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Project 941 submarine

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This article is about the Soviet/Russian ballistic missile submarine class with NATO reporting name "Typhoon", but with native name "Akula". For the submarine class with NATO reporting name "Akula", see Akula-class submarine. For other uses, see Typhoon (disambiguation).

Project 941 Akula
Project 941 Akula SSBN profile
Typhoon class
Arkhangelsk submarine under way
Class overview
NameProject 941 Akula
BuildersSevmash, designed by Rubin
Operators
Preceded byDelta class
Succeeded byBorei class
Built1976–1989
In service1981–2023
Planned7
Completed6
Cancelled1
Laid up3[1][2]
Retired6
General characteristics
TypeBallistic missile submarine
Displacement
  • 23,200 t (22,830 long tons) surfaced
  • 48,000 t (47,240 long tons) submerged
Length175 m (574 ft 2 in)
Beam23 m (75 ft 6 in)
Draught12 m (39 ft 4 in)
Propulsion
  • 2 × OK-650 pressurized-water nuclear reactors, 190 MWt each, HEU <= 45%[3]
  • 2 × geared steam turbines, 50,000 shp (37,000 kW) each
  • 2 shafts with 7-bladed shrouded screws
Speed
  • 22.22 knots (41.15 km/h; 25.57 mph) surfaced
  • 27 knots (50 km/h; 31 mph) submerged
Endurance120+ days submerged[4]
Test depth400 m (1,300 ft)
Complement160 persons[4]
Armament

The Project 941 Akula (Russian: Акула, meaning 'shark', NATO reporting name Typhoon), was a class of nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines designed and built by the Soviet Union for the Soviet Navy. With a submerged displacement of 48,000 t (47,000 long tons),[4] the Typhoons were the largest submarines ever built,[7] able to accommodate comfortable living facilities for the crew of 160 when submerged for several months.[8] The source of the NATO reporting name remains unclear, although it is often claimed to be related to the use of the word "typhoon" ("тайфун") by General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev of the Communist Party in a 1974 speech while describing a new type of nuclear ballistic missile submarine, as a reaction to the United States Navy's new Ohio-class submarine.[9]

The Russian Navy cancelled its modernization program in March 2012, stating that modernizing one Typhoon would be as expensive as building two new Borei-class submarines.[10] A total of six boats of the Typhoon class had been built and a seventh was started but never finished.[11] Three boats were decommissioned in the 1990s and were scrapped in the 2000s, another two were decommissioned during the 2000s and are currently inactive. With the announcement that Russia has eliminated the last R-39 Rif (SS-N-20 "Sturgeon") submarine-launched ballistic missiles in September 2012, only one Typhoon remained in service, Dmitriy Donskoi, which was refitted with the more modern RSM-56 Bulava SLBM for testing. She continued to serve until February 2023, when she was decommissioned.

Description

[edit]
Typhoon class general arrangements: 1 - outer hull; 2 - 533 mm forward torpedo tubes; 3 - pressure hull (forward); 4 - stowable forward hydroplanes; 5 - escape hatches; 6 - torpedo compartment pressure hull; 7 - sonar compartment; 8 - 20 x R-39 ballistic missile tubes; 9 - control room; 10 - escape capsules; 11 - retractable devices; 12 - Fin; 13 - radio room; 14 - reactor compartment; 15 - hangar / payload doors for towed communication buoy; 16 - protrusions to prevent ice damaging the propellers; 17 - turbine compartment; 18 - machine compartment, 19 - hydrodynamic vortex smoothing protrusions; 20 - vertical stabiliser; 21 - rudders; 22 - ducted propeller; 23 - aft hydroplanes; 24 - sonar; 25 - stowable thrusters; 26 - missile compartment; 27 - crew compartment; 28 - 2 x OK-650 nuclear reactors; 29 - propeller shaft; 30 - horizontal stabiliser; 31 - pressure hull (forward); 32 - main pressure hull (starboard); 33 - main pressure hull (port); 34 - pressure hull (fin); 35 - pressure hull (aft); 36 - rapid dive tank; i - attack periscope; ii - navigation periscope; iii - radio sextant; iv - radar/ESM system; v - snorkel; vi & viii - radio communications; vii - direction finding; ix - satellite communication/positioning antenna; x - hull mounted towed sonar array

Soviet – subsequently Russian – nuclear submarines are identified by the letter "K" followed by a number (for example, the lead boat of the Yasen class, the Severodvinsk, is K-560). K stands for Cruiser: (Крейсер). The sheer displacement of the Typhoon-class boats, comparable to several aircraft carrier classes, led to their classification as Heavy Cruisers (Тяжелый Крейсер).

Besides their missile armament, the Typhoon class featured six torpedo tubes designed to handle RPK-2 (SS-N-15) missiles or Type 53 torpedoes. A Typhoon-class submarine could stay submerged for 120 days[4] in normal conditions, and potentially more if deemed necessary (e.g., in the case of a nuclear war). Their primary weapons system was composed of 20 R-39 (NATO: SS-N-20) submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs) with a maximum of ten multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle nuclear warheads each. Technically, Typhoons were able to deploy their long-range nuclear missiles while moored at their docks.[12]

Typhoon-class submarines featured multiple pressure hulls which simplifies internal design while making the vessel much wider than a normal submarine. In the main body of the sub, two long pressure hulls lie parallel with a third, smaller pressure hull above them (which protrudes just below the sail), and two other pressure hulls for torpedoes and steering gear. This also greatly increases their survivability – even if one pressure hull is breached, the crew members in the other are safe and there is less potential for flooding. Its ballistic missiles were placed between the two main pressure hulls, their launch tubes enclosed only by the outer, "light" hull.

The Typhoon was capable of traveling at 28 knots (52 km/h; 32 mph) submerged.[13]

History

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Size comparison of common World War II submarines with the Typhoon class
Soviet Typhoon-class ballistic missile submarine, with inset of an American football field graphic to convey a sense of the enormous size of the vessel

The Typhoon class was developed under Project 941 as the Soviet Akula class (Акула), meaning shark. It is sometimes confused with other submarines, as Akula is the name NATO uses to designate the Russian Project 971 Shchuka-B (Щука-Б)-class attack submarines. The project was developed with the objective to match the SLBM armament of Ohio-class submarines, capable of carrying 192 nuclear warheads, 100 kt each, but with significantly longer range. To accommodate this increase in range, Soviet SLBMs were substantially larger and heavier than their American adversaries (the R-39s is more than twice as heavy as the UGM-96 Trident I; it remains the heaviest SLBM to have been in service worldwide). The submarine had to be scaled accordingly.[11]

In the early 1990s, there were also proposals to refit some of the Typhoon-class submarines to submarine cargo vessels for shipping oil, gas and cargo under polar ice to Russia's far flung northern territories. The submarines could take up to 10,000 tonnes (9,800 long tons; 11,000 short tons) of cargo on-board and ship it under the polar ice to tankers waiting in the Barents Sea. These ships – after the considerable engineering required to develop technologies to transfer oil from drilling platforms to the submarines, and later, to the waiting tankers – would then deliver their cargo world-wide.[14]

Six Typhoon-class submarines were built between 1976 and 1985. Originally, the submarines were designated by hull numbers only. Names were later assigned to the four vessels retained by the Russian Navy after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. During the time of the Russian Federation, these boats were to be sponsored by either a city or company. The construction order for an additional vessel (hull number TK-210) was cancelled and never completed.

In late December 2008, a senior Navy official announced that the two Typhoon-class submarines, Arkhangelsk and Severstal, that were in reserve would not be rearmed with the new Bulava SLBM missile system. They could potentially yet be modified to carry cruise missiles or to lay mines, or could be used in special operations.[citation needed] In late June 2009, the Navy Commander-in-Chief, Admiral Vladimir Vysotskiy, told reporters that the two submarines would be reserved for possible future repairs and modernisation.[15] In September 2011, the Russian defense ministry decided to write off all Project 941 Akula nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines until 2014. The reasons for decommissioning the Typhoon-class vessels are the restrictions imposed on Russia by the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty and successful trials of the new Borei-class submarine.[16]

Despite being a replacement for many types of submarines, the Borei-class submarines are slightly shorter than the Typhoon class (170 m (560 ft) as opposed to 175 m (574 ft)), and have a smaller crew (107 people as opposed to 160). These changes were in part designed to reduce the cost to build and maintain the submarines. In addition, the United States and Canada provided 80% of funds for scrapping the older Typhoon-class submarines, making it much more economical to build a new submarine.[17]

In 2013, the state-run RIA Novosti news agency announced that the Navy would scrap two Typhoons, beginning in 2018. They were the Arkhangelsk and Severstal.[18] As of 2017, the decision about the scrapping of Archangelsk and Severstal was still not firm.[19]

On 20 July 2022, it was reported that Dmitriy Donskoi was withdrawn from the Russian Navy.[20] This was an earlier-than-expected decommission date, as it was stated in 2021 that the submarine was expected to remain in service until 2026 as a weapons test platform.[21] However, sources suggested in 2022 that the 2026 date was not in the Russian Navy plan.[2] On 6 February 2023, it was reported she was decommissioned.[22]

Units

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# Name Laid down Launched Commissioned Fleet Status
TK-208 Dmitriy Donskoi 30 June 1976 27 September 1979 23 December 1981 Northern Fleet Decommissioned February 6, 2023[23]
TK-202 22 April 1978 23 September 1982 28 December 1983 Withdrawn from active service in June 1999, scrapped with the financial support of the U.S.[citation needed]
TK-12 Simbirsk 19 April 1980 17 December 1983 26 December 1984 Withdrawn from active service in 1996, scrapped 2006–2008[citation needed]
TK-13 23 February 1982 30 April 1985 26 December 1985 Withdrawn from active service in 1997, scrapped 2007–2009[24]
TK-17 Arkhangelsk 9 August 1983 12 December 1986 15 December 1987 Decommissioned in 2006,[25] or 2013[26]
TK-20 Severstal 27 August 1985 11 April 1989 19 December 1989[4] Decommissioned in 2004,[25] or 2013[26]
TK-210 1986 Unfinished, scrapped on the way

Timeline

[edit]

TK-208 Dmitriy Donskoy (Typhoon #1)

  • 10 February 1982: Entered 18th division (Zapadnaya Litsa), NOR.
  • December 1982: Transferred from Severodvinsk to Zapadnaya Litsa.
  • 1983–1984: Tests of D-19 missile complex. Commanders: A.V.Olkhovikov (1980–1984).[citation needed]
  • 3 December 1986: Entered Navy Board of the Winners of the Socialist Competition.
  • 18 January 1987: Entered MoD Board of Glory.[citation needed]
  • 20 September 1989 – 1991: Repairs and refit at Sevmash to Project 941U. 1991 refit cancelled.
  • 1996: Returned to 941U refit.
  • 2002: Named Dmitriy Donskoy.
  • 26 June 2002: End of refit.
  • 30 June 2002: Start of testing.
  • 26 July 2002: Entered sea trials, re-entered fleet, without missile system.
  • December 2003: Sea trials; refitted to carry a new Bulava missile system. New missile system expected to be operational by 2005.
  • 9 October 2005: Successfully launched SS-NX-30 Bulava SLBM from surface.
  • 21 December 2005: Successfully launched SS-NX-30 Bulava SLBM from submerged position on move.
  • 7 September 2006: Test launch of the Bulava missile failed after several minutes in flight due to some problems in the flight control system. The missile fell into the sea about a minute after the launch. The sub was not affected and was returning to Severodvinsk base submerged. Later reports blamed the engine of the first stage for the failure.
  • 25 October 2006: Test launch of the Bulava-M missile in the White Sea failed some 200 seconds after liftoff due to the apparent failure of the flight control system.
  • 28 August 2008: Underwent successful testing at the Sevmash shipyard in Severodvinsk, Arkhangelsk Oblast. More than 170 men worked with the Dmitriy Donskoy, 100 of them employed at the Sevmash plant and 70 at other companies.
  • 20 July 2022: Decommissioned[20]
A Typhoon-class submarine on the surface in 1985

TK-17 Arkhangelsk (Typhoon #5)

  • 19 February 1988: Entered 18th division (Zapadnaya Litsa) NOR.
  • September 1991, damaged after a SLBM exploded in the launch silo.[27][28]
  • 8 January–9 November 2002: Refit at Sevmash.
  • In July 2002, crew petitioned Main Navy Headquarters to adopt the name Arkhangel'sk (renamed on 18 November 2002).
  • Commander: 2002-2003 V. Volkov.
  • 17 February 2004: Took part in military exercises with President Vladimir Putin aboard.
  • Decommissioned in 2006 and preserved. The decision about its dismantling still has not been made.[19] Apparent proposal to convert to cruise missile role being considered in 2019 but deemed unlikely.[29]

TK-20 Severstal (Typhoon #6)

  • 28 February 1990: Entered 18th division (Zapadnaya Litsa), NOR.
  • 25 August 1996: Successfully launched SLBM
  • November 1996: Successfully launched SLBM from the North Pole.
  • 24 July 1999: Took part in parade on Navy Day in Severomorsk, NOR.
  • November–December 1999 – distant cruise.
  • 2001: named to Severstal.
  • June 2001–December 2002: Repairs at Sevmash.
  • Commander: A. Bogachev (2001).[citation needed]
  • Decommissioned in 2004 or 2013 and preserved. The decision about its dismantling still has not been made.[19] Apparent proposal to convert to cruise missile role being considered in 2019 but deemed unlikely.[29]

Notable appearances in media

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Typhoon-class submarine TK-202 covered with ice

Probably the best-known fictional Typhoon-class submarine is the stealth-equipped Red October (Красный Oктябрь), the subject of the Tom Clancy novel The Hunt for Red October and its 1990 movie adaptation, starring Sean Connery as the fictional Captain Marko Ramius.

Another fictional Typhoon-class submarine is the "Mayflower", which is featured prominently in the Sam's Story DLC for the 2019 video game Metro Exodus.

The 2001 documentary Mission Invisible about the Russian submarine Severstal was produced by Corona Films for Discovery Channel with the participation of ZED, France 5, ZDF, RTBF, TV5 Monde and the Scottish Screen Fund.[30][31]

In 2008, National Geographic released a documentary about the scrapping of one of the Typhoons in the series Break It Down.[32] This boat is TK-13, which was scrapped in 2007–2009.

See also

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References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Russia Announces Decommissioning of the Last Typhoon". Archived from the original on 29 January 2023. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  2. ^ a b "Russian nuclear submarine Dmitry Donskoy returns to its naval base". navyrecognition.com. 28 July 2022.
  3. ^ Lobner, Peter. "Marine Nuclear Power: 1939 – 2018 - Part 3A: Russia" (PDF).
  4. ^ a b c d e Apalkov, Yu.V. (2002). "Podvodnye Lodki [Submarines]". Корабли ВМФ СССР [Ships of the Soviet Navy]. Sankt-Peterburg: Галея Принт. ISBN 5-8172-0069-4.
  5. ^ "Подводные лодки. Проект 941".
  6. ^ "Подводные лодки. Проект 941".
  7. ^ "World's Largest Submarines - 1981: Typhoon Class (Soviet and Russian)". National Geographic. 12 December 1981. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 14 August 2011.
  8. ^ Waller, Douglas C. (March 2001). "Essay - The Hunt for Big Red" (PDF). Wake Forest Magazine. 48 (3): 28–31. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 October 2009. Retrieved 13 October 2009.
  9. ^ Hitchens, Theresa (2001). "Get a policy, please". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 57 (2001): 21–23. doi:10.2968/057001008.
  10. ^ "Russian Navy Abandons Akula Modernization Project". Russian Navy. 3 July 2012. Archived from the original on 1 February 2013. Retrieved 26 September 2012.
  11. ^ a b Friedman, Norman (February 1999). "World Naval Developments: The Typhoon Saga Ends". Proceedings of the U.S. Naval Institute. Archived from the original on 11 August 2017. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  12. ^ Pike, John (25 August 2000). "941 Typhoon – Russian and Soviet Nuclear Forces". Federation of American Scientists. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 14 August 2011.
  13. ^ Rogoway, Tyler (27 March 2014). "The Massive Soviet Sub That Inspired 'Hunt For Red October'". Foxtrot Alpha. Archived from the original on 14 January 2019. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
  14. ^ Kudrik, Igor (14 May 2003). "Typhoon Subs to Ship Oil and Gas". Bellona.org. Archived from the original on 20 September 2017. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
  15. ^ Ласточкин, Олег (26 June 2009). "Стратегические АПЛ "Тайфун" останутся в боевом составе ВМФ РФ" ["Typhoon" strategic nuclear submarines will remain in the combat composition of the Russian Navy]. RIA Novosti (in Russian). Archived from the original on 29 June 2009. Retrieved 14 August 2011.
  16. ^ "Russia To Dismantle World's Biggest Subs". Russian Navy. Archived from the original on 6 October 2011. Retrieved 29 September 2011.
  17. ^ Sudakov, Dmitry (29 September 2011). "Russia's gigantic Typhoon submarines to be scrapped". Pravda. Archived from the original on 7 October 2014. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
  18. ^ "Russia to Scrap World's Biggest Nuclear Subs". RIA Novosti. 21 May 2013. Archived from the original on 16 July 2013. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
  19. ^ a b c "Решение об утилизации самых больших в мире АПЛ "Акула" пока не принято" [The decision to dismantle "Akula", the world's largest nuclear submarine, has not yet been made]. RIA Novosti (in Russian). 11 November 2016. Archived from the original on 21 September 2017. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
  20. ^ a b "Источник: самую большую в мире АПЛ "Дмитрий Донской" вывели из состава ВМФ". RIA (in Russian). 20 July 2022.
  21. ^ "Dmitry Donskoy submarine not to be decommissioned for five years at least, says source". TASS. 14 January 2021.
  22. ^ "Russia's nuclear-powered sub Dmitry Donskoy withdrawn from service". TASS. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
  23. ^ Cole, Brendan (6 February 2023). "Russia loses world's largest nuclear submarine". Newsweek. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
  24. ^ Pettersen, Trude (4 June 2009). "One sub out, another one in". The Barents Observer. Archived from the original on 15 February 2012. Retrieved 14 August 2011.
  25. ^ a b "Russia, USA Liquidated Entire Class of Ballistic Missiles". Russian Navy. 17 September 2012. Archived from the original on 13 October 2012. Retrieved 26 September 2012.
  26. ^ a b "Тяжелые ракетные подводные крейсера проекта 941" [Heavy missile submarine cruisers of project 941]. Russianships.info (in Russian).
  27. ^ Nilsen, Thomas (3 February 2018). "Captain who saved White Sea from nuclear disaster dies at 67". The Barents Observer. Archived from the original on 3 February 2018. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
  28. ^ @JosephHDempsey (30 April 2015). "Damage to #Russia Navy TK-17 Typhoon SSBN after missile explosion during 1991 training launch h/t @russianforces #TBT" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  29. ^ a b Roblin, Sebastien (7 December 2019). "Why Russia Is Packing Its Old Typhoon-Class Submarines With Hundreds Of Cruise Missiles". The National Interest.
  30. ^ "Mission Invisible 52' by Vitaly Fedko & Ludmila Nazaruk". ZED.fr. Archived from the original on 20 September 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
  31. ^ "Full record for 'Auf Unsichtbarer Mission/Mission Invisible' (8144) - Moving Image Archive catalogue". National Library of Scotland. Archived from the original on 17 August 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
  32. ^ "Break It Down - Nuclear Submarine". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 23 August 2010.
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