Revolt of the Long Swede
| Revolt of the Long Swede | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
| Swedish Patriots | British Empire | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Francis Lovelace | ||||||
The Revolt of the Long Swede also known as the Intended Insurrection of the Long Swede, the Insurrection in Delaware, the Uproar Among the Swedes, and the Long Finn Rebellion,[1] was an attempted uprising of the population of the former Swedish colony of New Sweden against the British.
Background[edit]
By the middle of the 17th century, the Realm of Sweden had reached its greatest territorial extent and was one of the great powers of Europe. Sweden then included Finland and Estonia, along with parts of modern Russia, Poland, Germany, Norway and Latvia under King Gustavus Adolphus.
Other northern European nations were establishing colonies in the New World and building successful trading empires at this time. The Swedes sought to expand their influence by creating their own plantation (tobacco) and fur-trading colony to circumvent French and English merchants.
Thus in 1638 the colony of New Sweden was established along the Delaware River. The colony would expand to later include nearly two dozen towns and seven forts before the Dutch conquered New Sweden in 1655. Just a few years later the English conquered New Netherland in 1664. The Swedes of the New World then found themselves under British rule, a fact many Swedes resented as the English enacted far stricter land and deed rights which reshuffled ownership of much of the Swedes property.[1]
The revolt[edit]
Marcus Jacobson, (alias John Brinckson) was either a Finn or Swede of notably large size, who while living England, was convicted of a petty crime and sentenced to transportation to the Maryland plantations.
After arriving in the British colonies, Jacobson escaped from indentured servitude and fled to the Swedish community of Chester, Pennsylvania (then known as Upland). Once having arrive in town he claimed to be the son of Hans Christoff von Königsmarck, (a noted general in Sweden) and falsely claimed that fleet of Swedish warships were lying in wait in the Delaware Bay, under instructions at the proper time to wrest the province from the British crown. He claimed he had been sent to recruit local Swedes to take up arms against the British to spur a revolt to reclaim of the formerly Swedish colony.
Jacobson soon found a number of supporters to his cause, including a wealthy Finnish settler named Henry Coleman as well as a former Chaplain named Lawrence Lock and Armgard Papagoya, the daughter of former Governor Johan Björnsson Printz.[2] The group managed to secure firearms and gunpowder before the British learned of the plot. Governor Francis Lovelace, of the Province of New York colony, issued an order for the arrest of Jacobson and his fellow conspirators on August 2, 1669.
During a dinner on September 4, Justice Peter Cock was present when a group of Swedes were persuaded by Jacobson to swear an oath of allegiance to the King of Sweden. Cock protested this and attempted to arrest Jacobson, resulting in a struggle where Cock injured Jacobson with a knife before he escaped.[3] Soon thereafter a posse was formed to track down and arrest Jacobson.
A riverboat captain named Carr managed to capture Jacobson, who was imprisoned in New Castle. Jacobson soon attempted to escape his imprisonment along with a fellow Native American prisoner who had been condemned to death. The native managed to get away but Jacobson did not and was held until trial. Henry Coleman, learning of an arrest warrant issued against him fled to live among the Indians and was never heard of again. Rev. Lock and Mrs. Pappehoya paid bail and were released until trial.
The case was held at New Castle, December 6, 1669, and heard by a commission appointed by the governor and a jury. Jacobson was found guilty and sentenced to be, "publicly and severely whipped and branded in the face with the letter "R" for Rebellion, after which he be secured until he can be sent and sold to the Barbadoes or some other remote plantation".[3]
Aftermath[edit]
On January 25, 1670, Jacobson was put aboard the ship "Fort Albany" and transported to be sold into slavery in Barbadoes, after that date nothing more was known about him.
The accomplices were sentenced to forfeit one half of their goods and chattels, while a small fine was placed upon those of lesser note.[4] At least 80 Swedes in total were fined.[5]
In 1823, American author and future Secretary of the Navy James Kirke Paulding would write a highly romanticized novel based loosely on the events of the revolt titled, Koningsmarke, The Long Finne: A Story of the New World.[6]
References[edit]
- ^ a b Haefeli, Evan (2006). "The Revolt of the Long Swede: Transatlantic Hopes and Fears on the Delaware, 1669". The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. 130 (2): 137–180. ISSN 0031-4587.
- ^ "Tyrant or Tactician" (PDF). The Swedish Colonial society journal. 6 (10): 12–15.
- ^ a b "Chronology | The Swedish Colonial Society". Retrieved 7 August 2023.
- ^ "ASHMEAD'S HISTORY OF DELAWARE COUNTY, PA, 1884". genealogytrails.com. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
- ^ E.l.tondu, Gerard (8 May 2016). "U.S. Timeline: 1669 - The Long Finn Rebellion". U.S. Timeline. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
- ^ Paulding, James (21 July 2017). Koningsmarke, The Long Finne: a Story of the New World; VOL. I. Gale NCCO, Print Editions. ISBN 978-1-375-35534-6.