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Unit Grade System of the Armed Forces of China

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The Unit Grade System of the Armed Forces of China (Chinese: 职务等级制度; pinyin: zhíwù děngjí zhìdù), also known as the Duty Grade System, Post Grade System, Leader Grade System or Leader Level System of the Armed Forces of the People's Republic of China (which include the People's Liberation Army, the People's Armed Police, and all other military-affiliated institutions), is the core organizational system by which a military, duty or leader grade (军事级别 pinyin: jūnshì jíbié / 职务等级 pinyin: zhíwù děngjí, shortened to 级别 pinyin: jíbié or 职级 pinyin: zhíjí) is assigned to all formations (部队 pinyin:Bùduì), work units (单位 pinyin: dānwèi), military posts (职务 pinyin: zhíwù), or billets (岗位 pinyin: gǎngwèi) of the Chinese Armed Forces.[1] These grades belong to the unit, but attach to its leaders (usually the commander and political commissar, as co-equal unit leaders),[2][3][a] and these leader grades, not ranks, are the source of authority, command power, and hierarchy vis-a-vis other officers (and therefore, the relative position of military organizations vis-a-vis each other). The system parallels the system used for the Chinese civil service and other government hierarchies.

A major reform in 2021 brought military rank more in line with grade by limiting grade assignment to one sole rank per grade. Nevertheless, Unit Grade remains the main organizing feature in the Armed Forces of China, as it succinctly defines a unit's position in the hierarchy.

Basic structure and role of the grade system[edit]

The TOE and Order of Battle of the PLA and PAP assigns a grade to every functional office, command unit, field unit or formation, organization, and military institution (such as military academies, or military research centers), and it is the grade structure that determines the structure of command of the armed forces. First, an officer obtains the grade when they are assigned to a given post. Second, it is the grade, not the rank, that determines seniority of both the units and their commanders, and determines the chain of command.

The confusion for Western observers comes from translation snarl (with a whole array of words translating to "grade"), and the fact that grades, assigned to posts, are separate and partially independent from the rank (衔级 pinyin: xiánjí) that is assigned to individual officers. An officer with corps-leader grade may give orders to a division-grade officer, regardless of rank. A Senior Colonel (Brigadier equivalent) in a higher grade post effectively commanded a Major General in a lower grade post. An indication of the centrality of grade is that military regulations require servicemen to address both peers and officers by duty grade (职务), not by rank, and only if they don't know the duty grade, then use the "comrade-rank" formula.[3]

Moreover, it is the grade of their current post that determines the career progress of an officer, not their rank. Pay, benefits, and mandatory retirement ages are linked to grades. As Alison Kaufman put it in 2009: "Promotion in grade indicates that one is moving up the career ladder. Moving from one grade level to the next is a promotion; moving from one position to another in the same grade is a lateral transfer. For example, moving from a position as chief of staff in an MR headquarters to become deputy commander in the same MR headquarters is not a promotion, because both have a grade level of MR Deputy Leader"[4]

To add to the confusion, until 2021,[5] each grade post could be filled by at least two different ranks. And as the time limits for promotion were different for grades and ranks, it resulted in a growing difference between the grade and rank of successful officers. This often resulted in the commander and political commissar of a unit —both by definition of the same grade, and equal in authority in every respect—[2] to have different ranks.

Despite these issues, the system in general was well understood and functioned well, but certain problems started to accumulate after the 2015 reforms. In particular, the divergence of time-in-rank and time-in-grade rules,[6] and the time limits for officers to remain in a given grade without promotion was causing troubles with talent recruitment and retention. A significant reform to address some of these issues and more started in 2021. This reform is ongoing and it is unclear as of 2024 what the final shape of the system will be.[7]

History[edit]

The dual grade/rank system has its origin in the lack of rank in the early Chinese Red Army[8] (which followed the lead of the Soviet Red Army),[9] in which assigned leadership post was the only meaningful marker of hierarchy: functional titles like "brigade commander" and "platoon commander" sufficed to define leadership and seniority while preserving the egalitarian ethos of the early communist forces. After the Red Army's merger with the Kuomintang's Army, the New Fourth and the Eighth Route Armies desultorily adopted the KMT rank system, but after the split with the KMT in 1947, the PLA returned to ranklessness and remained there until 1955.

The lack of ranks (again, by using only positions like "Battalion commander") did simplify absorbing the very large number of defecting KMT forces, with their complex ranks systems, that joined the PLA during the Civil War (former NRA ranks were automatically made moot). During the Korean War, lack of formal ranks caused some minor issues with the Democratic People's Republic of Korea's Army (which used Soviet ranks) and with the UN forces at the Panmunjon talks[10] (which usually demanded negotiation groups to be composed of personnel of the same rank). The Chinese People's Volunteer Army "fudged" the issue by assigning people of appropriate positions[11] (i.e. regimental commanders when required to send colonels).[12]

The PLA has tried a different number of combination of grades and ranks systems over the years. For very long periods, the army used neither grades nor ranks. The following table summarizes this history thus:

Table 1: Red Army and PLA Officer Grade and Ranks 1927-Present[13]
Year Grades Ranks
1927 None None
1937 None 10 ranks based on KMT system
1946 None Abolished
1952 21 None
1955 20 15 ranks based on Soviet system
1965 27 based on the State Administrative Grade System Abolished
1972 23 based on the State Administrative Grade System None
1979 18 None
1988 15 10
2021 19 10

In 1952, the PLA adopted a 22 grade system taken from the civilian cadre ranking system. In 1955, the PLA adopted a traditional 15-levels officer ranks based on the Soviet model, but retained a , a 15-level grade system in parallel. This is the beginning of the dual, asymmetrical grade/rank system. 1955: In 1965, at the beginning of the Cultural Revolution, the rank system was abolished and officers used the government's National Administrative Cadre system of 27 grades. In 1972, four grades were abolished, leaving 23 grades. In 1979, 23 grades were reduced to 15. In 1988. as new rank system with 10 ranks was implemented. This remained the basic system until the recent (2021-23 reforms). In the 1988 system, each grade could be filled by at least two different ranks, and a given rank could fill many differently graded posts (Major Generals could fill up to four different grades).[14][15] as shown in the following table:

Table 2: PLA's 15-grade Structure since 1988[16][17]
Grade Primary Rank[b] Secondary Rank
CMC Chairman (军委主席) None
CMC Vice Chairmen (军委副主席) General / Admiral
CMC Member (军委委员) General / Admiral
MR Leader (正大军区职) General / Admiral Lieutenant General / Vice Admiral
MR Deputy Leader (副大军区职) Lieutenant General / Vice Admiral Major General / Rear Admiral
Corps Leader (正军职) Major General / Rear Admiral Lieutenant General / Vice Admiral
Corps Deputy Leader (副军职) Major General / Rear Admiral Senior Colonel / Senior Captain
Division Leader (正师职) Senior Colonel / Senior Captain Major General / Rear Admiral
Division Deputy Leader (副师职) (Brigade Leader) Colonel / Captain Senior Colonel / Senior Captain
Regiment Leader (正团职) (Brigade Deputy Leader) Colonel / Captain Lieutenant Colonel / Commander
Regiment Deputy Leader (副团职) Lieutenant Colonel / Commander Major / Lieutenant Commander
Battalion Leader (正营职) Major / Lieutenant Commander Lieutenant Colonel/Lieutenant Commander
Battalion Deputy Leader (副营职) Captain / Lieutenant Major / Lieutenant Commander
Company Leader (正连职) Captain / Lieutenant First Lieutenant / Lieutenant Junior Grade
Company Deputy Leader (副连职) First Lieutenant / Lieutenant Junior Grade Captain / Lieutenant
Platoon Leader (排职) Second Lieutenant / Ensign First Lieutenant / Ensign

In 2021, a wide-scope reform of the grade system was introduced by the CMC[18] to resolve the increasing problems with the 1988 system faced after the 2015 military reforms.

2021 Reforms[edit]

On January 1, 2021, the "Interim Regulations on the Management of Active Military Officers"[19][20] came into effect, and with it a very extensive package of regulations (the "Supplementary Interim Regulations on the Selection of Active Service Officers", "Interim Regulations on the Education and Training of Active Service Officers", "Interim Regulations on the Assessment and Promotion of Active Service Officers" "Interim Provisions on Appointments", "Interim Provisions on Exchange of Active-duty Officers", "Interim Provisions on Retirement of Active-duty Officers", "Interim Provisions on the Management of Remuneration Levels of Active-duty Officers", "Interim Provisions on the Management of Specialist and Technical Officers", "Opinions on the Management of Officer Positions", the "Opinions on the Management of Officers' Career Development Paths" and the "Notice on Regulating Grade Conversion Measures and Transition Policies in the Reform of the Officer System")[21][22]. This widespread set of reforms created a variety of changes in the structure of officer commands and careers. Among the changes, it attempted to reconcile the rank and grade disparities (as well as introducing a third set of grades, by making pay grades (待遇级别) clearly distinct from the other two,[23] and increasing the number of pay grades to 19 to account for new career paths for technical/specialist officers).

The main change was the introduction of the "one grade, one rank" (“一职一衔”) rule, ending the previous "one grade, two ranks" (“一职两衔”) system. Now, officers in a given grade will all share a rank (but not vice-versa, as some ranks could still take several grades). With this change, there also came a significant extension of service Time-in-Grade and Time-in-Rank (TIR) limitations.[24] Now, the limits went up to 7 years for second lieutenants, 8 years for lieutenants, and 9 years for captains, allowing an officer to have an entire career at Company rank and grades. Connected to this, there was a change in the structure of rewards to allow slow rank climbs to still be attractive career paths.[25]

Current System after 2021[edit]

According to the "Interim Regulations", as of 2024 the military rank levels, job grades, and salary levels are organized as follows:[26]

Table 3: Grade system after the 2021 reform[27]
Category Rank (军衔等级) Billet/Duty grade (岗位职务层级) Pay grade (待遇级别)[28]
Commander-in-Chief Unranked (无衔) Chairman of CMC Pay grade 1 (1级)
General Officers (将官) Full Generals (上将) CMC Deputy (中央军委副主席) Pay grade 2 (2级)
CMC Member (中央军委委员) Pay grade 3 (3级)
Theater Command Leader (战区主官) Pay grade 4 (4级)
Lieutenant General (中将) Theater Deputy Leader (战区副职) Pay grade 5 (5级)
Major General (少将) Corps Leader（军级主官） Pay grade 6 (6级)
Corps Deputy Leader (军级副职) Pay grade 7 (7级)
Field Officers (校官) Senior Colonel (大校) Divisional Unit Commander (师级部队主官) Pay grade 7 (7级)
Division Leader (师级主官) Pay grade 8 (8级)
Division Deputy Leader (师级副职)
Brigade Leader (旅级主官) 		Pay grade 9 (9级）
Colonel (上校) Brigade Deputy Leader（旅级副职) Pay grades 8-11 (8—11级）
Regiment Leader (团级主官)， Pay grades 8-11 (8—11级）
Lieutenant Colonel (中校) Regiment Deputy Leader (团级副职) Pay grades 10-13 (10—13级)
Battalion Leader (营级主官) Pay grades 11-13 (11—13级)
Major (少校) Battalion Leader （营级主官) Pay grades 12-16 (12—16级)
Battalion Deputy (营级副职) Pay grades 12-16 (12—16级）
Company Officers (尉官) Captain (上尉) Company Leader (连级主官) Pay grades 14-17 (14—17级)
First Lieutenant (中尉) Company Deputy Leader（连级副职) Pay grades 15-18 (15—18级）
Second Lieutenant (少尉) Platoon Leader（排级主官) Pay grades 17-19 (17—19级）

The process of unifying rank and grade is ongoing, as officers are progressively promoted in and out "mismatches".[29] Moreover, as is clear in the use of "interim" for the regulations, the reforms are not considered final and changes are certain to come in the near future.

The duty grade system reflects the civilian duty grade system in use in the civil service and in the state and Chinese Communist Party (CCP) leadership systems. The civilian administrative leader grades compare to the military ranks and grades as follows:

Table 4: Comparison of Military pay grade, duty grade, and rank with civilian Administrative Leader grade[30]
Pay Grade Position Rank (academic degree)[c] Administrative Leader Grade
1 CMC Chairman Unranked National Leader 国家级正职
2 CMC Deputy Chairman General Sub-National Leader 国家级副职
3 CMC Member General Quasi-National Deputy 准国家级副职
4 Theater Leader General Provincial/Ministerial Leader 省部级正职
5 Theater Deputy Lt General Provincial/Ministerial Leader 省部级正职
6 Corps Leader Major General Provincial/Ministerial Leader 省部级正职
7 Corps Deputy Major General Sub-provincial/departmental leader 省部级副职
7 Divisional unit leader Sr. Col（paid as Corps Deputy） Sub-provincial/departmental leader 省部级副职
8 Division Leader Senior Colonel Bureau/Prefectural Leader 厅局级正职
9 Division Deputy Senior Colonel Bureau/Prefectural Deputy 厅局级副职
8-11 Regiment Leader Colonel County/Division Leader 县处级正职
10-13 Regiment Deputy Lt Colonel County/Division Deputy 县处级副职
12-16 Battalion Leader Major Township/Section Leader (乡科级正职)
12-16 Battalion Deputy Major（PhD） Township/Section Deputy (乡科级副职)
14-17 Company Leader Captain（Master's）
15-18 Company Deputy 1st Lieutenant（Bachellor's）
17-19 Platoon Leader 2nd Lieutenant（Specialization）

Full Structure of the Armed Forces of China (by unit grades)[edit]

Following is an (incomplete) list of the Armed Forces of China's organisms, offices, units, and formations and their corresponding grades. In Italics are the officers to whom the leader grade attaches. Note that the deputy leaders of a unit of a given grade shall have (usually) the next-down grade (a deputy commander of a Corps-grade unit will naturally have the Corps Deputy-grade).

CMC Chairman-grade (中央军委主席级) Chairman (主席)[edit]

The Chairman of the Central Military Commission in both its CCP and state guises is the head of the Central Military Commission and the supreme commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of the People's Republic of China. It is always exercised by a civilian office-holder. Since 1989, except for certain power transfer periods, the CMC Chairman has simultaneously been the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, and the President of China.[citation needed]

Deng Xiaoping rejected the offer to be granted an honorary rank of "First Class General" as head of the CMC, preferring to remain a civilian leader. Since 1994, it has been expressly stipulated that the Chairman of the Central Military Commission shall not be awarded a military rank.[33]

In the cases during power transitions where the Chairman of the CMC of the CCP is temporarily not the same as the Chairman of the PRC's State CMC (as in 2012), the rule of "the party leads the gun" (党指挥枪) means that the CCP Chairman has command superiority.[34]

Deputy Chairman of the Central Military Commission-grade (中央军委副主席级)[edit]

Vice-Chairmen of the Central Military Commission assist the Chairman of the Central Military Commission in his work. The number of vice-chairmen is undetermined by law, and only officers of full general rank are eligible for the grade. However, there have been cases of civilians serving as Vice-Chairmen, like Deng Xiaoping, Zhao Ziyang, Yang Shangkun, Hu Jintao, and Xi Jinping, so active military status is not essential.[35][36]

Central Military Commission Member-grade (中央军委委员级)[edit]

CMC Member Grade posts can be only filled by full Generals (上将军衔). While the pre-reform CMC had representatives from the four Services, now the only CMC member-grade positions are the heads of the Ministry of National Defense, the Joint Staff Office, the Political Work Department, and the Inspection Commission.[37]

Theater-grade units (正战区级)[edit]

CMC's Theater-grade functional departments (中央军委机关正战区级职能部门)[38][edit]

Theater Commands (部战区): Commander (司令员), Political Commissar (政委) [39][edit]

Each PLA Branch: Commander, PC[edit]

Theater Deputy-grade units (副战区级)[40][edit]

CMC Theater Deputy grade functional departments (中央军委机关副战区级职能部门): Director (部长), PC (7)[edit]

Each PLA Arm (各兵种): Commander, PC[edit]

CMC Theater Deputy-grade directly subordinate units (中央军委副战区级直属单位): Commander/Principal/Dean, PC[edit]

Each Theater Command's Theater Deputy-grade functional departments (各战区机关副战区级职能部门): Chief of Staff (参谋长) Director (主任), PC[edit]

Each Theater Command Branch HQ's (各战区军种): Commander, PC[edit]

Each Branch's Deputy Theater-grade functional departments (各军种机关副战区级职能部门): Chief of Staff, Director[edit]

PLAGF Theater Deputy-grade directly subordinate Military Districts (陆军直属副战区级军区): Commander, PC[edit]

Corps-grade units (正军级) [41][edit]

CMC Corps-grade functional departments (中央军委机关正军级职能部门)（5) Department Head, PC[edit]

CMC Corps-grade directly subordinate units (中央军委直属正军级单位)（1）Director, PC[edit]

CMC Theater-grade functional departments' Corps-grade internal bureaus (中央军委机关正战区级职能部门直属正军级单位)[edit]

CMC Theater Deputy-grade functional departments' internal Corps-grade bureaus (中央军委机关正战区级职能部门直属正军级单位)[edit]

CMC Theatre Deputy-grade functional departments' Corps-grade directly subordinate units (中央军委机关副战区级职能部门直属正军级单位)[edit]

CMC National Defense Mobilization Department's Provincial Military Districts (中央军委国防动员部直属省级军区) [28] Commander, PC

CMC Theatre-grade functional departments' Corps-grade directly subordinate units (中央军委机关战区级职能部门直属正军级单位)[edit]

  • CMC Political Work Department directly subordinate units

PLAGF Corps-grade Units (陆军正军级单位)[edit]

PLA Rocket Force Corps-grade units (火箭军正军级单位) [9][edit]

PLA Navy Corps-grade units (海军正军级单位)[edit]

PLA Air Force Corps-grade units (空军正军级单位) [2] Commander, PC[edit]

Aerospace Force's Corps-grade units (航天部队正军级单位) [9] Director, PC[edit]

Cyberspace Force Corps-grade units [3][edit]

PAP Corps-grade units (武警正军级单位)[edit]

Corps Deputy-grade units (副军级)[edit]

Intermediate Level Military Courts (中级军事法院) [7] Chief Judge[43][edit]

High Level Procuratorates (大单位军事检察院) [7] Chief Prosecutor (检察长)[43][edit]

PLAGF Corps Deputy-grade units (陆军副军级单位)[edit]

Navy Corps Deputy-grade units (海军副军级单位)[edit]

PLA Air Force Corps Deputy-grade units (空军副军级单位)[edit]

Aerospace Force Deputy Corps Deputy-grade Unit (航天部队副军级单位) [2] Group Commander/Dean, PC[edit]

Joint Logistics Support Force Corps Deputy-grade units (中央军委联勤保障部队副军级单位) Commander, PC[edit]

PAP Corps Deputy-grade units (武警副军级单位) Commander, PC[42][edit]

Division-grade units (正师级)[edit]

PLAGF Division-grade units (陆军正师级单位)[edit]

PLAN Division-grade units (海军正师级单位)[edit]

  • Air Aviation Divisions (海军航空兵师) Commander, PC
    • 1st Air Aviation Division 海航1师
    • 9th Air Aviation Division 海航9师
  • Warship flotillas (舰艇支队) Commander, PM
    • All destroyer flotillas (驱逐舰支队)
    • All frigate flotillas (护卫舰支队)
    • All submarines flotillas (潜艇支队)
    • All amphibious ship flotillas (登陆舰支队)
    • All support ship flotillas (作战支援舰支队)
  • Patrol Zones (水警区) [2] Commander, PM
    • Xisha Patrol Zone (西沙水警区)
    • Nansha Patrol Zone (南沙水警区)

PLAAF Division-grade Units (空军正师级单位) Commander, PC[edit]

  • PLAAF Air Divisions (空军航空兵师):
    • Bomber divisions
    • Transport divisions
    • Special Mission divisions

Deputy Division-grade units (副师级)[edit]

Sometimes used interchangeable with the brigade grade. The tendency is to use Brigade-grade in more recent publications.

Brigade-grade units (正旅级)[edit]

  • PLAGF Maneuver Brigades
  • PLAGF Support Brigades
  • PLAGF Border and Coastal Defense Brigades

Regiment grade (正团级)[edit]

Sometimes called Brigade Deputy Grade (副旅级).

PLAGF Border Defense Regiments (in Xinjiang and Tibet Military Districts)

  • PLAGF Independent Regiments:
    • 17th Regiment Beijing Garrison.

Regiment Deputy-grade (副团级)[edit]

Battalion grade (正营级)[edit]

Battalion Deputy-grade (副营级)[edit]

Company-grade (正连级)[edit]

Company Deputy-grade (副连级)[edit]

Platoon-grade (排级)[edit]

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ The “dual-leadership system” (军政双首长制 pinyin:jūnzhèng shuāng shǒuzhǎng zhì) is one of the most peculiar features of Communist militaries. The political commissar and the commander share joint responsibility for issuing orders, giving directions to lower levels, and overseeing all daily unit work, and both are considered functionally equal. In practice, their responsibilities are usually divided, the unit commander carries out operational tasks, while the political officer carries out political work, not necessarily more conflicting than the fighting commander and service chief in Western systems. Their formal equality, however, is central to the system.
  2. ^ In Chinese, Army, Naval, and Air Force ranks are identical except by the prefix "Army", "Navy" or "Air force" (so, a 中将 is a "Major General" or a "Vice Admiral" depending on whether its an army or navy officer). We use naval ranks in the table out of familiarity for Western audiences.
  3. ^ academic degree refers to the rank that a recent graduate from military academy is incorporated as an officer for a given degree. Civilian graduates incorporation into the officer corps is an ongoing reform that has not been settled as of 2024.[31][32]

Citations[edit]

  1. ^ "China Announces Reform of Military Ranks". Jamestown. Archived from the original on 2019-10-13. Retrieved 2024-05-12.
  2. ^ a b Kaufman, Alison; Mackenzie, Peter (2010). "The Culture of the Chinese People's Liberation Army" (PDF). info.publicintelligence.net. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-05-22. Retrieved 2024-06-14.
  3. ^ a b "中国人民解放军内务条令（试行） - 维基文库，自由的图书馆". zh.wikisource.org (in Chinese). p. article 51. Archived from the original on 2024-06-14. Retrieved 2024-06-14.
  4. ^ Kaufman, Alison; Mackenzie, Peter (2009). "The Culture of the Chinese People's Liberation Army" (PDF). Marine Corps Intelligence Activity. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-05-22. Retrieved 2024-05-13.
  5. ^ "中央军委印发《现役军官管理暂行条例》及相关配套法规_ 通知公告_ 南京双拥网". www.njsy.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 2024-05-22. Retrieved 2024-06-15.
  6. ^ "Assessing the PLA's Promotion Ladder to CMC Member Based on Grades vs. Ranks – Part 1". Jamestown. Archived from the original on 2024-05-11. Retrieved 2024-05-12.
  7. ^ "中央军委印发《现役军官管理暂行条例》及相关配套法规_ 通知公告_ 南京双拥网". www.njsy.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 2024-05-22. Retrieved 2024-06-14.
  8. ^ Hsu, Wilbur W. (2012). "Survival through Adaptation: The Chinese Red Army And The Extermination Campaigns,1927-1936" (PDF). army university press. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-02-05. Retrieved 2024-06-14.
  9. ^ "Red Army | Facts, History, & Size | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 2024-05-13. Archived from the original on 2016-06-29. Retrieved 2024-06-13.
  10. ^ "United Nations Command > History > 1951-1953: Armistice Negotiations". www.unc.mil. Archived from the original on 2020-10-04. Retrieved 2024-06-13.
  11. ^ Jones, Frank (2023-07-27). "THE KOREAN WAR ARMISTICE: A BATTLEFIELD NEGOTIATION". War Room - U.S. Army War College. Archived from the original on 2024-06-14. Retrieved 2024-06-14.
  12. ^ Robin, Ron (2001). "Behavioral Codes and Truce Talks: Images of the Enemy and Expert Knowledge in the Korean Armistice Negotiations". Diplomatic History. 25 (4): 625–646. doi:10.1111/0145-2096.00289. ISSN 0145-2096. JSTOR 24913773. Archived from the original on 2024-06-14. Retrieved 2024-06-14.
  13. ^ Allen, Kenneth (2017-02-03). "Will China's New Military Rankings Change How the PLA Trains and Fights?". The News Lens International Edition. Archived from the original on 2024-06-13. Retrieved 2024-06-13.
  14. ^ 中华人民共和国武装力量[dead link]
  15. ^ "毛泽东为何要取缔军衔制". 人民网. Archived from the original on 2017-05-11. Retrieved 2016-01-03.
  16. ^ "The PLA's New Organizational Structure: What is Known, Unknown and Speculation (Part 1)". jamestown.org. Archived from the original on 2020-11-13. Retrieved 2024-06-13.
  17. ^ "中国人民解放军军官军衔条例". www.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 2024-04-18. Retrieved 2024-06-14.
  18. ^ "What a Change in China's Officer Rank and Grade System Tells Us About PLA Reform". thediplomat.com. Archived from the original on 2024-05-11. Retrieved 2024-05-11.
  19. ^ "中央军委印发《现役军官管理暂行条例》及相关配套法规_ 通知公告_ 南京双拥网". www.njsy.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 2024-05-22. Retrieved 2024-05-22.
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