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Pavle, Serbian Patriarch

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For the 16th century Patriarch of the same name, see Pavle I, Serbian Patriarch.
His Holiness

Pavle
Archbishop of Peć
Metropolitan of Belgrade and Karlovci
Serbian Patriarch
Patriarch Pavle in October 1992
ChurchSerbian Orthodox Church
SeeBelgrade
Installed1 December 1990
Term ended15 November 2009
PredecessorGerman
SuccessorIrinej
Orders
Ordination1948
Consecration1957
Personal details
Born
Gojko Stojčević

(1914-09-11)11 September 1914
Kućanci near Magadenovac, Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia, Austria-Hungary
Died15 November 2009(2009-11-15) (aged 95)
Belgrade, Serbia
BuriedRakovica monastery
SignaturePavle's signature
Styles of
Serbian Patriarch Pavle
Reference styleHis Holiness
Spoken styleYour Holiness
Religious stylePatriarch
Posthumous styleHis Holiness Patriarch Pavle of Blessed Repose

Pavle (Serbian Cyrillic: Павле, Paul; 11 September 1914 – 15 November 2009) was the patriarch of the Serbian Orthodox Church from 1990 to his death.[1] His full title was His Holiness the Archbishop of Peć, Metropolitan of Belgrade and Karlovci, and Serbian Patriarch Pavle. Before his death, he was the oldest living leader of an Eastern Orthodox church. Because of poor health, he spent his last years in the Military Medical Academy in Belgrade, while his duties were carried out by Metropolitan Amfilohije.

Early life

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Pavle was born as Gojko Stojčević (Гојко Стојчевић) in the village of Kućanci near Magadenovac, then part of Austria-Hungary (present-day Croatia). He lost both of his parents in childhood, and was raised by an aunt. After finishing elementary school, Pavle graduated from a gymnasium in Belgrade, then studied at the seminary in Sarajevo. After completing seminary, Gojko entered the University of Belgrade where he studied theology and medicine in parallel. He quit medicine, but graduated with a Theology degree in 1942. During the Second World War he took refuge in the Holy Trinity Monastery in Ovčar and later moved to Belgrade. During 1944, he was employed as a teacher and educator at the refugee children's home in Bosnia in Banja Koviljača. Once, when the children were running in the river, one boy began to drown and Gojko jumped into the cold water to help him. Soon he became seriously ill "on the lungs" and doctors believed that his illness was tuberculosis and they predicted he had another three months left to live. He then went to the Vujan Monastery where he lived for some time isolated from other monks and managed to cure this disease. In gratitude, he carved and donated a wooden crucifix to the monastery. After the war, he worked in Belgrade as a construction worker, but because of his poor health he took monastic vows in Blagoveštenje monastery in Ovčar in 1946. His monastic name became Pavle (Paul). He served as a hierodeacon in Blagoveštenje, and later in Rača monastery between 1949 and 1955. In 1954, Pavle was ordained to the rank of hieromonk. The same year he was ordained as protosyncellus, and in 1957 as archimandrite.

Between 1955 and 1957 Pavle took post-graduate studies in the Theological School of the University of Athens, Greece. He received a doctorate in New Testament and liturgy by the Theological Academy in Athens.[2] After returning from Greece, he was elected the Bishop of Ras and Prizren (the eparchy which includes all of Kosovo) in 1957. He held that position for 33 years before he was elected Patriarch.

As a religious leader

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As Bishop of Ras and Prizren Pavle built numerous new churches and aided the reconstruction of old ones. He spent a lot of time traveling and meeting with his eparchy's believers. He also wrote books and gave lectures on Church music and Church Slavonic.[3]

Yugoslav Wars

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After spending 34 years in Kosovo, Pavle was elected the Serbian Patriarch in 1990, succeeding the ill Serbian Patriarch German, and moved to Belgrade. He was ordained as the Patriarch in the St. Michael's Cathedral in Belgrade on 2 December 1990, and in the Patriarchal Monastery of Peć, the ancient seat of the Serbian Church, on 22 May 1994. Six days after his election, the parliamentary election was held in Serbia, in which Slobodan Milošević's SPS came to power. At first, relations between the Church and the government were good, but gradually eroded because of the Yugoslav Wars and ongoing crisis in Serbia.[4] Pavle had connections to the Karić family and had numerous meetings with Milošević and Mira Marković, but also with the leaders of the opposition. In 1993 Pavle wrote a letter to Milošević urging him to release Vuk Drašković from prison.[4]

During the Yugoslav Wars, the Patriarch and the Church gave support to the leaders of the Bosnian Serbs (in Republika Srpska) and Croatian Serbs (in the Republic of Srpska Krajina). Patriarch Pavle had been heavily criticized for his actions during the wars. The Orthodox church has been viewed as promoters of Serbian nationalism by many Bosnian Muslims and Croats.[who?] Pavle visited the cities of Knin, Pale while Serbian troops carried out a siege on Goražde.[5] Pavle met with Serb paramilitary leader Arkan, who he claimed was justified in his actions and presented him with an autographed icon of Saint Nicholas; Arkan considered himself a favorite of Pavle and regarded the Patriarch as his "commander", stating that "we are fighting for our religion, the Serbian Orthodox Church."[6]

On 13 December 1991, Pavle wrote a letter which circulated to all Orthodox churches urging for the protection of Croatian Serbs from "the Croatian neo-fascist regime - the successor of the Ustašas who massacred 700,000 Orthodox Serbs in World War II."[7] He openly referred to the Republic of Croatia as the "new Independent State of Croatia" and justified the war as "righteous".[8]

During the Bosnian War, Pavle supported the President of Republika Srpska, Radovan Karadžić, in his rejection of the Vance-Owen peace plan and supported Karadžić in his claims that there were no Serbian rape camps that kept Muslim women, but accused Bosnian Muslims and Croats of the same thing.[9] A famous photograph from this time is that of Karadžić kissing Pavle's hand.[4] In May 1993, Pavle received a letter from Karadžić which thanked him for his "advice and support" in the Bosnian Serbs' "just battle". Karadžić regarded the Serbian Church as the "only spiritual force capable of uniting the Serb nation, regardless of borders."[10] In 1994, Pavle claimed that Serbs were native to Bosnia and Herzegovina and that Bosniaks had only arrived there when the Ottomans invaded.[11]

When a swift Croatian offensive in May 1995 put the Western Slavonia region back into Croatian control, he urgently called Slobodan Milošević, asking if he will defend Serbia's "brethren in need".[12] On 31 July 1995, he traveled to the Krajina capital Knin with Ratko Mladić to assure the rebel Serbs of military and religious support.[13] However, the Republic of Krajina ceased to exist just three months later, following Operation Storm which resulted in 200,000–250,000 Serbian refugees.[14]

Patriarch Pavle visits the Serbian Orthodox Gracanica monastery.

In September 1997, Pavle signed a declaration to the UN Security Council which demanded suspension of the proceedings against Karadžić before the Hague tribunal.[15] Pavle urged Belgrade not to give up Karadžić and Mladić, indicted for war crimes, to the ICTY.[16] He and other nationalist intellectuals also signed a declaration demanding their pardon.[17]

In 1998, Pavle was invited to Zagreb by Croatian Archbishop Josip Bozanić for talks on peace where he was snubbed by several leading Croatian party members and Christian groups for his and the Orthodox Church's role with the rebel Serbs during the war.[18]

After the launch of NATO deployment into Kosovo and Pristina in June 1999, Norwegian special force soldiers escorted Pavle from Pristina to the Patriarchal Monastery of Peć in the city of Peć. The escort mission was regarded to be possibly provocative so soon after the atrocities in the area in question and there were fears of a possible assassination of Pavle. The Patriarch and the Norwegian soldiers were attacked several times on their way.[19]

1996–1997 protests in Serbia

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In 1997 Pavle took part in the massive anti-government protests in Belgrade. On 27 January (St Sava Day) he led the protesters to break the police cordon in Kolarčeva Street. This was the first time that Pavle openly confronted Milošević's government. Although in following years he became close to the opposition leaders and confronted Milošević, Pavle took part in the 1999 Republic Day celebration where he congratulated Milošević. Pavle later apologized and said that it was misinterpreted. After this, the relations between Pavle and Milošević hit new lows. In 2000, Milošević didn't send Pavle Christmas congratulations for the first time. Pavle later called Milošević and his government responsible for the Yugoslav catastrophe and asked him to resign.[4] After the change of power in Serbia, Pavle continued to cooperate with the government, and was a frequent guest at various political ceremonies.

Later years

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Pavle with priests at Voljavča monastery, 2005.
Patriarch Pavle consecrates the cornerstone of the All Serbian Saints Serbian Orthodox Church in Canada, 1994.

Pavle was referred to by some as the "walking saint" based on his simple lifestyle and personal humility.[20] All of the bishops of the Serbian Orthodox Church had cars, which they used to travel through their dioceses, except Pavle. When asked why he' had never owned a car, he replied: "I will not purchase one until every Albanian and Serb household in Kosovo and Metohija has an automobile." Asked by foreign journalists about alleged Church support for the Greater Serbian project, Pavle answered:

So I say: if a Great Serbia should be held by committing crime, I would never accept it; may Great Serbia disappear, but to hold it by crime - no. If it were necessary to hold only a small Serbia by crime, I would not accept it. May small Serbia disappear, but to hold it by crime - no. And if there is only one Serb, and if I am that last Serb, to hold on by crime - I do not accept. May we disappear, but disappear as humans, because then we will not disappear, we will be alive in the hands of the living God.[21]

In his tenure as the Patriarch he healed the schism with the "Free Serbian Orthodox Church", now known as the New Gračanica Metropolitanate, and he made efforts to heal the ongoing schism in Macedonia with the Macedonian Orthodox Church, which was considered uncanonical by the Ecumenical Patriarchate and all other Eastern Orthodox Churches. During his term, he visited numerous eparchies of the Serbian Orthodox Church abroad. He visited Australia, the United States, Canada and Western Europe. He visited Russia,[22] and was also a guest at the United Nations Headquarters in New York City and at the White House.

Patriarch Pavle consecrates the Serbian Orthodox Church in Ljubljana, 2005

Patriarch Pavle was the oldest among all living Patriarchs. He was especially devoted to and fond of the words of the Apostle Paul, his namesake, whom he often quoted and expressed admiration for.

In October 2004, Pavle wrote an open letter in which he denounced the elections in Kosovo and urged Serbs to boycott the polls.[15]

On 27 April 2007, the Holy Synod announced that it had named the Metropolitan of Zagreb, Ljubljana and all Italy, Jovan, as the Guardian of the Throne (taking over the Patriarch's duties temporarily) while Patriarch Pavle was recovering in Sveti Sava Hospital. He was discharged on 1 May and returned to his duties on 14 May. The Patriarch's health worsened and he was restricted to a wheelchair. On 13 November 2007 Pavle was admitted to a medical clinic, and the Metropolitan of Montenegro and the Littoral Amfilohije Radović, as the oldest member, was elected by the Holy Synod to conduct the duties of the Patriarch.[23] On 20 November 2007 it was announced that his life was in danger. On 17 May 2008 the Holy Synod took over all Patriarch Pavle's duties owing to his inability to carry out his functions.[24] On 12 October 2008 Pavle was reported to have asked the Holy Synod to accept his resignation because of declining physical ability.[25] On 11 November 2008, the Holy Synod decided to turn down his request and to ask him to remain on the throne for life.[26]

Death

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Crowd in Belgrade during funeral
Grave of Patriarch Pavle at Rakovica monastery

Pavle died on 15 November 2009, after more than two years spent in the Military Medical Academy in Belgrade.[27] Citizens were able to pay tribute to Patriarch Pavle at the Cathedral Church of St. Michael the Archangel in Belgrade.[28] The Divine Liturgy was held on 19 November inside St. Michael's Cathedral (Saborna Crkva), with his All-Holiness, Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew presiding, while the funeral service was held outside of Cathedral of Saint Sava and he was laid to rest on 19 November, in Rakovica Monastery.[29] The funeral was attended by Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople, Patriarch Daniel of Romania, Filaret, Metropolitan of Minsk and Slutsk, Archbishop Anastasios of Albania, Metropolitan Christopher of Prague and Roman Catholic Cardinal Angelo Sodano.[30]

The Government of Serbia announced three days of national mourning over the death of Patriarch Pavle,[31] while Republika Srpska, the City of Belgrade and Brčko District declared the funeral day as the official day of mourning.[32][33][34] President Boris Tadić said that the Patriarch's death was an "irredeemable loss for the entire Serbian nation."[35] Condolences to the Serbian Church, people and officials were sent by Russian Patriarch Kirill of Moscow,[36] Bulgarian Orthodox Church,[37] Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople and Archbishop Ieronymos II of Athens held memorial service,[38] Patriarch Daniel of Romania,[39] Pope Benedict XVI,[40] Cardinal Walter Kasper,[41] Presidents and heads of Government of Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Germany and France[42] as well as leaders of countries that are territorially part of the Serbian Orthodox Church - Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, North Macedonia, Montenegro (President Filip Vujanović).[43] The Jewish community, both Islamic communities in Serbia, the Islamic community in Bosnia, and the Roman Catholic Church in Serbia sent condolences.[44]

He was succeeded by the Bishop of Niš Irinej in January 2010.

Postal stamp with the image of Serbian Patriarch Pavle, issued in 2014, on the occasion of one century since his birth

Awards and honors

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See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Serbian Orthodox Church official site: History Archived 2009-04-18 at the Wayback Machine
  2. ^ Fox 2009.
  3. ^ RTS: Život po jevanđelju (Life according to the Gospel), 15 Nov 2009
  4. ^ a b c d "Portret savremenika - patrijarh Pavle: Skromnost i tumačenja" (in Serbian). Vreme. 21 December 2005. Retrieved 22 February 2009.
  5. ^ Velikonja (2003), p. 263
  6. ^ Velikonja (2003), p. 265
  7. ^ Perica (2004), pp. 160
  8. ^ Velikonja (2003), p. 264
  9. ^ Ramet & Pavlaković 2007, p. 135, 258.
  10. ^ Velikonja (2003), p. 267
  11. ^ Sells (1998), p. 83
  12. ^ Branson (1999), p. 212
  13. ^ Thomas (1999), p. 238
  14. ^ B92: Operation Storm marked in Croatia, 5 August 2006
  15. ^ a b Lovelace, David (21 December 2009). "Letter: Patriarch Pavle obituary". The Guardian.
  16. ^ Djukić (2001), pp. 116, 258
  17. ^ Perica (2004), p. 173
  18. ^ Ramet & Pavlaković 2007, p. 259.
  19. ^ "Generic Application Error Test JSP (Item)". Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 21 April 2014.
  20. ^ Montreal Gazette: Known as 'saint who walks' - Orthodox leader Restored Serb church's prominent role
  21. ^ Srpski Sabor "Dveri": Interview with Patriarch Pavle Archived March 18, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, 9 Dec 2007 (in Serbian)
  22. ^ "His Holiness Patriarch Pavle of Serbia visits the Russian Orthodox Church". Archived from the original on 23 February 2016.
  23. ^ "Amfilohije: I am merely patriarch's assistant". b92. 15 November 2007. Archived from the original on 17 November 2007. Retrieved 10 July 2009.
  24. ^ B92: SPC relieves Patriarch of duties Archived 2008-05-18 at the Wayback Machine, 17 May 2008
  25. ^ "Patriarch's resignation "no done deal"". b92. 27 October 2008. Archived from the original on 8 June 2011. Retrieved 10 July 2009.
  26. ^ "Pavle remains Serbian patriarch". b92. 11 November 2008. Archived from the original on 8 June 2011. Retrieved 10 July 2009.
  27. ^ "Serb Patriarch Pavle dies at the age of 95". Kathimerini. IHT edition. Associated Press. 16 November 2009. p. 2. Archived from the original on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 16 November 2009.
  28. ^ B92: Serbia observes first day of mourning Archived 2011-06-08 at the Wayback Machine, 16 November 2009
  29. ^ B92: Patriarch Pavle to be laid to rest on Thursday Archived 2009-11-21 at the Wayback Machine, 15 November 2009
  30. ^ B92: Ko sve dolazi na sahranu patrijarha (Who comes to the funeral of the patriarch), 17 Nov 2009 (in Serbian)
  31. ^ Serbia announced three days of mourning over Patriarch Pavle death Archived February 23, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  32. ^ Government of Republika Srpska official site: Влада прогласила дан жалости због смрти патријарха српског Павла (The government declared a day of mourning for the death of the Serbian Patriarch Pavle), 16 Nov 2009 (in Serbian)
  33. ^ Градоначелник Брчко дистрикта БиХ донио је одлуку о проглашењу Дана жалости у Брчко дистрикту БиХ у четвртак, 19. новембра поводом смрти поглавара Српске православне цркве, патријарха српског, господина Павла. Archived June 13, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  34. ^ Studio B: Četvrtak dan žalosti u Beogradu (Thursday a day of mourning in Belgrade) Archived 2009-11-19 at the Wayback Machine, 17 Nov 2009
  35. ^ Manila Bulletin: Serbian Orthodox Church patriarch Pavle dies, November 16, 2009
  36. ^ Russian Orthodox Church official site: Предстоятель Русской Церкви выразил соболезнования в связи с кончиной Святейшего Патриарха Сербского Павла (The Primate of the Russian Orthodox Church expressed his condolences over the demise of His Holiness Serbian Patriarch Pavle), 16 Nov 2010 (in Russian)
  37. ^ B92: Ruska crkva: Veliki gubitak (Russian Church: Great Loss), 15 Nov 2009 (in Serbian)
  38. ^ Regions.ru: ПАНИХИДУ ПО ПАТРИАРХУ ПАВЛУ ОТСЛУЖИТ ПАТРИАРХ ВАРФОЛОМЕЙ (Requiem for Patriarch Pavle served by Bartholomew), 16 Nov 2009 (in Russian)
  39. ^ Romanian Orthodox Church official site: His Beatitude Patriarch Daniel Expresses His Condolences to the Serbian Orthodox Church Archived 2011-07-21 at the Wayback Machine, 26 Nov 2009
  40. ^ Press: Papa Benedikt XVI izrazio saučešće zbog smrti patrijarha (Pope Benedict XVI expressed his condolences for the death of Patriarch), 18 Nov 2009 (in Serbian)
  41. ^ RTS:Други дан жалости у Србији (The second day of mourning in Serbia), 17 Nov 2009 (in Serbian)
  42. ^ President of Russia official site: Президент выразил соболезнования в связи с кончиной Святейшего Патриарха Сербского Павла (The President expressed his condolences over the passing away of His Holiness Serbian Patriarch Pavle), 16 Nov 2009 (in Russian)
    President of Belarus official site: Александр Лукашенко выразил соболезнования Президенту Сербии Борису Тадичу (Alexander Lukashenko expressed condolences to President of Serbia Boris Tadic) Archived 2011-06-14 at the Wayback Machine, 16 Nov 2009 (in Belarusian)
    Президент України висловив співчуття у зв'язку зі смертю Патріарха Сербії Павла Archived 2011-07-16 at the Wayback Machine
    "Zeleno svetlo" Angele Merkel
    Les condoléances de Sarkozy à Tadic à l’occasion de la mort du patriarche Pavle
  43. ^ Saučešća povodom smrti patrijarha
  44. ^ Religious leaders react to patriarch's passing Archived 2009-11-19 at the Wayback Machine
  45. ^ "РТС :: Орден за патријарха Павла". web.archive.org. 13 January 2015. Retrieved 1 November 2024.
  46. ^ "Serbian Orthodox Church".
  47. ^ "Awards of the Unity of Orthodox Nations International Foundation". Archived from the original on 23 February 2016.

References

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Books
News articles
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Patriarch Pavle.
Eastern Orthodox Church titles
Preceded by Serbian Patriarch
1990–2009 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
Vladimir (Rajić)
 Bishop of Raška and Prizren
1957–1990 		Succeeded by
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