Southern black tit
| Southern black tit | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Paridae |
| Genus: | Melaniparus |
| Species: | M. niger
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| Binomial name | |
| Melaniparus niger (Vieillot, 1818)
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| resident range | |
| Synonyms | |
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Parus niger | |
The southern black tit or simply black tit (Melaniparus niger) is a species of bird in the tit family Paridae, which is native to woodland habitats in southern Africa.
Subspecies
[edit]Three subspecies are recognized:[2][3]
- Melaniparus niger niger – southernmost Mozambique to Eswatini, KwaZulu-Natal and Eastern Cape
- Melaniparus niger xanthostomus – southern Angola to northern Namibia, northern Botswana, northwestern Zimbabwe, southern Zambia and southern Tanzania
- Melaniparus niger ravidus – eastern Zambia, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, eastern Botswana and northern South Africa
Range and habitat
[edit]It occurs chiefly in tropical and subtropical savanna woodland, in a semicircular arc from Angola to the Eastern Cape, South Africa.[4] It prefers woodland dominated by broad-leaved trees, most importantly miombo, Combretum species, and Burkea africana.[5] It is especially common in the woodlands of western Zimbabwe, where densities can reach as high as fifty birds per square kilometre.[5]
Description
[edit]The southern black tit, unlike parids of the Northern Hemisphere or other local species, is almost entirely monotone in colour and sexually somewhat dimorphic,[6] with the female being greyish and the male very distinctly blue-black in colour. It can be distinguished from the white-winged tit and Carp's tit by having no white rim in its tail[7] and is around 16 centimetres (6 in) in total length including the tail.[6]
Food
[edit]Like all tits, it feeds chiefly on insects, and is a voracious consumer of wasps in its favoured habitat; however, it has unusually for a parid been known to take nectar and fruiting figs.[5]
Breeding
[edit]Breeding occurs during the summer wet season, but its initiation is very varied and the number of broods reared depends on the consistency of rainfall. The breeding system of the southern black tit has been intensively studied and is often regarded[8] as a classic example of the differences in breeding strategies between warm regions with unpredictable rainfall and cold regions with severe winters. Unlike the great tit or blue tit which can provision up to twenty-five nestlings per year in unassisted pairs, the southern black tit, living on a much poorer food supply,[9] can as an unassisted pair seldom provision even one nestling in a breeding season.[8] As a result, most males must stay in the parental territory for several years to help rear the usually three nestlings that each breeding female produces under favourable conditions. An interesting feature of the southern black tit is that the breeding female, who incubates continuously during the fifteen days of incubation and is fed by her mate and the helpers, will mimic venomous snakes when she feels threatened to prevent depredation of the nest.[10]
Longevity
[edit]Although the species has been recovered from ringing on only a few occasions and data about survival and longevity are thus useless,[11] it is practically certain that the adult mortality rate is much lower than the 70 to 75 percent mortality of closely related parids in Europe and North America.[12]
Taxonomy
[edit]The southern black tit was formerly one of the many species in the genus Parus but was moved to Melaniparus after a molecular phylogenetic analysis published in 2013 showed that the members of the new genus formed a distinct clade.[13][14]
Gallery
[edit]
References
[edit]- ^ BirdLife International (2017). "Melaniparus niger". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T103762456A113022992. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T103762456A113022992.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
- ^ Chittenden, H.; et al. (2012). Roberts geographic variation of southern African birds. Cape Town: JVBBF. pp. 128–129. ISBN 978-1-920602-00-0.
- ^ Lepage, Denis. "Black Tit Melaniparus niger (Vieillot, 1818)". Avibase - The World Bird Database. avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 5 October 2021.
- ^ Simulated distribution map for Parus niger
- ^ a b c Parus niger (Southern Black Tit)
- ^ a b Newman; Kenneth; Newman's Birds of Southern Africa; p. 328. ISBN 1868727351
- ^ Harrap, Simon; Tits, Nuthatches and Treecreepers; p. 80. ISBN 1408134586
- ^ a b Skutch; Alexander Frank (author) and Gardner, Dana (illustrator) Helpers at birds' nests: a worldwide survey of cooperative breeding and related behavior pp. 139-142. Published 1987 by University of Iowa Press. ISBN 0877451508
- ^ Wiggins, David A. (2001). "Low reproductive rates in two Parus species in southern Africa". Ibis. 143 (3): 677–680. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919x.2001.tb04897.x.
- ^ MacLean, Gordon; Roberts’ Birds of Southern Africa (Sixth Edition); p. 481. ISBN 9780620175838
- ^ Southern Black Tit[permanent dead link]
- ^ Peach, Will J.; Hanmer, Dale B.; Oatley, Terence B. (2001). "Do southern African songbirds live longer than their European counterparts?". Oikos. 93 (2): 235–249. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0706.2001.930207.x.
- ^ Johansson, U.S.; Ekman, J.; Bowie, R.C.K.; Halvarsson, P.; Ohlson, J.I.; Price, T.D.; Ericson, P.G.P. (2013). "A complete multilocus species phylogeny of the tits and chickadees (Aves: Paridae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 69 (3): 852–860. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2013.06.019. PMID 23831453.
- ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David (eds.). "Waxwings and their allies, tits & penduline tits". World Bird List Version 6.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
External links
[edit]- Southern Black Tit - Species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds.