User:أخوها/sandbox
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Arabic | Transliteration | Translationa | Qur'anic usage | Verb derivation only | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
الرحمن | Ar-Raḥmān | The Exceedingly Compassionate, The Exceedingly Beneficent, The Exceedingly Gracious (to all of humanity and all creatures) | Beginning of every Surah (chapter) except one, and numerous other places. The first verse ('ayat) of Surah ar-Rahman (Surah 55) consists only of this Name. | ||
الرحيم | Ar-Raḥīm | The Exceedingly Merciful | Beginning of every Surah (chapter) except one, and numerous other places (there are a total of 114 Surahs in the Quran.) | ||
الملك | Al-Malik | The King, The Sovereign | 59:23, 20:114, 23:116 | ||
القدوس | Al-Quddūs | The Holy, The Divine, The Pure, The Purifier | 59:23, 62:1 | ||
السلام | As-Salām | The Peace, The Source of Peace and Safety | 59:23 | ||
المؤمن | Al-Muʾmin | The granter of security | 59:23 | ||
المهيمن | Al-Muhaymin | The Controller | 59:23 | ||
العزيز | Al-ʿAzīz | The Almighty, The Invulnerable, The Honorable | 3:6, 4:158, 9:40, 48:7, 59:23 | ||
الجبار | Al-Jabbār | The Irresistible, The Compeller | 59:23 | ||
المتكبر | Al-Mutakabbir | The Majestic, The Supreme | 59:23 | ||
الخالق | Al-Khāliq | The Creator | 6:102, 13:16, [1]36:81, 39:62, 40:62, 59:24 | ||
البارئ | Al-Bāriʾ | The Evolver, The Maker | 59:24 | ||
المصور | Al-Muṣawwir | The Fashioner, The Shaper, The Designer | 59:24 | ||
الغفار | Al-Ghaffār | The Repeatedly Forgiving | 20:82, 38:66, 39:5, 40:42, 71:10 | ||
القهار | Al-Qahhār | The Subduer | 12:39, 13:16, 14:48, 38:65, 39:4, 40:16 | ||
الوهاب | Al-Wahhāb | The Bestower | 3:8, 38:9, 38:35 | ||
الرزاق | Ar-Razzāq | The Provider | 51:58 | ||
الفتاح | Al-Fattāḥ | The Opener, The Victory Giver | 34:26 | ||
العليم | Al-ʿAlīm | The All-Knowing, Omniscient | 2:158, 3:92, 4:35, 24:41, 33:40 | ||
القابض | Al-Qābiḍ | The Restrainer, The Straightener | 2:245 | ![]() | |
الباسط | Al-Bāsiṭ | The Extender / Expander | 2:245 | ||
الخَافِض | Al-Khāfiḍ | The Abaser, The Humiliator, The Downgrader | 56:3 | ||
الرافع | Ar-Rāfiʿ | The Exalter, The Upgrader | 58:11, 6:83 | ||
المعز | Al-Muʿizz | The Giver of Honor | 3:26 | ||
المذل | Al-Muzill | The Giver of Dishonor | 3:26 | ||
السميع | As-Samīʿ | The All-Hearing | 2:127, 2:256, 8:17, 49:1 | ||
البصير | Al-Baṣīr | The All-Seeing | 4:58, 17:1, 42:11, 42:27 | ||
الحكم | Al-Ḥakam | The Judge, The Arbitrator | 22:69 | ||
العدل | Al-ʿAdl | The Utterly Just | 6:115 | ||
اللطيف | Al-Laṭīf | The Gentle, The Subtly Kind | 6:103, 22:63, 31:16, 33:34 | ||
الخبير | Al-Khabīr | The All-Aware | 6:18, 17:30, 49:13, 59:18 | ||
الحليم | Al-Ḥalīm | The Forbearing, The Indulgent | 2:235, 17:44, 22:59, 35:41 | ||
العظيم | Al-ʿAẓīm | The Magnificent | 2:255, 42:4, 56:96 | ||
الغفور | Al-Ghafūr | The Much-Forgiving | 2:173, 8:69, 16:110, 41:32 | ||
الشكور | Ash-Shakūr | The Grateful | 35:30, 35:34, 42:23, 64:17 | ||
العلي | Al-ʿAlīy | The Sublime | 4:34, 31:30, 42:4, 42:51 | ||
37 | الكبير | Al-Kabīr | The Great | 13:9, 22:62, 31:30 | |
38 | الحفيظ | Al-Ḥafīẓ | The Preserver | 11:57, 34:21, 42:6 | |
39 | المقيت | Al-Muqīt | The Nourisher | 4:85 | |
40 | الحسيب | Al-Ḥasīb | The Bringer of Judgment | 4:6, 4:86, 33:39 | |
41 | الجليل | Al-Jalīl | The Majestic | 55:27, 39:14, 7:143 | |
42 | الكريم | Al-Karīm | The Bountiful, The Generous | 27:40, 82:6 | |
43 | الرقيب | Ar-Raqīb | The Watchful | 4:1, 5:117 | |
44 | المجيب | Al-Mujīb | The Responsive, The Answerer | 11:61 | |
45 | الواسع | Al-Wāsiʿ | The Vast, The All-Embracing, The Omnipresent, The Boundless | 2:268, 3:73, 5:54 | |
46 | الحكيم | Al-Ḥakīm | The All-Wise | 31:27, 46:2, 57:1, 66:2 | |
47 | الودود | Al-Wadūd | The Loving | 11:90, 85:14 | |
48 | المجيد | Al-Majīd | The All-Glorious, The Majestic | 11:73 | |
49 | الباعث | Al-Bāʿith | The Resurrector | 22:7 | |
50 | الشهيد | Ash-Shahīd | The Witness | 4:166, 22:17, 41:53, 48:28 | |
51 | الحق | Al-Ḥaqq | The Truth, The Reality | 6:62, 22:6, 23:116, 24:25 | |
52 | الوكيل | Al-Wakīl | The Trustee, The Dependable, The Advocate | 3:173, 4:171, 28:28, 73:9 | |
53 | القوي | Al-Qawwī | The Strong | 22:40, 22:74, 42:19, 57:25 | |
54 | المتين | Al-Matīn | The Firm, The Steadfast | 51:58 | |
55 | الولي | Al-Walī | The Friend, Patron and Helper | 4:45, 7:196, 42:28, 45:19 | |
56 | الحميد | Al-Ḥamīd | The All Praiseworthy | 14:8, 31:12, 31:26, 41:42 | |
57 | المحصي | Al-Muḥṣī | The Accounter, The Numberer of All | 72:28, 78:29, 82:10-12 | |
58 | المبدئ | Al-Mubdiʾ | The Originator, The Producer, The Initiator | 10:34, 27:64, 29:19, 85:13 | ![]() |
59 | المعيد | Al-Muʿīd | The Restorer, The Reinstater Who Brings Back All | 10:34, 27:64, 29:19, 85:13 | |
60 | المحيي | Al-Muḥyī | The Giver of Life | 7:158, 15:23, 30:50, 57:2 | |
61 | المميت | Al-Mumīt | The Bringer of Death | 3:156, 7:158, 15:23, 57:2 | |
62 | الحي | Al-Ḥayy | The Living | 2:255, 3:2, 20:111, 25:58, 40:65 | |
63 | القيوم | Al-Qayyūm | The Subsisting, The Independent | 2:255, 3:2, 20:111 | |
64 | الواجد | Al-Wājid | The Perceiver, The Finder, The Unfailing | 38:44 | |
65 | الماجد | Al-Mājid | The Illustrious, The Magnificent | 85:15, 11:73, | |
66 | الواحد | Al-Wāḥid | The One, The Unique | 2:163, 5:73, 9:31, 18:110 | |
الاحد | Al-ʾAḥad | The Unity, The Indivisible | 112:1 | ||
68 | الصمد | Aṣ-Ṣamad | The Eternal, The Absolute, The Self-Sufficient | 112:2 | |
69 | القادر | Al-Qādir | The All-Powerful, He Who is able to do Everything | 6:65, 46:33, 75:40 | |
70 | المقتدر | Al-Muqtadir | The Determiner, The Dominant | 18:45, 54:42, 54:55 | |
71 | المقدم | Al-Muqaddim | The Expediter, He Who Brings Forward | 16:61, 17:34, | |
72 | المؤخر | Al-Muʾakhkhir | The Delayer, He Who Puts Far Away | 71:4 | |
73 | الأول | Al-ʾAwwal | The First, The Beginning-less | 57:3 | |
الأخر | Al-ʾAkhir | The Last, The Endless | 57:3 | ||
75 | الظاهر | Aẓ-Ẓāhir | The Manifest, The Evident, The Outer | 57:3 | |
76 | الباطن | Al-Bāṭin | The Hidden, The Unmanifest, The Inner | 57:3 | |
77 | الوالي | Al-Wālī | The Patron, The Protecting Friend, The Friendly Lord | 13:11, 22:7 | |
78 | المتعالي | Al-Mutaʿālī | The Supremely Exalted, The Most High | 13:9 | |
79 | البر | Al-Barr | The Good, The Beneficent | 52:28 | |
80 | التواب | At-Tawwāb | The Ever-Returning, Ever-Relenting | 2:128, 4:64, 49:12, 110:3 | |
81 | المنتقم | Al-Muntaqim | The Avenger | 32:22, 43:41, 44:16 | |
العفو | Al-ʿAfū | The Pardoner, The Effacer, The Forgiver | 4:99, 4:149, 22:60 | ||
83 | الرؤوف | Ar-Raʾūf | The Kind, The Pitying | 3:30, 9:117, 57:9, 59:10 | |
84 | مالك الملك | Mālik-ul-Mulk | Owner of all Sovereignty | 3:26 | |
85 | ذو الجلال والإكرام |
Dhū-l-Jalāli wa-l-ʾikrām |
Lord of Majesty and Generosity | 55:27, 55:78 | |
86 | المقسط | Al-Muqsiṭ | The Equitable, The Requiter | 7:29, 3:18 | |
87 | الجامع | Al-Jāmiʿ | The Gatherer, The Unifier | 3:9 | |
88 | الغني | Al-Ghanī | The Rich, The Independent | 3:97, 39:7, 47:38, 57:24 | |
89 | المغني | Al-Mughnī | The Enricher, The Emancipator | 9:28 | |
90 | المانع | Al-Māniʿ | The Withholder, The Shielder, The Defender | 67:21 | |
الضار | Aḍ-Ḍārr | The Distressor, The Harmer, The Afflictor | 6:17 | ||
92 | النافع | An-Nāfiʿ | The Propitious, The Benefactor, The Source of Good | 30:37 | |
93 | النور | An-Nūr | The Light | 24:35 | |
94 | الهادي | Al-Hādī | The Guide, The Way | 22:54 | |
95 | البديع | Al-Badīʿ | The Incomparable, The Unattainable, The Beautiful | 2:117, 6:101 | |
96 | الباقي | Al-Bāqī | The Immutable, The Infinite, The Everlasting | 55:27 | |
97 | الوارث | Al-Wārith | The Heir, The Inheritor of All | 15:23, 57:10 | |
98 | الرشيد | Ar-Rashīd | The Guide to the Right Path | 2:256, 72:10 | |
99 | الصبور | Aṣ-Ṣabūr | The Timeless, The Patient | 2:153, 3:200, 103:3 | |
a Can vary based on context. |
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Before the advent of Islam in the Arabian Peninsula, a pre-Islamic 12 month calendar was in use. In addition to the 12 months listed below, there was also what was, in effect, an intercalary month, referred to as an-nasi'. Various interpretations of this word have been given, among them a "postponing". Use of this intercalary month meant that, in practical terms, the pre-Islamic calendar can be considered to have been a lunar-solar calendar, unklike the Islamic calendar which is strictly lunar. This had the effect of the maintenance of a more consistent relationship between the months and the seasons of the year.[2]
Some sources say that the Arabs followed the Jewish practice and intercalated seven months over nineteen years, or else that they intercalated nine months over 24 years; there is, however, no consensus among scholars on this issue. [3]
Referring to Abū Rayḥān al-Bīrūnī (d. ca. 442 A.H./1050 C.E.), it has been posited that this intercalation was effected in order to accomodate the scheduling of seasonal trade cycles with annual pilgrimages,[4] as such pilgrimages were occurring at least two hundred years prior to the advent of Islam.
Sources for the names of these pre-Islamic months are Al-muntakhab min gharīb kalām alʿarab [5] of Abū al-ḥasan ʿalī bin al-ḥasan bin al-ḥusayn al-hunāʾī ad-dūsā (d. 309 A.H./921 C.E.)(known more commonly as "Kurāʿ an-naml") and Lisān al-ʿarab[6] of Ibn Manẓūr (d. 711 A.H./1311 C.E.).
Number | Jāhili | الشهور الجاهلية | Islamic | الشهور الإسلامية |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | muʾtamir or al-muʾtamir | مُؤْتَمِر أو المُؤْتَمِر | muḥarram | مُحَرَّم |
2 | nājir | نَاجِر | ṣafar | صَفَر |
3 | jawwān or juwān | خَوَّان أو خُوَّان | rabīʿ al-ʾawwal | ربيع الأول |
4 | wabṣān | وَبْصَان | rabīʿ al-ʾākhir or rabīʿ ath-thānī | ربيع الآخر أو رابيع الثاني |
5 | ḥanīn | حَنِين | jumādā al-ʾūlā | جمادى الأولى |
6 | rubba | رُبَّى | jumādā al-ʾākhirah or jumādā ath-thāniyah | جمادى الآخرة أو جمادى الثانية |
7 | al-ʾaṣamm or munṣil al-ʾasinnah or al-muḥarram | الأَصَمّ أو مُنْصِل الأَسِنّـَة أو المُحَرَّم | rajab | رجب |
8 | ʿādhil | عَإذِل | shaʿbān | شعبان |
9 | nātiq | نَاتِق | ramaḍān | رمضان |
10 | waʿl or waʿil | وَعْل أو وَعِل | shawwāl | شَوّال |
11 | warnah | وَرْنَة | dhū al-qaʿdah | ذو القعدة |
12 | burak or maymūn | بُرَك أو مَيْمُون | dhū al-ḥijjah | ذو الحجّة |
(an-nasīʾ) | (النسيء) |
References
[edit]- ^ http://al-quran.info/#36:81
- ^ Bonner, Michael (2011). "Time has come full circle": Markets, fairs, and the calendar in Arabia before Islam" in Cook, Ahmed, Sadeghi, Behnam, Bonner, et al. The Islamic scholarly tradition : studies in history, law, and thought in honor of Professor Michael Allan Cook. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2011. ISBN 9789004194359. page 18.
- ^ Bonner 2011, page 21
- ^ Bonner 2011, page 22
- ^ 'Al-muntakhab min gharīb kalām alʿarab Cairo: Dār al-fajr li-n-nashr wa-t-tawzīʿ, 1989.
- ^ Lisān al-ʿarabBeirut: Dār Lisān al-ʿarab, 1970.