Téméraire-class ship of the line

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Scale model of Achille, a typical French seventy-four of the Téméraire class at the beginning of the 19th century.
Class overview
NameTéméraire
BuildersToulon, Rochefort, Brest, Lorient, Antwerp, Genoa, Amsterdam, Cherbourg, Flushing, Venice
Operators
Preceded byCentaure class
Succeeded byTonnant class
Subclasses
  • Téméraire (18 ships)
  • Duquesne (46 ships)
  • Danube (26 ships)
  • Cassard (Large variant - 2 ships)
  • Suffren (Short variant - 3 ships)
  • Pluton (Small variant - 25 ships)
In commission1782 (Téméraire)–1862 (Couronne)
Planned120
Completed107
Cancelled13
General characteristics
TypeShip of the line
Displacement1,900 tonnes
Length55.87 metres (183.3 ft) (172 pied)
Beam14.90 metres (48 ft 11 in) (44.5 pied)
Draught7.26 metres (23.8 ft) (22 pied)
PropulsionUp to 2,485 m2 (26,750 sq ft) of sails
Complement700 men
Armament

The Téméraire-class ships of the line were a class of a hundred and twenty 74-gun ships of the line ordered between 1782 and 1813 for the French navy or its attached navies in dependent (French-occupied) territories. Although a few of these were cancelled, the type was and remains the most numerous class of capital ship ever built to a single design.[1]

The class was designed by Jacques-Noël Sané in 1782 as a development of the Annibal and her near-sister Northumberland, both of which had been designed by him and built at Brest during the 1777-1780 period. Some thirteen ships were ordered and built to this new design from 1782 to 1785, and then the same design was adopted as a standard for all subsequent 74-gun ships (the most common type of ship of the line throughout the period from ca. 1750 to 1830) built for the French Navy during the next three decades as part of the fleet expansion programme instituted by Jean-Charles de Borda in 1786.[2]

The design was appreciated in Britain, which eagerly commissioned captured ships (18 in total) and even copied the design with the Pompée and America class.

After Napoleon's fall in November 1813 the new Dutch navy was formed, and by the powers closing the Treaty of Paris in May 1814 eight ships from the Pluton (or 'Small Model') group were ceded to the Netherlands. Some of these ships served this new navy until after 1830. Even after 1825 Dutch naval yards continued to build another six ships based on the original design, but with modifications according to Seppings like a rounded transom and closed bow. The last of these was struck off charge as late as 1913: the Piet Heyn of 1833, which was heavily modified as the steam frigate Admiraal van Wassenaer after 1856.

Variants from basic design[edit]

While all the French 74-gun ships from the mid-1780s until the close of the Napoleonic Wars were to the Téméraire design, there were three variants of the basic design which Sané developed with the same hull form of Téméraire. In 1793 two ships were laid down at Brest to an enlarged design; in 1801 two ships were commenced at Lorient with a slightly shorter length than the standard design (with a third ship commenced at Brest but never completed); and in 1803 two ships were commenced at Toulon to a smaller version (many more ships to this 'small(er) model' were then built in the shipyards controlled by France in Italy and the Netherlands) - these are detailed separately below.

Ships in class[edit]

Téméraire group (18 ships)[edit]

Name Builder Ordered Laid down Launched Completed Fate
Téméraire Brest shipyard 15 Feb 1782 May 1782 17 December 1782 July 1783 Condemned, November 1801. Broken up, 1803.[3]
Audacieux Lorient shipyard July 1782 28 October 1784 1785 Condemned, November 1802. Broken up, 1803.[4]
Superbe Brest shipyard 11 November 1784 Wrecked off Brest, 30 Jan 1795.[5]
Généreux Rochefort shipyard 21 June 1785 October 1785 Captured by the Royal Navy at Toulon in August 1793, but retaken by the French in December 1793; captured again by the Royal Navy in February 1800 and served as HMS Généreux. Broken up in 1816.[6]
Commerce de Bordeaux, renamed Bonnet Rouge in Jan 1794 and then Timoléon in February 1794. Toulon shipyard 1784 September 1784 15 September 1785 1786 or 1787 Destroyed in action at the Battle of the Nile, August 1798.[7]
Ferme, renamed Phocion in October 1792. Brest shipyard December 1784 16 September 1785 1786 Surrendered to Spain by her officers at Trinidad in Jan 1793.[8]
Fougueux Lorient shipyard 1782 August 1782, but work stopped in Feb 1783 and she was demolished. Laid-down again November 1784. 19 September 1785 Late 1785 Captured by the Royal Navy at Trafalgar on 21 October 1805, and subsequently wrecked.[9]
Patriote Brest shipyard 1784 September 1784 3 October 1785 April 1786 Condemned in May 1820 and became Pontoon No.4 in April 1821.[note 1] Broken up at Rochefort in late 1832.[10]
Commerce de Marseille, renamed Lys in July 1786 and then Tricolore in October 1792. Toulon shipyard 7 October 1785 September 1787 Captured by the Royal Navy at Toulon in August 1793, then destroyed during the Siege of Toulon in December 1793.[11][12]
Borée, renamed Ça Ira in April 1794 and then Agricola in June 1794. Lorient shipyard Jan 1783, but work stopped in Feb 1783 and she was demolished. Laid down again in November 1784. 17 November 1785 August 1787 Broken up at Rochefort, 1803.[13]
Orion, renamed Mucius Scaevola in November 1793, then Mucius in same month. Rochefort shipyard 1782 October 1784 18 April 1787 1788 Condemned 1802, and broken up 1803-04.[14]
Léopard Brest shipyard 1785 October 1785 22 June 1787 July 1787 Wrecked and then burnt, Feb 1793.[15]
Entreprenant Lorient shipyard May 1786 11 October 1787 1788 Broken up, 1803.[16]
Impétueux Rochefort shipyard July 1786 25 October 1787 Captured by the Royal Navy, 1 June 1794. Accidentally destroyed by fire, 24 August 1794.[17]
Apollon, renamed Gasparin in Feb 1794, reverted to Apollon in May 1794; renamed Marceau in December 1797. April 1787 21 May 1788 Broken up, 1798.[18]
América Brest shipyard End of 1786 1789 Captured by the Royal Navy, 1 June 1794, and served as HMS Impétueux. Broken up, 1813.[19]
Duguay-Trouin 30 October 1788 July 1790 Destroyed during the Siege of Toulon, December 1793.[20]
Aquilon Rochefort shipyard September 1787 8 June 1789 June 1790 Captured by Britain during the Battle of the Nile on 2 August 1798. Served as HMS Aboukir until broken up in Plymouth in 1802.[21]

Duquesne group (46 ships)[edit]

Name Builder Ordered Laid down Launched Completed Fate
Duquesne Toulon shipyard August 1787 2 September 1788 1789 Captured by the Royal Navy on 24 July 1803, and served as HMS Duquesne. Broken up in 1805.
Tourville Lorient shipyard June 1787 16 December 1788 July 1790 Decommissioned on 26 October 1833. Broken up at Brest, 1841.
Éole 15 November 1789 August 1790 Broken up in Baltimore, 1816.
Jupiter, renamed Montagnard in March 1794, Démocrate on 18 May 1795, then back to Jupiter again on 30 May 1795, and to Batave in December 1797. Brest shipyard 19 August 1787 June 1788 4 November 1789 October 1790 Broken up in Brest, 1807.
Vengeur 23 May 1788 16 December 1789 August 1790 Ran aground, 12 December 1792. Abandoned, and finally sank, 8 June 1793.
Jean Bart Lorient shipyard 7 November 1790 Wrecked at the Battle of the Basque Roads on 26 Feb 1809, hull burnt by the British in April.
Scipion Toulon shipyard 30 July 1790 Captured by the British at Toulon in August 1793, commissioned with a crew of French Royalist rebels under British command, burnt by accident at Livorno on 28 November 1793.[22]
Thésée, renamed Révolution on 7 Jan 1793, then Finisterre on 5 Feb 1803. Rochefort shipyard 14 April 1790 Broken up, 1816.
Pyrrhus, renamed Mont-Blanc in 1793, and Trente-et-un Mai in 1794. Renamed Républicain in 1795, then Mont-Blanc again in 1796. 13 August 1791 Captured by the Royal Navy during the Battle of Cape Ortegal, 4 November 1805. Served as HMS Mont Blanc. Used as a gunpowder hulk from 1811, and sold in 1819.
Suffren, renamed Redoutable, May 1795. Brest shipyard 31 May 1791 Participated in the Battle of Trafalgar, taken by the British, foundered two days later, 22 October 1805.
Thémistocle Lorient shipyard 12 September 1791 Burnt by the Royal Navy at the Siege of Toulon, 18 December 1793.[23]
Trajan, renamed Gaulois. 24 Jan 1792 Decommissioned, June 1802. Broken up, 1805.
Nestor, renamed Cisalpin in 1797, and Aquilon in 1803. Brest 22 July 1793 Grounded and burnt at the Battle of the Basque Roads, April 1809
Pompée Toulon shipyard 28 May 1791 Captured at Toulon by the Royal Navy, 29 August 1793. Served as HMS Pompee. Converted to prison hulk at Portsmouth, 1816. Broken up, Jan 1817.
Tigre Brest 8 May 1793 Captured by the Royal Navy during the Battle of Groix, 23 June 1795. Served as HMS Tigre. Broken up, June 1817.
Tyrannicide, renamed Desaix in August 1800. Lorient 28 June 1793 Wrecked at Saint-Domingue, Jan 1802.
Barra, renamed Pégase in 1795, and Hoche in 1797. Toulon shipyard 23 March 1794 Captured by the Royal Navy on 12 October 1798. Served as HMS Donegal. Broken up, 1845.
Droits de l'Homme Lorient shipyard 29 May 1794 Driven ashore by HMS Amazon and Indefatigable and wrecked on 14 Jan 1797.
Jemmapes Rochefort 22 Jan 1794 Decommissioned, May 1820.
Lion, renamed Marat in 1794, Formidable in May 1795. 29 April 1794 Captured by the Royal Navy at the Battle of Groix, 23 June 1795, served as HMS Belleisle. Broken up in 1814.
Wattignies Lorient 3 July 1793 8 October 1794 Scrapped, 1808.
Cassard, renamed Dix-août in 1798, Brave in Feb 1803. 16 Feb 1793 2 May 1795 Captured by HMS Donegal during the Battle of San Domingo, 6 Feb 1806. Foundered, 12 April 1806.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, renamed Marengo on 2 December 1802. Toulon 21 July 1795 Captured by the Royal Navy in the action of 13 March 1806, and served as HMS Marengo until broken up 1816.
Viala, renamed Voltaire in 1795, Constitution in 1795, and Jupiter in 1803. Lorient 28 September 1795 Captured by the Royal Navy during the Battle of San Domingo, 6 Feb 1806, and served as HMS Maida. Sold for breaking up, 1814.
Hercule 5 October 1797 Captured by HMS Mars during the Battle of the Raz de Sein on 21 April 1798, and served as HMS Hercules. Broken up in December 1810.
Spartiate Toulon 24 November 1797 Captured by the Royal Navy during the Battle of the Nile, 2 August 1798. Served as HMS Spartiate. Broken up, 1857.
Argonaute Lorient 22 December 1798 Exchanged with Spain, 1806.
Quatorze Juillet 1 Feb 1798 Destroyed by accidental fire before being commissioned.
Impétueux, launched as Brutus and renamed before completion 31 May 1798 August 1798 24 Jan 1803 March 1803 Beached and set ablaze by the British in the Chesapeake, 14 September 1806.
Union, renamed Diomède in 1803. 1 August 1799 Ran aground and wrecked during the Battle of San Domingo, 6 Feb 1806. Burnt by the Royal Navy, 8 Feb 1806.
Aigle Rochefort 6 July 1800 Captured by the Royal Navy at Trafalgar on 21 October 1805. Retaken by her crew on 22 October 1805, but sank in a heavy storm the next day.
Duguay-Trouin (ii) 24 March 1800 Captured by the Royal Navy in the Battle of Cape Ortegal, 4 November 1805, and served as HMS Implacable. Renamed HMS Foudroyant, 1943. Scuttled, 2 December 1949.
Héros 10 May 1801 Captured by Spain at Cadiz, June 1808.
Scipion (ii) Lorient 29 March 1801 Captured by the Royal Navy at the Battle of Cape Ortegal, 4 November 1805. Served as HMS Scipion until broken up in Jan 1819.
Magnanime Rochefort 18 August 1803 Decommissioned, 1816.
Achille 17 November 1804 Sunk at the battle of Trafalgar, 22 October 1805.
Lion 12 Jan 1804 Ran aground and burnt, 26 October 1809.
Régulus Lorient 12 April 1805 Burnt by crew to avoid capture, 7 April 1814.
Ajax Rochefort 17 June 1806 Decommissioned, 1816.[24]
Courageux Lorient 3 Feb 1806 Broken up, 1831.
D'Hautpoul 2 September 1807 Captured by the Royal Navy on 17 April 1809 during Troude's expedition to the Caribbean. Served as HMS Abercrombie. Sold, 1817.
Téméraire-class ships
  • Fight of the Poursuivante against the British ship HMS Hercules, 28 June 1803
    Fight of the Poursuivante against the British ship HMS Hercules, 28 June 1803
  • Stern of a model of the Triomphant
    Stern of a model of the Triomphant
  • Battle between the French warship Droits de l'Homme and the British frigates Amazon (right) and Indefatigable (left), 13 & 14 January 1797.
    Battle between the French warship Droits de l'Homme and the British frigates Amazon (right) and Indefatigable (left), 13 & 14 January 1797.
  • Rivoli, fitted with the camels that allowed her to cross the shallow banks before Venice harbour.
    Rivoli, fitted with the camels that allowed her to cross the shallow banks before Venice harbour.

Danube Group (26 ships)[edit]

Name Builder Ordered Laid down Launched Completed Fate
Polonais, renamed Lys in April 1814, reverted to Polonais from March until July 1815, then Lys again. Lorient August 1805 27 May 1808 October 1808 Broken up at Brest, 1825.
Tonnerre, renamed, Quatorze Juillet in 1795, but launched under her original name. Brest 16 April 1794 9 June 1808 September 1808 Wrecked during the Battle of the Basque Roads on 12 April 1809, and burned by her crew to avoid capture.
Triomphant Rochefort 31 March 1809 Converted to a pontoon, 1828.[note 1]
Danube Toulon June 1807 21 December 1808 August 1809 Converted to a pontoon, 1828.[note 1]
Ulm Rochefort 25 May 1809 Converted to a pontoon, 1822.[note 1]
Golymin Lorient 8 December 1809 Wrecked off Brest, 23 March 1814.
Nestor (ii) Brest 21 May 1810 Struck, 1849
Marengo, renamed Pluton in 1866. Lorient 12 October 1810 Struck, 21 July 1858. Prison hulk from 1860 to 1865. Broken up in 1873.
Trident Toulon 9 June 1811 Struck, 24 November 1857. Used as a barracks hulk from 1857 to 1869. Broken up in 1879.
Trajan Antwerp 15 August 1811 Struck, 1826.
Agamemnon, razeed and renamed Amphitrite in 1823. Genoa 23 Feb 1812 Converted to a pontoon, 1836.[note 1]
Gaulois Antwerp 14 April 1812 Converted to a pontoon, 1826.[note 1] Broken up, 1831.
Romulus, razeed and renamed Guerrière in 1821. Toulon 31 May 1812 Broken up, 1840.
Ville de Marseille 15 August 1812 Struck, 22 June 1858, and used as a barracks hulk. Broken up in Toulon, 1877.
Scipion (iii) Genoa 5 September 1813 Struck, 1846.
Orion (ii) Brest 9 October 1813 Scrapped, 1841.
Duguay-Trouin (ii) Cherbourg 10 November 1813 Struck, and used as a floating magazine from 1824.
Colosse, razeed and renamed Pallas in 1821. Toulon 5 December 1813 Struck, 1831. Broken up, 1840.
Superbe (ii) Antwerp December 1808 5 July 1814 September 1814 Lost, 1833.
Brillant Genoa Feb 1812. Captured by the British, 18 April 1814. 18 April 1815 for the British Navy as HMS Genoa 1815 Broken up at Plymouth, 1838.
Hercule (ii), renamed Provence in July 1815, then Alger in July 1830. Toulon September 1812 26 May 1815 August 1815 Struck, 31 December 1855, and used as a hospital ship. Broken up, 1881.
Duc de Berry, renamed Glorieux before launch, Minerve in 1834, Aber Wrac'h in 1865. Rochefort Jan 1812 18 June 1818 July 1818 Razeed to 58-gun frigate during 1831-34. Struck, and converted to a pontoon, 1853.[note 1] Broken up, 1874.
Jean Bart (ii) Lorient-Caudan July 1811 25 August 1820 December 1820 Broken up, 1833
Triton Rochefort April 1813 22 September 1823 December 1824 Converted to a pontoon, 1852.[note 1] Broken up, 1870.
Couronne (ii), renamed Duperré in December 1849. Brest October 1813 26 August 1824 1825 Broken up, 1870.
Généreux (ii) Cherbourg July 1813 23 September 1831 1832 Broken up, 1865.

Three further ships to this design were begun at Castellammare di Stabia for the "puppet" Neapolitan Navy of Joachim Murat. Two were launched but the third ship, laid down at Castellammare di Stabia in September 1812, was never named, let alone launched, as its construction was abandoned following the defection of the Kingdom of Naples from the Napoleonic cause in November 1813.

Name Builder Begun Launched Completed Fate
Capri Castellammare di Stabia End of 1808 21 August 1810 Jan 1812 Out of service 1847, and broken up.
Gioacchino September 1810 1 August 1812 May 1813 Damaged by fire, 10 May 1820. Sold for breaking up, 1821.

Large Variant (Cassard group – 2 ships launched)[edit]

Two ships were laid down in 1793–1794 at Brest to a variant of Sané's design with the aim of carrying 24-pounder guns on the upper deck instead of the 18-pounders carried by the Téméraire. These ships were two feet longer than the standard 74s, and half a foot wider. The first was begun as the Lion, but was renamed Glorieux in 1795 and Cassard in 1798. The second was begun as the Magnanime, but was renamed Quatorze Juillet in 1798 and Vétéran in 1802. Unlike the main sequence, construction proceeded slowly. By 1816 the 24-pounders aboard these two ships had been replaced by 18-pounders, and no further ships to this variant design were produced, so indicating that it was not judged successful.

Name Builder Begun Launched Completed Fate
Vétéran Brest shipyard November 1794 18 July 1803 December 1803 Condemned, 1833.
Cassard August 1793 24 September 1803 Condemned, 1818.

Short Variant (Suffren group – 2 ships launched)[edit]

Two ships were begun in 1801 to a variation of the standard Téméraire design by Sané to meet the demands of Pierre-Alexandre Forfait. The length of these ships were reduced by 65 cm from the standard design. A third ship to this variant design begun at Brest was cancelled in 1804. After Forfait left the Ministry of the Marine in October 1801, no further vessels were ordered to this variant design.

Name Builder Begun Launched Completed Fate
Suffren Lorient shipyard August 1801 17 September 1803 October 1803 Condemned, 1815.
Algésiras 8 July 1804 September 1804 Captured by the British at Trafalgar in 1805, but retaken. Captured by Spain at Cadiz, June 1808.
Pacificateur Brest shipyard May 1801 Never launched
-
 Cancelled, Feb 1804.

Small Variant (Pluton group – 24 ships launched)[edit]

Starting with the prototypes Pluton and Borée in 1803, a smaller version of the Téméraire class, officially named petit modèle, was designed by Jacques-Noël Sané to be produced in shipyards having a lesser depth of water than the principal French shipyards, primarily those in neighbouring states under French control and in foreign ports which had been absorbed into the French Empire such as Antwerp. The revised design measured 177 feet 7 inches on the waterline, 180 feet 1 inch on the deck, and 46 feet 11 inches moulded breadth. The depth of hull was 9 inches less than that in the "regular" Téméraire design. In addition to those below, two more 74s to the "petit modèle" design were ordered in June 1803, one at Marseille and the other at Bordeaux, but these were not built.

Name Builder Ordered Laid down Launched Completed Fate
Pluton Toulon shipyard June 1803 August 1803 17 Jan 1805 March 1805. Captured by the Spanish at Cadiz in June 1808.
Borée 27 June 1805 August 1805 Condemned at Toulon in 1827.
Génois Genoa shipyard July 1803 17 August 1805 November 1805 Condemned at Rochefort in August 1821, and broken up there by October 1821.
Royal Hollandais Flushing shipyard Captured on the stocks after the fall of Flushing during the Walcheren Campaign in 1809. Frames taken to England, where she was assembled and launched as HMS Chatham in 1812.
Commerce de Lyon Antwerp shipyard November 1803 9 April 1807 March 1808 Condemned at Brest in Feb 1819, and broken up there in December 1819.
Charlemagne April 1804 8 April 1807 Ceded to the new Dutch Navy, 1 August 1814, renamed Nassau.
Anversois, renamed Éole in August 1814, then Anversois in March 1815 and back to Éole in July 1815. June 1804 7 June 1807 Condemned at Brest in Feb 1819 and broken up there in December 1819.
Duguesclin July 1804 20 June 1807 Condemned at Lorient in June 1818, and broken up there in Jan 1820.
César 21 June 1807 Ceded to the new Dutch Navy, 1 August 1814, renamed Prins Frederik in 1814, broken up 1821
Ville de Berlin, renamed Thésée before launch, renamed Atlas after 1814. 6 September 1807 Condemned 1819, hulked.
Audacieux, renamed Pulstuck before launch, corrected to Pultusk by decree of Napoleon 1809. 20 September 1807 Ceded to the new Dutch Navy, 1 August 1814, renamed to Holland in 1814, broken up 1817
Illustre, named Dantzick before launching, and renamed Achille in 1814 during the First Restoration. In 1815, during the Hundred Days, reverted to Dantzick, but returned to Achille on the Second Restoration. 15 August 1807 Struck, 1816.
Albanais April 1807 2 October 1808 April 1809 Ceded to the new Dutch Navy, 1 August 1814, renamed to Batavier in 1814, broken up 1817
Breslaw (originally named Superbe, but renamed before launching) Genoa shipyard Jan 1806 3 May 1808 August 1808 Struck, 1836.
Dalmate, renamed Hector in 1814 during the First Restoration. In 1815, during the Hundred Days, reverted to Dalmate, but returned to Hector on the Second Restoration. Antwerp shipyard August 1806 21 August 1808 April 1809 Struck, 1819.
Rivoli Venice shipyard 6 September 1810 Captured by HMS Victorious in the action of 22 February 1812. Served as HMS Rivoli until broken up in 1819.
Montebello Not launched
Mont Saint-Bernard 1811 Struck, 1814.
Régénérateur Ceded to Austria, broken up 1831.
Audacieux Amsterdam shipyard 8 May 1812 5 October 1816 1 Feb 1820 Ceded to the new Dutch Navy, 1 August 1814, renamed to Coalitie and completed by the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, renamed to Wassenaar at launch. Flagship of the Dutch Mediterranean Escadre 1820-1824. Foundered and destroyed on 16 Jan 1827 at Schoorl (NL) enroute the Netherlands East Indies as troop transport.
Castiglione Venice shipyard 1812 Struck, 1814.
Polyphème Amsterdam shipyard 1812 July 1817 1817 Ceded to the new Dutch Navy, 1 August 1814, renamed to Holland and completed by the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. Flagship of the Dutch Mediterranean Escadre 1824-1828. Struck 1832.
Royal Italien Venice shipyard 1812 Ceded to Austria, broken up 1838.
Couronne Amsterdam shipyard 1811 1817 December 1813 Ceded to the new Dutch Navy, 1 August 1814, renamed to Willem de Eerste and completed by the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. Flagship of the Dutch Mediterranean Escadre 1817-1820. Struck 1829.
Piet Hein Rotterdam shipyard 1812 15 August 1812 October 1812 Ceded to the new Dutch Navy, 1 August 1814, renamed to Admiraal Piet Hein and completed by the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. Struck 1819.
Montenotte Venice shipyard 1815 Completed by Lombardy–Venetia.
Arcole Not launched Cancelled.
Lombardo
Semmering
Citoyen Trieste shipyard December 1811 Cancelled, 1812.

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Note: The French Ponton can mean a floating walkway, dock, barge, or ship used for storage, accommodation, or even as a prison hulk.

Citations[edit]

  1. ^ Winfield, p. 69
  2. ^ Winfield & Roberts 2015, p. 87
  3. ^ Roche, vol.1, p.432
  4. ^ Roche, vol.1, p.56
  5. ^ Roche, vol.1, p.426
  6. ^ Roche, vol.1, p.222-223
  7. ^ Roche, vol.1, p.122
  8. ^ Roche, vol.1, p.198
  9. ^ Roche, vol.1, p.212
  10. ^ Roche, vol.1, p.343
  11. ^ Roche, vol.1, p.122
  12. ^ Roche, vol.1, p.290
  13. ^ Roche, vol.1, p.79
  14. ^ Roche, vol.1, p.336
  15. ^ Roche, vol.1, p.278
  16. ^ Roche, vol.1, p.176
  17. ^ Roche, vol.1, p.251-252
  18. ^ Roche, vol.1, p.44
  19. ^ Roche, vol.1, p.38
  20. ^ Roche, vol.1, p.161
  21. ^ Roche, vol.1, p.45
  22. ^ Roche, vol.1, p.408
  23. ^ Roche, vol.1, p.435
  24. ^ Roche, vol.1, p.29

References[edit]

  • Roche, Jean-Michel (2005). Dictionnaire des bâtiments de la flotte de guerre française de Colbert à nos jours (Vol 1: 1671 – 1870). ISBN 978-2-9525917-0-6. OCLC 165892922.
  • Winfield, Rif (2008). British Warships in the Age of Sail, 1793–1817: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates. Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84415-717-4.
  • Winfield, Rif & Roberts, Stephen S. (2017). French Warships in the Age of Sail 1626–1786: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4738-9351-1.
  • Winfield, Rif & Roberts, Stephen S. (2015). French Warships in the Age of Sail 1786–1861: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-204-2.

External links[edit]

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