damian; Lin, Jianguo; Steinhoff, Kurt (August 2023). "Hot Sheet Metal Forming Strategies for High-Strength Aluminum Alloys: A Review—Fundamentals and Applications". Advanced Engineering Materials. 25 (16). doi:10.1002/adem.202300141. hdl:10044/1/106720. ISSN 1438-1656.
- ^ Kurz, T., "New Developments in Zinc Coated Steel for Press Hardening", in Insight Edition Conference, September 20–21, Gothenburg, Sweden (2011).
- ^ Watkins, J., "Material Development", in AP&T Press Hardening, Next Step Seminar, Novi, MI, October, (2011).
- ^ Billur, Eren; Berglund, Göran; Gustafsson, Tord (2019), Billur, Eren (ed.), "History and Future Outlook of Hot Stamping", Hot Stamping of Ultra High-Strength Steels: From a Technological and Business Perspective, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 31–44, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-98870-2_3, ISBN 978-3-319-98870-2, S2CID 116476501, retrieved 2024-03-07
- ^ Smith, D. "2011 Grand Cherokee", Presented in Great Designs in Steel, May 18th, Livonia, MI, (2011)
- ^ Billur, E. & T. Altan, "Challenges in Forming Advanced High Strength Steels", in Proceedings of New Developments in Sheet Metal Forming 2010, pp285-304, May 2–4, Stuttgart, Germany (2010).