Purpurogallin

Purpurogallin
Names
	Preferred IUPAC name 1,7,8,9-Tetrahydroxy-2H-benzo[7]annulen-2-one
	Other names Purpurogalline; 2,3,4,6-Tetrahydroxybenzocyclohepten-5-one; PPG
Identifiers
CAS Number	569-77-7 ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ChEBI	CHEBI:8647 ;
ChemSpider	4444893 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.008.478
KEGG	C09964 ;
MeSH	C026133
PubChem CID	5281571;
UNII	L3Z7U4N28P ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID40205436 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C11H8O5/c12-6-3-1-2-5-4-7(13)10(15)11(16)8(5)9(6)14/h1-4,13,15-16H,(H,12,14) Key: WDGFFVCWBZVLCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N ;
	SMILES C1=CC(=O)C(=C2C(=C1)C=C(C(=C2O)O)O)O;
Properties
Chemical formula	C11H8O5
Molar mass	220.180 g·mol−1
Appearance	Red crystalline solid
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). verify (what is ?) Infobox references

Purpurogallin is an aglycone natural product. It is an orange-red solid that is soluble in polar organic solvents but not in water. Its glycoside (ether-linked to sugar), called dryophantin, is found in nutgalls and oak barks. Purpurogallin can be prepared by oxidation of pyrogallol with sodium periodate.^[1]

Medicinal aspects

Purpurogallin is bioactive^[2] It can inhibit 2-hydroxy and 4-hydroxyestradiol methylation by catechol-O-methyltransferase.^[3] It potently and specifically inhibits TLR1/TLR2 activation pathway.^[4]

Historical work

Purpurogallin, obtained by oxidation of pyrogallol, attracted attention for dyeing. Arthur George Perkin (son of William Henry Perkin, discoverer of the dye mauvine) reported early characterization including the formation of trimethyl ether and the triacetate..^[5]

References

^ Kelly-Hunt, Alexandra E.; Mehan, Aman; Brooks, Sarah; Leanca, Miron A.; McKay, Jack E. D.; Mahamed, Nashad; Lambert, Daniel; Dempster, Nicola M.; Allen, Robert J.; Evans, Andrew R.; Sarker, Satyajit D.; Nahar, Lutfun; Sharples, George P.; Drew, Michael G. B.; Fielding, Alistair J.; Ismail, Fyaz M. D. (2022). "Synthesis and Analytical Characterization of Purpurogallin: A Pharmacologically Active Constituent of Oak Galls" (PDF). Journal of Chemical Education. 99 (2): 983–993. Bibcode:2022JChEd..99..983K. doi:10.1021/acs.jchemed.1c00699. S2CID 245366264.
^ Wu, Tai-Wing; Zeng, Ling-Hua; Wu, Jun; Fung, Kwok-Pui; Weisel, Richard D; Hempel, Andrew; Camerman, Norman (1996). "Molecular structure and antioxidant specificity of purpurogallin in three types of human cardiovascular cells". Biochemical Pharmacology. 52 (7): 1073–80. doi:10.1016/0006-2952(96)00447-9. PMID 8831727.
^ Lambert, Joshua D; Chen, Dapeng; Wang, Ching Y; Ai, Ni; Sang, Shengmin; Ho, Chi-Tang; Welsh, William J; Yang, Chung S (2005). "Benzotropolone inhibitors of estradiol methylation: Kinetics and in silico modeling studies". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. 13 (7): 2501–7. doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2005.01.037. PMID 15755652.
^ Cheng, Kui; Wang, Xiaohui; Zhang, Shuting; Yin, Hang (2012). "Discovery of Small-Molecule Inhibitors of the TLR1/TLR2 Complex". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 51 (49): 12246–9. doi:10.1002/anie.201204910. PMC 3510333. PMID 22969053.
^ Perkin, Arthur George; Steven, Alec Bowring (1903). "XX.—Purpurogallin. I". J. Chem. Soc., Trans. 83: 192–201. doi:10.1039/ct9038300192.

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[1] Kelly-Hunt, Alexandra E.; Mehan, Aman; Brooks, Sarah; Leanca, Miron A.; McKay, Jack E. D.; Mahamed, Nashad; Lambert, Daniel; Dempster, Nicola M.; Allen, Robert J.; Evans, Andrew R.; Sarker, Satyajit D.; Nahar, Lutfun; Sharples, George P.; Drew, Michael G. B.; Fielding, Alistair J.; Ismail, Fyaz M. D. (2022). "Synthesis and Analytical Characterization of Purpurogallin: A Pharmacologically Active Constituent of Oak Galls" (PDF). Journal of Chemical Education. 99 (2): 983–993. Bibcode:2022JChEd..99..983K. doi:10.1021/acs.jchemed.1c00699. S2CID 245366264.

[2] Wu, Tai-Wing; Zeng, Ling-Hua; Wu, Jun; Fung, Kwok-Pui; Weisel, Richard D; Hempel, Andrew; Camerman, Norman (1996). "Molecular structure and antioxidant specificity of purpurogallin in three types of human cardiovascular cells". Biochemical Pharmacology. 52 (7): 1073–80. doi:10.1016/0006-2952(96)00447-9. PMID 8831727.

[3] Lambert, Joshua D; Chen, Dapeng; Wang, Ching Y; Ai, Ni; Sang, Shengmin; Ho, Chi-Tang; Welsh, William J; Yang, Chung S (2005). "Benzotropolone inhibitors of estradiol methylation: Kinetics and in silico modeling studies". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. 13 (7): 2501–7. doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2005.01.037. PMID 15755652.

[4] Cheng, Kui; Wang, Xiaohui; Zhang, Shuting; Yin, Hang (2012). "Discovery of Small-Molecule Inhibitors of the TLR1/TLR2 Complex". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 51 (49): 12246–9. doi:10.1002/anie.201204910. PMC 3510333. PMID 22969053.

[5] Perkin, Arthur George; Steven, Alec Bowring (1903). "XX.—Purpurogallin. I". J. Chem. Soc., Trans. 83: 192–201. doi:10.1039/ct9038300192.

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