User:Векочел/List of Roman emperors

Emperor Augustus served as the first Roman emperor. His Principate ended republican rule in Rome and began Pax Romana.

The Roman emperors were rulers of the Roman Empire, wielding power over its citizens and military, dating from the granting of the title of Augustus to Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus by the Roman Senate in 27 BC. Augustus maintained a façade of republican rule, rejecting monarchical titles but calling himself princeps senatus (first man of the senate) and princeps civitatis (first citizen of the state). The title of Augustus was conferred on his successors to the imperial position. The style of government instituted by Augustus is called the Principate and continued until reforms by Diocletian. The modern word 'emperor' derives from the title imperator, which was granted by an army to a successful general; during the initial phase of the empire, it still had to be earned by the princeps.

The territory under command of the emperor had developed under the period of the Roman Republic as it invaded and occupied most of Europe and portions of northern Africa and western Asia. Under the republic, regions of the empire were ruled by provincial governors answerable to and authorised by the Senate and People of Rome. During the republic, the chief magistrates of Rome were two consuls elected each year; consuls continued to be elected in the imperial period, but their authority was subservient to that of the emperor, and the election was controlled by the emperor.

In the late 3rd century, after the Crisis of the Third Century, Diocletian formalised and embellished the recent manner of imperial rule, establishing the so-called Dominate period of the Roman Empire. This was characterised by the explicit increase of authority in the person of the Emperor, and the use of the style Dominus Noster ("Our Lord"). The rise of powerful Barbarian tribes along the borders of the empire and the challenge they posed to defense of far-flung borders and unstable imperial succession led Diocletian to divide the administration geographically of the Empire in 286 with a co-Augustus. In 330, Constantine the Great established a second capital in Byzantium, which he renamed Constantinople. For most of the period from 286 to 480, there was more than one recognised senior emperor, with the division usually based in geographic terms. This division was consistently in place after the death of Theodosius I in 395, which historians have dated as the division between the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire. However, formally the Empire remained a single polity, with separate co-emperors in the separate courts. The fall of the Western Roman Empire, and so the end of a separate list of emperors below, is dated either from the de facto date of 476 when Romulus Augustulus was deposed by Odoacer who became King of Italy, or the de jure date of 480, on the death of Julius Nepos, when Eastern Emperor Zeno ended recognition of a separate Western court. In the period that followed, the Empire is usually treated by historians as the Byzantine Empire governed by the Byzantine Emperors, although this designation is not used universally, and continues to be a subject of specialist debate today.

The line of emperors continued until the death of Constantine XI Palaiologos during the fall of Constantinople in 1453, when the remaining territories were captured by the Ottoman Empire.

Legitimacy

This page is about legitimate Roman emperors. For other individuals claiming the title of Emperor, see List of Roman usurpers.

The emperors listed in this article are those generally agreed to have been "legitimate" emperors, and who appear in published regnal lists. The word "legitimate" is used by most authors, but usually without clear definition, perhaps not surprisingly, since the emperorship was itself rather vaguely defined legally. In Augustus' original formulation, the princeps was selected by either the Senate or "the people" of Rome, but quite quickly the legions became an acknowledged stand-in for "the people." A person could be proclaimed as emperor by their troops or by "the mob" in the street, but in theory needed to be confirmed by the Senate. The coercion that frequently resulted was implied in this formulation. Furthermore, a sitting emperor was empowered to name a successor and take him on as apprentice in government and in that case the Senate had no role to play, although it sometimes did when a successor lacked the power to inhibit bids by rival claimants. By the medieval (or Byzantine) period, the very definition of the Senate became vague as well, adding to the complication.

Principate

27 BC–68 AD: Julio-Claudian dynasty

Main article: Julio-Claudian dynasty

No.	Portrait	Regnal name	Notes	Reign start	Reign end	Time in office	Sources
1		Imp(erator) Caesar Divi F(ilivs) Avgvstvs (63 BC–14 AD)	Great-nephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar; became de facto emperor as a result of the 'first settlement' between himself and the Roman Senate.	16 January 27 BC	19 August 14 AD	40 years, 7 months and 3 days
2		Ti(berivs) Caesar Divi Avg(vsti) F(ilivs) Avgvstvs (42 BC–37 AD)	Natural son of Livia Drusilla, Augustus' third wife, by a previous marriage. Married in turn Vipsania Agrippina, the daughter of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, then Augustus' daughter Julia the Elder, who had been widowed twice (her second marriage was to Agrippa). He was adopted by Augustus as his son and heir. He may have been assassinated by the praetorian prefect Naevius Sutorius Macro or by Caligula.	17 or 18 September 14	16 March 37	22 years, 5 months and 27 days
3		Caligula C(aius) Caesar Avg(vstvs) Germ(anicvs) (12–41)	Son of Germanicus, the nephew and adopted son of Tiberius, and Agrippina the Elder, daughter of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Julia the Elder. Assassinated in a conspiracy led by Cassius Chaerea.	16 March 37	24 January 41	3 years, 10 months and 8 days
4		Ti(berivs) Claud(ivs) Caesar Avg(vstvs) Germ(anicvs) (10 BC–54 AD)	Brother of Germanicus; great-nephew and step-grandson of Augustus; proclaimed emperor by a Roman soldier following the assassination of his nephew Caligula. He was supposedly poisoned by his wife Agrippina the Younger, in favour of her son Nero.	24 January 41	13 October 54	13 years, 8 months and 20 days
5		Nero Clavdivs Caesar Avgvstvs Germanicvs (37–68)	Son of Agrippina the Younger, who was the daughter of Germanicus, sister of Caligula, and wife of her own uncle Claudius. Nero became the heir of his stepfather Claudius, sidelining the emperor's own son Britannicus, and married Claudius' daughter Claudia Octavia. Abandoned by the Senate and the Praetorian Guard, he committed suicide.	13 October 54	9 June 68	13 years, 7 months and 27 days

68–96: Year of the Four Emperors and Flavian dynasty

Main articles: Year of the Four Emperors and Flavian dynasty

No.	Portrait	Regnal name	Notes	Reign start	Reign end	Time in office	Sources
6		Imp(erator) Ser(vivs) Galba Caesar Avg(vstvs) (3 BC–69 AD)	Seized power after Nero's suicide, with support of Spanish Legions. Murdered by Praetorian Guard in coup led by Otho.	9 June 68	15 January 69	7 months and 7 days
7		Imp(erator) M(arcus) Otho Caesar Avg(vstvs) (32–69)	Appointed by Praetorian Guard. Committed suicide after his defeat by Vitellius.	15 January 69	16 April 69	3 months and 1 day
8		A(vlvs) Vitellivs Germ(anicvs) Imp(erator) Avg(vstvs) (15–69)	Seized power with support of German Legions (in opposition to Galba/Otho). Murdered by his own troops.	17 April 69	20 December 69	8 months and 3 days
9		Imp(erator) Caesar Vespasianvs Avg(vstvs) (9–79)	Seized power with the support of Egyptian Legions.	21 December 69	24 June 79	9 years, 6 months and 3 days
10		Imp(erator) Titvs Caes(ar) Vespasian(vs) Avg(vstvs) (39–81	Son of Vespasian.	24 June 79	13 September 81	2 years, 2 months and 20 days
11		Imp(erator) Caes(ar) Domit(ianvs) Avg(vstvs) Germ(anicvs) (51–96)	Son of Vespasian. Domitian was assassinated by praetorian prefects and officials of the palace.	14 September 81	18 September 96	15 years and 4 days

96–192: Nerva-Antonine dynasty

Main article: Nerva–Antonine dynasty

No.	Portrait	Regnal name	Notes	Reign start	Reign end	Time in office	Sources
12		Imperator Nerva Germanicvs Caesar Avgvstvs (30–98)	Became emperor after the assassination of Domitian	18 September 96	27 January 98	1 year, 4 months and 9 days
13		Imperator Caesar Nerva Traianvs Avgvstvs (53–117)	Adopted son and heir of Nerva	28 January 98	7 August 117	19 years, 6 months and 10 days
14		Imp(erator) Caesar Traian(vs) Hadrianvs Avg(vstvs) (76–138)	Succeeded Trajan with the help of Trajan's widow Pompeia Plotina	11 August 117	10 July 138	20 years, 10 months and 30 days
15		Imp(erator) T(itus) Ael(ivs) Caes(ar) Hadr(ianvs) Antoninvs Avg(vstvs) Pivs (86–161)	Adopted son and heir of Hadrian	10 July 138	7 March 161	22 years, 6 months and 28 days
16		Imperator Caesar Lvcivs Avrelivs Vervs (130–169)	Adopted son of Antoninus Pius and son-in-law of Marcus Aurelius; Co-emperor with Marcus Aurelius	7 March 161	January 169	7 years, 10 months
		Imperator Caesar Marcvs Aurelivs Antoninvs Avgvstvs (121–180)	Adopted son and son-in-law of Antoninus Pius; Co-emperor with Lucius Verus until 169		17 March 180	19 years and 10 days
18		Imp(erator) L(vcivs) Avrel(ivs) Commodvs Avg(vstvs) (161–192)	Natural son of Marcus Aurelius; joint emperor from 177	177		3 years
		Imp(erator) M(arcvs) Commodvs Antoninvs Avg(vstvs) (180 to 183) Imp(erator) M(arcvs) Commodvs Anton(invs) Avg(vstvs) Pivs (183 to 185) Imp(erator) M(arcvs) Comm(odvs) Ant(oninvs) P(ivs) Fel(ix) Avg(vstvs) (185 to 192) Imp(erator) L(vcivs) Ael(ivs) Avrel(ivs) Comm(odvs) Avg(vstvs) P(ivs) Fel(ix) (192)	Sole emperor from 180; assassinated in palace, strangled in his bath	17 March 180	31 December 192	12 years, 9 months and 14 days

193–235: Year of the Five Emperors and Severan dynasty

Main articles: Year of the Five Emperors and Severan dynasty

No.	Portrait	Regnal name	Notes	Reign start	Reign end	Time in office	Sources
19		Imp(erator) Caes(ar) P(vblivs) Helv(ivs) Pertin(ax) Avg(vstvs) (126–193)	Proclaimed emperor by Praetorian Guard. Murdered by Praetorian Guard.	1 January 193	28 March 193	2 months and 27 days
20		Imp(erator) Caes(ar) M(arcvs) Did(ivs) Ivlian(vs) Avg(vstvs) (133–193)	Won auction held by the Praetorian Guard for the position of emperor. Executed on orders of the Senate.	28 March 193	1 June 193	2 months and 4 days
21		Imp(erator) Cae(sar) L(vcivs) Sep(timivs) Sev(ervs) Pert(inax) Avg(vstvs) (145/146–211)	Seized power with support of Pannonian legions.	June 193	4 February 211	17 years, 9 months and 26 days
22		Caracalla Imp(erator) C(aesar) M(arcvs) Avr(elivs) Antoninvs Avg(vstvs) (188–217)	Elder son of Septimius Severus; co-emperor with Severus and Geta.	198		13 years
23		Imp(erator) Caes(ar) P(vblivs) Sept(imivs) Geta Pivs Avg(vstvs) (189–211)	Younger son of Septimius Severus; co-emperor with Severus and Caracalla.	209		2 years
			Co-ruler with his brother Caracalla. Murdered on the orders of Caracalla.	4 February 211	26 December 211	10 months and 22 days
(22)		Caracalla Imp(erator) C(aesar) M(arcvs) Avr(elivs) Antoninvs Avg(vstvs) (188–217)	Co-ruler with his brother Geta.
			Sole emperor. Assassinated.	26 December 211	8 April 217	5 years, 3 months and 13 days
24		Imp(erator) C(aesar) M(arcvs) Opel(livs) Sev(ervs) Macrinvs Avg(vstvs) (164/165–218)	Praetorian Prefect to Caracalla, probably conspired to have Caracalla murdered. Proclaimed himself emperor after Caracalla's death.	11 April 217	8 June 218	1 year, 1 month and 28 days
25		M(arcvs) Opel(livs) Ant(oninvs) Diadvmenian(vs) Caes(ar) Avgvstvs (208–218)	Son of Macrinus. Proclaimed co-emperor by his father. Both Macrinus and Diadumenian were executed in favour of Elagabalus.	May 218		1 month
26		Elagabalus Imp(erator) Caes(ar) M(arcvs) Avr(elivs) Antoninvs Avg(vstvs) (203–222)	Grandson of Julia Maesa, the sister-in-law of Septimius Severus. Following the death of his cousin Caracalla, he was proclaimed emperor by the Syrian legions. Murdered by Praetorian Guard.	8 June 218	11 March 222	3 years, 9 months and 3 days
27		Imp(erator) C(aesar) M(arcvs) Avr(elivs) Sev(ervs) Alexand(er) Avg(vstvs) (207–235)	Grandson of Julia Maesa. Cousin and adoptive heir of Elagabalus. Murdered by the army.	13 March 222	18 March 235	13 years and 5 days

235–285: Gordian dynasty and Crisis of the Third Century

Main article: Crisis of the Third Century

No.	Portrait	Regnal name	Notes	Reign start	Reign end	Time in office	Sources
28		Imp(erator) Maximinvs Pivs Avg(vstvs) (173–238)	Proclaimed emperor by German legions after the murder of Severus Alexander. Assassinated by his troops.	19 March 235	May/June 238	3 years, 3 months
29		Imperator Caesar Marcvs Antoninvs Gordianvs (I) Sempronianvs Romanvs Africanvs Avgvstvs (157/159–238)	Proclaimed emperor while Pro-consul in Africa during a revolt against Maximinus. Ruled jointly with his son Gordian II and in opposition to Maximinus. Committed suicide upon hearing of the death of Gordian II.	January 238		~3 weeks
		Imperator Caesar Marcvs Antoninvs Gordianvs (II) Sempronianvs Romanvs Africanvs Avgvstvs (192–238)	Proclaimed emperor alongside his father in opposition to Maximinus. Killed in battle.
31		Imperator Caesar Marcvs Clodivs Pvpienvs Maximvs Avgvstvs (c. 164–238)	Proclaimed joint emperor with Balbinus by the Senate after death of Gordian I and II in opposition to Maximinus; co-emperor with Balbinus. Assassinatedby Praetorian Guard.	February 238	May 238	3 months and 7 days
		Imp(erator) C(aesar) D(ecimvs) Cael(ivs) Balbinvs Avgvstvs (died 238)	Appointed joint emperor by a Senate committee, of which he himself was a member, with Pupienus; co-emperor with Pupienus. Assassinated by Praetorian Guard.
33		Imperator Caesar Marcvs Antonivs Gordianvs (III) Pivs Felix Avgvstvs (225–244)	Grandson and nephew of Gordian I and II, respectively. Proclaimed emperor by the Praetorian Guard upon the assassination of Pupienus and Balbinus.	9 May 238	c. February 244	5 years, 9 months
34		Imp(erator) C(aesar) M(arcvs) Ivl(ivs) Philippvs Avg(vstvs) (c. 204–249)	Praetorian Prefect, took power after the death of Gordian III. Killed by his soldiers after his defeat by Decius.	February 244	September 249	5 years
35		Aὐτόκ(ράτ) K(αίσαρας) M(άρκος) I(ούλιος) Φιμιππος (Β΄) Ϲεβ(αστός) Imperator C(aesar) M(arcvs) I(vlivs) Philippvs (II) Avgvstvs (238–249)	Son of Philip the Arab, proclaimed co-emperor by his father. Murdered by the Praetorian Guard after the death of his father.	July/August 247		2 years
36		Imp(erator) C(aesar) M(essivs) Q(vintvs) Traianvs Decivs Avg(vstvs) (201–251)	General on the Danube under Philip the Arab; proclaimed emperor by Danubian legions then defeated and killed Philip in battle.	September 249	June 251	2 years
37		Imp(erator) C(aesar) Q(vintvs) Her(ennivs) Etr(vscvs) Mes(sivs) Deci(vs) Avg(vstvs) (227–251)	Son of Decius; proclaimed co-emperor by his father. Both he and his father were killed in the Battle of Abrittus fighting against the Goths.	early 251		A few months
38		Imperator Caesar Caivs Valens Hostilianvs Messivs Qvintvs Avgvstvs (c. 230–251)	Son of Decius, accepted as heir by the Senate	June 251	c. 251	A few months
39		Imperator Caesar Gaivs Vibivs Afinivs Trebonianvs Gallvs Avgvstvs (206–253)	Governor of Moesia Superior, proclaimed emperor by Danubian legions after Decius' death.		August 253	2 years
40		Imperator Caesar Gaivs Vibivs Volvsianvs Avgvstvs (died 253)	Proclaimed co-emperor by his father Trebonianus Gallus. Gallus and Volusianus were assassinated by their own troops in favour of Aemilian.	late 251
41		Imperator Caesar Marcvs Aemilivs Aemilianvs Avgvstvs (207/213–253)	Governor of Moesia Superior, proclaimed emperor by Danubian legions after defeating the Goths; accepted as emperor after death of Gallus. Assassinated by his own troops in favour of Valerian.	August 253	October 253	2 months
42		Imperator Caesar Pvblivs Licinivs Valerianvs Avgvstvs (195–after 260)	Governor of Noricum and Raetia, proclaimed emperor by Rhine legions after death of Gallus; accepted as emperor after death of Aemilian. Captured in Battle of Edessa against Persians, died in captivity.	October 253	260	<7 years
43		Imperator Caesar Pvblivs Licinivs Egnativs Gallienvs Avgvstvs (218–268)	Son of Valerian, made co-emperor in 253.		July 260	6 years, 9 months
44		Imperator Caesar Cornelivs Licinivs Saloninvs Valerianvs Pivs Felix Invictvs Avgvstvs (242–260)	Son of Gallenius, made co-emperor. Assassinated by Postumus.	July 260		Very brief (less than a month)
(43)		Imperator Caesar Pvblivs Licinivs Egnativs Gallienvs Avgvstvs (218–268)	Sole emperor. Murdered at Aquileia by his own commanders.	July 260	September 268	8 years, 2 months
45		Imperator Caesar Marcvs Avrelivs Valerivs Clavdivs Avgvstvs (214–270)	Victorious general at Battle of Naissus, seized power after Gallienus's death	September 268	January 270	1 year, 4 months
46		Imperator Caesar Marcvs Avrelivs Clavdivs Qvintillvs Avgvstvs (210–270)	Brother of Claudius II, seized power after his death. Circumstances of his death are unclear, possibly suicide or murder.	January 270	September(?) 270	~8 months
47		Imperator Caesar Lvcivs Domitivs Avrelianvs Avgvstvs (214/215–275)	Proclaimed emperor by Danubian legions after Claudius II's death, in opposition to Quintillus. Assassinated by Praetorian Guard.	September(?) 270	September 275	5 years
48		Imperator Caesar Marcvs Clavdivs Tacitvs Avgvstvs (200–276)	Elected by the Senate to replace Aurelian after a short interregnum. Believed to have died of natural causes, possibly assassinated.	25 September 275	June 276	9 months
49		Imperator Caesar Marcvs Annivs Florianvs Avgvstvs (died 276)	Brother of Tacitus, elected by the army in the west to replace him. Assassinated by his own troops in favour of Probus	June 276	September(?) 276	3 months
50		Imperator Caesar Marcvs Avrelivs Probvs Avgvstvs (232–282)	Governor of the eastern provinces, proclaimed emperor by Danubian legions in opposition to Florian. Assassinated by his own troops in favour of Carus.	September(?) 276	September/October 282	6 years
51		Imperator Caesar Marcvs Avrelivs Carvs Avgvstvs (230–283)	Praetorian Prefect to Probus; seized power either before or after Probus was murdered. May have died from natural causes or lightning.	September/October 282	late July/early August 283	~10 months
52		Imperator Caesar Marcvs Avrelivs Carinvs Avgvstvs (died 285)	Son of Carus, ruled shortly with him from as co-emperor and then in his own right with his brother Numerian. Probably died in battle against Diocletian.	early 283		A few months
				late July/early August 283	285	2 years
53		Imperator Caesar Marcvs Avrelivs Numerivs Nvmerianvs Avgvstvs (died 284)	Son of Carus, succeeded him jointly with his brother Carinus. Circumstances of his death are unclear; he was possibly assassinated.	Late July/early August 283	284(?)	1 year

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