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Urban rail transit in Canada

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Metro train on elevated track
A metro vehicle on Vancouver's SkyTrain system

Urban rail transit in Canada encompasses a broad range of rail mass transit systems, including commuter rail, rapid transit, light rail, and streetcar systems.

Terminology

[edit]
Further information: Passenger rail terminology
  • "Commuter rail" refers to urban passenger train service between a central city and its suburbs. Three such systems exist in Canada.
  • "Airport rail link" refers to rail transport between a central city and a nearby international airport. The Union Pearson Express is the only dedicated airport rail link in Canada. The SkyTrain's Canada Line also serves as an airport rail link.
  • "Subway" refers to a rapid transit system using heavy rail with steel wheels. The Toronto subway is the only such system in Canada.
  • "Rubber-tired metro" refers to a rapid transit system using heavy rail with rubber tires. The Montreal Metro is the only such system in Canada.
  • "Light metro" refers to a rapid transit system using intermediate or medium-capacity rail. The SkyTrain and the Réseau express métropolitain are the only full light metro systems in Canada.
  • "Light rail" refers to a rail transit system using light rail vehicles in a dedicated right-of-way. Four such systems exist in Canada.
  • "Streetcar" refers to a rail transit system using light rail vehicles entirely or mostly on streets providing local service in mixed traffic. The Toronto streetcar is the only such system in Canada.
  • "People mover" refers to a small-scale automated guideway transit system. The Terminal Link is the only such system in Canada.

Existing systems

[edit]

Italics indicate a line under construction.

Region System Average weekday
ridership (Q4 2019)[1] 		Technology Lines Stations System length Stations under construction System length under construction
Calgary, Alberta CTrain 313,800 Light rail

Red Line
Blue Line

45 59.9 km (37.2 mi) 13 18 km (11 mi)
Edmonton, Alberta Edmonton LRT 113,804 Light rail

Capital Line Capital Line
Metro Line Metro Line
Valley Line Valley Line

29 37.4 km (23.2 mi) 16 14 km (8.7 mi)
Greater Montreal, Quebec Exo 68,500
(Q3 2019)[2] 		Commuter rail

Vaudreuil–Hudson
Saint-Jérôme
Mont-Saint-Hilaire
Candiac
Mascouche

52 204.6 km (127.1 mi) 1 –
Montreal Metro[a] 1,421,200 Rubber-tired metro

Green Line
Orange Line
Yellow Line
Blue Line

68 69.2 km (43.0 mi) 5 6 km (3.7 mi)
Réseau express métropolitain[a] Light metro Réseau express métropolitain 5 16.6 km (10.3 mi) 21 50.4 km (31.3 mi)
Ottawa, Ontario O-Train[a] 190,000 Light rail

Line 1
Line 2

13 12.5 km (7.8 mi) 28 48.5 km (30.1 mi)
Greater Toronto Area, Ontario GO Transit rail services 230,500 Commuter rail

Lakeshore West
Lakeshore East
Milton
Kitchener
Barrie
Richmond Hill
Stouffville

68 526.1 km (326.9 mi) 3 –
Union Pearson Express 11,500
(April 2019)[3] 		Airport rail link UP Express 4 23.3 km (14.5 mi) – –
Toronto subway 1,603,300 Subway[a]

Line 1 Yonge–University
Line 2 Bloor–Danforth
Line 4 Sheppard

70 70.5 km (43.8 mi) 60 61.8 km (38.4 mi)
Light rail

Line 5 Eglinton
Line 6 Finch West

Light metro Ontario Line
Toronto streetcar 530,600 Streetcar 10 lines (list) 685 83 km (52 mi) – –
Terminal Link[a] People mover – 3 1.5 km (0.93 mi) – –
Metro Vancouver, British Columbia West Coast Express 10,300 Commuter rail West Coast Express 8 69 km (43 mi) – –
SkyTrain[a] 512,400 Light metro

Expo Line
Millennium Line
Canada Line

53 79.6 km (49.5 mi) 6[4] 5.7 km (3.5 mi)[5]
Waterloo Region, Ontario Ion[b] 17,166
(September 2019)[6] 		Light rail  301  Ion light rail 19 19 km (12 mi) – –
A Siemens S200 LRV at Saddletowne station in Calgary

Calgary

[edit]
Main article: CTrain

Calgary Transit's CTrain network started operation on May 25, 1981. As of December 2023, the CTrain has the second-highest weekday ridership of any light rail transit system in North America, surpassed only by Guadalajara light rail system in Mexico. The CTrain carried over 312,000 passengers per weekday in the fourth quarter of 2018. There are 45 stations in operation in the 60-kilometre (37 mi) CTrain system.[7] After starting by running on one leg in 1981, the system has expanded and now has four legs radiating out into Calgary's suburbs in different directions. The legs have been organized into two routes (identified as the Red Line and the Blue Line) that connect the four legs via shared tracks in a downtown transit mall. The existing four legs of the system, as built in chronological order, are the south leg (1981), the northeast leg (1985), the northwest leg (1987), and the west leg (2012).

  • The Downtown Transit Mall along 7th Avenue South is shared by the Red and Blue lines.
  • The Red Line is a 32.2-kilometre (20.0 mi) line that connects the south and northwest legs via the downtown transit mall.
  • The Blue Line is a 23-kilometre (14 mi) line that connects the northeast and west legs via the downtown transit mall.
An Edmonton LRT train at Bay/Enterprise Square station

Edmonton

[edit]
Main article: Edmonton LRT

The Edmonton Transit Service's LRT system consisted of only one line from its opening in 1978 to 2015. As of February 2024, the system includes the original Capital Line; the Metro Line, sharing part of their route; and the Valley Line.

  • The Capital Line runs roughly north–south, between northeast Edmonton and the Century Park community, with a mix of tunnels and at-grade track. Six stations are underground, while the remaining nine are at-grade.
  • The Metro Line is interlined with the Capital Line from Health Sciences/Jubilee and through the underground portions before branching northwest towards NAIT.[8][9]
  • The Valley Line was opened in 2023. The low-floor line travels southeast from downtown towards Mill Woods.[10][11]

Extensions to the Capital, Metro, and Valley lines have been approved. The construction of two new lines, the Energy and Festival lines, has been proposed.[12]

An Exo train on the Mont-Saint-Hilaire line
Montreal Metro train arriving at De La Concorde station

Montreal

[edit]
Main articles: Exo (public transit) and Montreal Metro

Exo operates five commuter rail lines in Greater Montreal, including the Island of Montreal, Montreal, and South Shore. Each line terminates at Montreal Central Station or Lucien-L'Allier, both in downtown Montreal, with connections to the metro system. Most of the system is run on Canadian National or Canadian Pacific trackage. Exo formerly owned and operated the Mount Royal Tunnel and the Deux-Montagnes line until service was ended in 2020. The Réseau express métropolitain light metro system is set to take over the Mount Royal Tunnel and the Deux-Montagnes line.

The Montreal Metro is Canada's second-busiest rail transit system. Drawing inspiration from the Paris Métro, it uses rubber-tired metro technology, the only such system in Canada. The 69.2-kilometre (43.0 mi) system has 68 stations on four lines, which serve the north, east, and central portions of the Island of Montreal, as well as the suburbs of Laval and Longueuil. The metro began in 1966 with the east–west Green Line and the north–south Orange Line.[13] A series of expansions since 1966 have expanded the original lines and added the Yellow and Blue lines.

  • The Green Line is a 22.1-kilometre (13.7 mi) line that runs northeast to southwest between Angrignon and Honoré-Beaugrand. The two ends are connected through a central section that runs under De Maisonneuve Boulevard in downtown Montreal.
  • The Orange Line is a 30.0-kilometre (18.6 mi) U-shaped line. The central section runs through downtown Montreal, south of the Green Line's alignment. The two legs connect to Côte-Vertu in the northwest and Montmorency in Laval, northeast of Montreal.
  • The Yellow Line is a 4.25-kilometre (2.64 mi) line with three stations. It connects to the Green and Orange lines at Berri–UQAM station, the system's busiest station, and crosses under the Saint Lawrence River to connect Saint Helen's Island and Longueuil.
  • The Blue Line is a 9.7-kilometre (6.0 mi) line. It runs in a northeast to southwest alignment north of the Green Line, connecting the east island with both legs of the Orange Line.

An eastward extension of the Blue Line began construction in 2022.

A Trillium Line train in Ottawa

Ottawa

[edit]
Main article: O-Train

The O-Train began in 2001 as a light rail pilot project to supplement Ottawa's Transitway bus rapid transit system. This original line, now known as the Trillium Line, was relatively inexpensive to construct ($21 million) due to its single-track route along a little used freight-rail right-of-way and used diesel multiple units (DMUs) to avoid the cost of building overhead lines along the tracks. The Confederation Line opened in September 2019, replacing portions of the Transitway with an underground tunnel through downtown.[14][15]

  • The Confederation Line (Line 1) is a light rail line which runs east–west from Blair to Tunney's Pasture connecting to the Transitway at each terminus and with the Trillium Line at Bayview. The line runs both underground and on the surface and is completely grade-separated. There is a tunnel downtown with three underground stations.[16]
  • The Trillium Line (Line 2) is an 8-kilometre (5.0 mi) diesel light rail line running north to south from Bayview station to Greenboro station, connecting with the Confederation Line at its northern terminus and the Transitway at its southern terminus. There are three passing sidings along the single-track line.

As of February 2024, Stage 2 of Ottawa's O-Train expansion is under construction, which will expand the Confederation Line east and west and the Trillium Line south.

A GO Transit train at Union Station
A Toronto Rocket subway train at St. George station
A 504 King streetcar on the King Street Transit Priority Corridor

Toronto

[edit]
Main articles: GO Transit, Union Pearson Express, Toronto subway, Toronto streetcar system, and Terminal Link

GO Transit operates commuter rail services in the Greater Golden Horseshoe, including the metropolitan areas of Toronto, Hamilton, Kitchener, Niagara, Oshawa, Barrie, and Guelph. Each of its seven lines terminate at Union Station in downtown Toronto. With 217,500 average weekday riders, it is Canada's busiest commuter rail service, and the fifth-busiest in North America. As of March 2024, the GO Expansion project is underway and will bring electrification, new trackage, bridges, and tunnels to the system, allowing for two-way all-day service with 15-minute frequencies to sections of five of its lines.

GO Transit's parent agency, Metrolinx, also operates the Union Pearson Express, an airport rail link between Union Station and Toronto Pearson International Airport. It opened in advance of the 2015 Pan American Games, sharing most of its routing with GO's Kitchener line before travelling along a 3.3-kilometre (2.1 mi) rail spur to the airport. At the airport, the line connects with the Terminal Link, a free people mover transporting passenger between the airport's terminals and parking garage.

The Toronto Transit Commission's 70.5-kilometre (43.8 mi) subway is Canada's oldest rapid transit system, having opened as the "Yonge subway" in 1954.[17] It is also Canada's busiest system, with 1,603,300 average weekday riders.[1] It is an intermodal system, with three subway lines providing service to a total of 70 stations, the most of any Canadian system. The system connects each of Toronto's former municipalities, as well as the suburb of Vaughan.

Line 3 Scarborough was a light metro line which was in service from 1985 to 2023.[18] Line 5 Eglinton and Line 6 Finch West are both light rail lines under construction. The two lines will be fully integrated with the subway system upon their opening in 2024.[18]

Toronto also operates a streetcar system. Unlike light rail, the majority of the ten routes operate in mixed traffic and all make frequent stops. Three routes operate in a dedicated right-of-way:

The central section of the 504 King route runs along the King Street Transit Priority Corridor. The proposed East Bayfront LRT would be a fourth streetcar line operating in a dedicated right-of-way.

Vancouver SkyTrain at 29th Avenue station platform
A Vancouver SkyTrain at 29th Avenue station

Vancouver

[edit]
Main articles: West Coast Express and SkyTrain (Vancouver)

The West Coast Express is a commuter rail line operated by TransLink. The 69-kilometre (43 mi) line runs from Waterfront station in downtown Vancouver to Mission, with six stations in between. The line only operates during peak hours on weekdays, with five trains heading west in the morning rush hour and 5 heading east in the afternoon rush hour. It is Canada's least-used urban rail transit system.[1]

The SkyTrain is TransLink's fully-automated medium-capacity metro system. The system opened in 1985 for Expo 86. This original portion, now known as the Expo Line, had been joined by the Millennium and Canada lines, making it Canada's longest rapid transit system by track length, at 79.6 kilometres (49.5 mi). The system serves Vancouver and many of its surrounding municipalities in the Metro Vancouver Regional District.

A Waterloo Ion LRV on Northfield Drive

Waterloo Region

[edit]
Main article: Ion rapid transit

The first phase of the 19-kilometre (12 mi) Ion LRT system runs from Conestoga station in the City of Waterloo to Fairway station in Kitchener. It opened to the public on June 21, 2019.[21] The system operates in reserved lanes on public streets and on private rights-of-way. Waterloo Region, Ontario, has also approved plans for a light rail extension to the Ainslie St. Transit Terminal in Cambridge, as phase two of Ion.[22]

In development

[edit]
City or region Line Construction start Expected opening Stations Line length Status
Edmonton Valley Line West 2021 2028 16 14 km (8.7 mi) Under construction[23]
Edmonton Capital Line South (Phase 1) 2024 2027[24] 2 4.5 km (2.8 mi) Pre-Construction [3]
Gatineau Gatineau LRT 2030 30 26 km (16 mi) Proposed
Hamilton Hamilton LRT 2024[25] 17 14 km (8.7 mi) Planned
Montreal Réseau express métropolitain[a] 2018 2023–2027[c] 26 67 km (42 mi) Under construction
Montreal Blue Line extension[a] 2023[26] 2029[27] 5 6 km (3.7 mi) Planned[26]
Ottawa Confederation Line (Stage 2)[a] 2019 2025–2026 16[d] 26.5 km (16.5 mi)[e] Under construction[28]
Ottawa Trillium Line (Stage 2)[a] 2019 2024[29] 8[f] 14 km (8.7 mi)[g] Under construction[30]
Peel Region Hurontario LRT 2020[31] 2024 19 18 km (11 mi)[32] Under construction
Quebec City Quebec City Tramway 2024[33] 2029[33] 29 19.3 km (12.0 mi) Planned
Toronto Line 5 Eglinton 2011 2024 25 19 km (12 mi) Under construction
Toronto Line 5 (Eglinton West extension) 2022[34] 2030 7 9.2 km (5.7 mi) Under construction
Toronto Line 6 Finch West 2019[31] 2024[35] 18 11 km (6.8 mi) Under construction
Toronto Ontario Line[a] 2023 2030[36] 15 15 km (9.3 mi) Planned
Toronto Line 2 (Scarborough extension)[a] 2021 2030 3 7.8 km (4.8 mi) Under construction[37]
Toronto Line 1 (Richmond Hill extension)[a] 2024 2032 5 or 6 8 km (5.0 mi) Planned[38]
Vancouver Millennium Line (Broadway extension)[a] 2021 2027[39] 6 5.7 km (3.5 mi) Under construction[40]
Vancouver Expo Line (Surrey–Langley extension)[a] 2024 2029[41] 8 16 km (9.9 mi)[42] Planned[43]

Gatineau

[edit]
Main article: Gatineau LRT

Gatineau, Quebec is proposing a 26-kilometre (16 mi) LRT system that would connect with Ottawa's O-Train system.[44]

Hamilton

[edit]
Main article: Hamilton LRT

Hamilton's B-Line route, part of the region's BLAST rapid transit network, was a proposed light rail line to run east–west along King and Main streets, with McMaster University and Eastgate Square as its termini.[45] However, in announcing the financing for the line, the Government of Ontario changed the eastern terminus to Queenston Circle instead of Eastgate Square but added a branch to the new West Harbour GO Station.[46] After uncertainty among Hamilton's city council and poor ridership projections in provincially funded studies, the provincial government announced that they would abandon the spur line down James North and a previously announced BRT system along James in favour of reinstating Eastgate Square as the terminal station of the B-Line.[47] In December 2019, the Ontario government announced that the project would be abandoned, in part due to higher-than-anticipated costs.[48] In February 2021, the province reversed their decision and announced their re-commitment to the Hamilton light rail project, and in May 2021, federal funding was confirmed.[49]

Longueuil

[edit]

In February 2020, the mayor of Longueuil, Quebec, proposed building a tramway in stages running east to west, from Hôpital Pierre Boucher in Longueuil to La Prairie. The proposed line would mostly run along a reconfigured Taschereau Boulevard passing Cégep Édouard-Montpetit, Longueuil station (terminus of the Yellow Line of the Montreal Metro), Hôpital Charles-LeMoyne and Panama station of the Réseau express métropolitain in Brossard.[50]

Montreal REM

[edit]
Main article: Réseau express métropolitain

The Réseau express métropolitain is a light metro line under construction in Montreal. It is opening in phases, with the first section operating since July 2023. When completed, it will consist of a central section connecting to the Green, Orange, and Blue metro lines, with four branches with service to the North Shore, West Island, airport, and South Shore.[51]

Peel Region

[edit]
Track construction of the Hurontario LRT in December 2022
Main article: Hurontario LRT

The Hurontario LRT is a 17.6-kilometre (10.9 mi) light rail line under construction which is largely financed by Ontario provincial government. It will run on the surface along Hurontario Street from Port Credit GO Station in Mississauga to Steeles Avenue in Brampton. On October 28, 2015, Brampton City Council cancelled the proposed 5.6-kilometre (3.5 mi) section of the line along Main Street in Brampton to Brampton GO Station.[32] On March 21, 2019, Metrolinx announced that most of the downtown loop would be deferred to a later date due to financial restrictions, although a short spur to a stop at Square One Shopping Centre would remain.[52]

Quebec City

[edit]
Main article: Quebec City Tramway

The Quebec City Tramway is a proposed light rail transit line in Quebec City.[33] It would link Beauport to Cap Rouge, passing through Quebec Parliament Hill. The 19-kilometre (12 mi) line would include a 1.8-kilometre (1.1 mi) underground segment, with the rest of the line being on the surface.[53]

Prior to the suspension, the municipal government had signed a contract for new trams from Alstom and another contract with the organization CSiT for operating and mobility systems. The city was unable to source a consortium to build the line as the sole remaining candidate would not provide project financing. Thus, at the end of October 2023, the city proposed to become the project manager to run the project.[54] In early November 2023, the province of Quebec suspended the project in order to have the Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec do a six-month study to determine whether the tramway or some other public transit option would be the best solution.[55]

Cancelled

[edit]

Calgary Green Line

[edit]
Main article: Green Line (Calgary)

The Green Line was a planned expansion of Calgary's light rail network that would have run from 160 avenue in North Calgary to Seton in Southeast Calgary. The initial segment of the line would have run between Eau Claire and Lynnwood/Millican, and would have been 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) long, with 7 stations. The full vision of the Green Line would have been 46 kilometres (29 mi) long, with 29 stations.

On September 3, 2024, City Council received a letter from Alberta Minister of Transportation and Economic Corridors Devin Dreeshen where he announced that the province would no longer provide its $1.5 billion portion of funding for the project, citing cost concerns,[56] as well as offering to procure a new alignment, which the province claims will cost less, while serving a greater area. Calgary City Council, unable to complete the project without the province's contribution, voted to wind down the project on September 17, 2024, despite $1.3 billion having already been spent to date, as well as having to spend an additional $850 million to wind it down.[57]

Surrey

[edit]
Main article: Surrey LRT

A 27-kilometre (17 mi) light rail network to consist of three lines radiating from SkyTrain stations had been proposed for construction in Surrey, British Columbia. The planned lines were:[58][59]

The lines on 104 Avenue and King George Boulevard were to be built in seven years while the Surrey–Langley Line on the Fraser Highway would be finished five years later.[58] A report on the economic benefits of the project was produced by a consulting firm in May 2015.[60]

This project (among others major transit infrastructure initiatives, including the extension of the Millennium Line under Broadway in Vancouver) was originally made contingent, by the governing BC Liberal party, on the approval, by plebiscite in 2015, of a sales tax increase to generate new funds for public transit. The electorate voted against the tax increase, leaving the project unfunded.[61] Subsequently, the project was included in the second phase of TransLink's 10-Year Investment Plan, which was approved in late 2017.[62][63] However, in 2018, more than 80 percent of the city's residents objected to the line and potential problems, prompting several parties to adopt its cancellation as part of their platform during that year's civic election.[64] A mayor and council who objected to the LRT were elected and their first order of business was to vote unanimously to cancel the LRT line in favour of extending the existing SkyTrain line to Langley, despite the lack of funding to do so.[65] The LRT was "indefinitely suspended" by the regional Mayors' Council on November 15.[66]

Toronto LRT projects

[edit]

The Jane LRT was a proposed 16.5-kilometre (10.3 mi) light rail transit line that would have run along Jane Street from Jane station on Line 2 Bloor–Danforth to Pioneer Village station on Line 1 Yonge–University. It was cancelled by Rob Ford in December 2010.[67][68]

The Sheppard East LRT was a proposed 13-kilometre (8.1 mi) light rail transit line that would have run along the surface of Sheppard Avenue from Don Mills subway station to east of Morningside Avenue.[69] It was cancelled in April 2019 by the Ontario provincial government under Premier Doug Ford in favour of a Line 4 Sheppard subway extension.[70]

Victoria region

[edit]
See also: Victoria Regional Transit System § Light Rail Transit (LRT)

In August 2011, Victoria Regional Transit System announced that light rail transit was recommended as the preferred technology to connect Victoria to Saanich and the West Shore communities.[71][72] In 2018, British Columbia premier John Horgan rejected the idea of light rail service in the Victoria area, arguing that the area's low population would not justify light rail.[73] A bus rapid transit system, Blink RapidBus, is being implemented instead.[74]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Fully grade-separated system
  2. ^ The Ion system also includes a bus rapid transit line not included in this table
  3. ^ To be opened in phases with stations opening in 2023, 2024, and 2027
  4. ^ When Stage 2 is complete, the Confederation Line will have 29 stations.
  5. ^ When Stage 2 is complete, the Confederation Line will be 39 kilometres (24 mi) long.
  6. ^ When Stage 2 is complete, the Trillium Line will have 13 stations.
  7. ^ When Stage 2 is complete, the Trillium Line will be 22 kilometres (14 mi) long.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c "Public Transportation Ridership Report: Fourth Quarter 2019" (PDF). American Public Transit Association. February 27, 2020. Retrieved April 22, 2020.
  2. ^ "PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION RIDERSHIP REPORT: Fourth Quarter 2019" (PDF). American Public Transit Association. November 27, 2019. Retrieved April 22, 2020.
  3. ^ a b "Capital Line - South | City of Edmonton". www.edmonton.ca. Retrieved February 26, 2024.
  4. ^ "Stations – Broadway Subway Project". August 2020. Retrieved August 7, 2021.
  5. ^ "Broadway Subway Project – Government of British Columbia". Retrieved August 7, 2021.
  6. ^ "Public transit numbers on the rise since Ion launch in June". Waterloo Region Record. October 15, 2019. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
  7. ^ "Northwest LRT extension to Rocky Ridge/Tuscany". Calgary Transit. The City of Calgary. 2014. Archived from the original on August 24, 2012. Retrieved August 4, 2014.
  8. ^ "Edmonton's Metro Line now set to open in spring". Retrieved April 12, 2017.
  9. ^ Dykstra, Matt (May 9, 2013). "Edmonton city crews promise to finish north extension of LRT line to NAIT by next spring". Edmonton Sun. Retrieved August 26, 2013.
  10. ^ "Valley Line (SE to West LRT): Mill Woods to Lewis Farms". Edmonton Transit System. 2015. Archived from the original on May 15, 2015. Retrieved June 16, 2015.
  11. ^ "Valley Line LRT Animation". City of Edmonton. December 3, 2013. Retrieved June 16, 2015.
  12. ^ "Building LRT". City of Edmonton. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
  13. ^ "An underground railway project in 1910". Société de transport de Montréal. Archived from the original on September 1, 2007.
  14. ^ "O-Train name approved for Ottawa light rail system". CBC News Network. September 17, 2014. Retrieved December 29, 2014.
  15. ^ "Confederation Line LRT service to start in September: Watson". Ottawa Business Journal. Retrieved July 16, 2019.
  16. ^ "Confederation Line". City of Ottawa. 2015. Archived from the original on June 13, 2015. Retrieved June 15, 2015.
  17. ^ "Canada's First Subway". City of Toronto. Retrieved February 25, 2007.
  18. ^ a b Hall, Joseph (March 5, 2020). "Eight major transit projects are underway in the GTA – here's where they're at right now". Toronto Star. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
  19. ^ a b "Vancouver SkyTrain, Canada". Railway-Technology.com. Retrieved April 14, 2015.
  20. ^ "Evergreen Extension opening today". NEWS 1130. December 2, 2016. Retrieved December 2, 2016.
  21. ^ "ION light rail". grt.ca. April 16, 2019. Retrieved April 26, 2019.
  22. ^ Bowen, Douglas John (July 12, 2013). "Waterloo opts for Bombardier LRVs". International Railway Journal. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved July 13, 2013. The first of the Flexity Freedom LRV are due to be delivered in mid-2016, and will be used on the 19km, 16-station line from Conestoga Mall in Waterloo to Fairview Park Mall in Kitchener. The $C 92.4m ($US 89.2m) contract will include an option for 16 additional vehicles.
  23. ^ "Valley Line West List of Active Construction Bulletins". August 13, 2021.
  24. ^ Alberta, Government of. "Capital Line LRT Expansion South (Ellerslie)". majorprojects.alberta.ca. Retrieved February 26, 2024.
  25. ^ Brown, Desmond (July 18, 2022). "Procurement process for LRT to start later this year, construction in 2024". CBC News. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  26. ^ a b "The Blue Line extension: a timeline | Montreal City Weblog". Retrieved June 15, 2023.
  27. ^ "CityNews". montreal.citynews.ca. March 18, 2022. Retrieved June 15, 2023.
  28. ^ "Stage 2 O-Train Light Rail Transit Project Construction Summary". City of Ottawa. September 17, 2019.
  29. ^ "Trillium Line launch delayed until spring 2024". Ottawa. September 29, 2023. Retrieved September 30, 2023.
  30. ^ "City of Ottawa receives update on the latest of Stage 2 of LRT". CTV News. September 10, 2019.
  31. ^ a b "Ontario LRT Update". Railway Age. September 18, 2019.
  32. ^ a b "Brampton council votes to reject provincially approved LRT". Metro News. October 28, 2015. Archived from the original on December 8, 2015. Retrieved October 28, 2015.
  33. ^ a b c "569 M$ pour la construction et la conception du matériel roulant du tramway de Québec" (in French). Radio-Canada. April 13, 2023.
  34. ^ "Eglinton Crosstown West Extension Advance Tunnel Project, Canada". railway-technology.com. Retrieved August 7, 2021.
  35. ^ Finch West LRT likely won't be open to public until 2024 despite construction progress, July 25, 2023, retrieved July 26, 2023
  36. ^ "$11-billion Ontario Line may not open until 2030, three years later than Ford's initial promise". Toronto Star. December 17, 2020. Retrieved March 13, 2021.
  37. ^ Fox, Chris (June 23, 2021). "Ontario breaks ground on Scarborough subway extension". CTV News Toronto. Retrieved June 23, 2021.
  38. ^ "Yonge North Subway Extension - Projects". www.metrolinx.com. Retrieved March 3, 2022.
  39. ^ "Opening dates for new Pattullo Bridge, Broadway Subway delayed again". British Columbia. May 24, 2024. Retrieved May 31, 2024.
  40. ^ "Current Work – Broadway Subway Project". August 2020. Retrieved March 19, 2021.
  41. ^ Brockman, Charles (August 15, 2024). "Surrey Langley Skytrain project cost now $2B higher". CityNews Vancouver. Retrieved September 28, 2024.
  42. ^ "Route". surreylangleyskytrain.ca. September 12, 2019. Retrieved August 7, 2021.
  43. ^ "Mayors' Council votes to proceed with planning for Surrey-Langley SkyTrain". Vancouver Sun. July 25, 2019. Retrieved June 18, 2021.
  44. ^ "Gatineau reveals $2.1B LRT plan, eyes 2028 launch". CBC News. June 20, 2018. Retrieved December 20, 2018.
  45. ^ "Rapid Transit". City of Hamilton. Archived from the original on March 25, 2010. Retrieved June 30, 2010.
  46. ^ "Hamilton to get a new LRT and GO Train station – Toronto Star". The Toronto Star. May 26, 2015. Retrieved April 12, 2017.
  47. ^ Van Dongen, Matthew (April 27, 2017). "LRT to Eastgate Square reborn after council nod". Hamilton Spectator. Retrieved May 12, 2017.
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