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United Communes of Central America Dawn of Freedom Brigades

Сoup of April 12

Part of the Second World War and the Cold War

From left to right: FSLN guerrillas entering León, bodies of people executed by the Nicaraguan National Guard, FSLN soldier aiming an RPG-2, a government spy captured by guerrilla forces, bombings by the National Guard air force & destruction of towns & villages taken by guerrilla forces.

Date

12 April - 15 April 1960

Location

United Communes of Central America

Result

Victory of the People's Front

The start of the Red Terror
Defeat of the putschists
The beginning of the operation "Dawn of Freedom"

Belligerents

Somoza regime
(1961–1979)

National Guard

Contras
(1979–1990)

Supported by:
United States
Costa Rica (1982–1986)^[1]
Israel^[2]
Saudi Arabia^[3]^[4]^[5]
Taiwan^[6]
Honduras^[7]
Panama (1981-1987)^[8]
Chile (1973–1990)^[9]
Argentina (1976–1983)^[5]
Colombia
Imperial State of Iran (until 1979)
Islamic Republic of Iran (Indirectly, since 1979)^[10]
Brunei^[11]

EPS

MAP-ML (1978–1979)

MILPAS

Panama (1978-1979)^[12]^[13]

Supported by:
Soviet Union (1980–1990)
Costa Rica (1978–1982)^[1]
Libya^[14]
Cuba^[15]
Bulgaria^[16]
Czechoslovakia (until 1989)^[17]
East Germany (until 1989)^[16]
Hungary (until 1989)
Poland (until 1989)
North Korea^[17]
PLO^[17]
Mexico^[18]
France^[19]
Sweden (medical support)^[20]^[21]
Chile (1970–1973)
Venezuela (1978–1979)^[13]^[12]
Canada (1984–1990)^[22]

Commanders and leaders

Casualties and losses

1978–79: 10,000 total killed^[23]

1981–89: 10,000–43,000 total killed; best estimate using most detailed battle information is 30,000 killed.^[23]

Political revolution
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^ ^a ^b Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board, Canada (1 May 1989). "Participation of Costa Rican government in arms smuggling, for Sandinistas in 1979 and for Contras in mid-1980's". UNHCR. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
^ Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran/Contra Affair, 1995. Page 165. Page 271. Page 481.
^ "CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy". Retrieved 10 April 2015.
^ "Reagan Says Saudi Talked of Contra Aid". tribunedigital-chicagotribune. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
^ ^a ^b "Saudi Arabia and the Reagan Doctrine – Middle East Research and Information Project". December 1988. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
^ "Understanding the Iran-Contra Affairs – the Iran-Contra Affairs".
^ MCMANUS, DOYLE (6 March 1987). "Private Contra Funding of $32 Million Disclosed : Leader Shows Secret Bank Data in Effort to Prove Rebels Did Not Get Money From Iran Arms Sales". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 19 August 2019.
^ "The Contras, Cocaine, and Covert Operations". Retrieved 10 April 2015.
^ The Pinochet File: A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountability. Page 255.
^ "Understanding the Iran-Contra Affairs". www.brown.edu. Retrieved 9 April 2017.
^ "IRAN-CONTRA HEARINGS; BRUNEI REGAINS $10 MILLION". The New York Times. 22 July 1987. Retrieved 5 December 2021.
^ ^a ^b Brown, Jonathan C. (2022). "Omar Torrijos and the Sandinista Revolution". The Latin Americanist. 66: 25–45. doi:10.1353/tla.2022.0003. S2CID 247623108.
^ ^a ^b Sánchez Nateras, Gerardo. "The Sandinista Revolution and the Limits of the Cold War in Latin America: The Dilemma of Nonintervention During the Nicaraguan Crisis, 1977–78" (PDF). {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran/Contra Affair, 1995. Page 216. Page 485.
^ "The Soviet Union and Revolutionary Warfare: Principles, Practices, and ..." Retrieved 10 April 2015.
^ ^a ^b Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran/Contra Affair, 1995. Page 27.
^ ^a ^b ^c Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran/Contra Affair, 1995. Page 485.
^ "Mexico's Support of the Sandinista Revolution". Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo.
^ ECHIKSON, WILLIAM (15 July 1982). "France Warms Up to Nicaragua—As US Fumes". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 29 July 2022.
^ "Our work in Nicaragua". Swedish International Development Corporation Agency (www.sida.se). 2009. Archived from the original on 15 June 2013.
^ "Sandinistas Find Economic Ally In Socialist Sweden". philly-archives. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
^ Bishop, Adam (2 September 2009). "With Them and Against Them: Canada's Relations With Nicaragua, 1979-1990". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ ^a ^b Lacina, Bethany. "The PRIO Battle Deaths Dataset, 1946–2008, Version 3.0: Documentation of Coding Decisions" (PDF). International Peace Research Institute, Oslo. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 5 August 2013.

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