User:ผู้บ่าวไทบ้าน/sandbox/ชาวปาทาน

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ชาวปาทาน
پښتانه
Pax̌tānə
Pashtun men from Southern Afghanistan
Total population
c. 50 million
Regions with significant populations
 Pakistan32,804,913 (2018)[1]
 Afghanistan14,675,151 (2018)[2]
 India3,200,000[3]
 UAE338,315 (2009)[4]
 United States138,554 (2010)[5]
 Iran110,000 (1993)[6]
 United Kingdom100,000 (2009)[7]
 Germany37,800 (2012)[8]
 Canada26,000 (2006)[9]
 Russia9,800 (2002)[10]
 Australia8,154 (2006)[11]
 Malaysia5,500 (2008)[citation needed]
 Tajikistan4,000 (1970)[6]
 Finland1,181[12]
Languages
Pashto
Minor: Dari (in Afghanistan) and Urdu (in Pakistan and India)
Religion
Islam (Sunni)
with Twelver Shia minorities[13][14][15]

The Pashtuns (/ˈpʌʃˌtʊn/, /ˈpɑːʃˌtʊn/ or /ˈpæʃˌtuːn/; Pashto: پښتانه, Pax̌tānə), also Pukhtuns or Pushtuns, historically known as ethnic Afghans[a] or Pathans,[b] are an Iranic ethnic group[22] native to South and Central Asia[23], who share a common history and culture. They primarily live in Afghanistan and Pakistan. A substantial majority of ethnic Pashtuns share Pashto—an Eastern Iranic language in the Indo-European language family—as the native language.[24]

Globally, the Pashtuns are estimated to number around 50 million,[25] but an accurate count remains elusive due to the lack of an official census in Afghanistan since 1979. The majority of the Pashtuns live in the region regarded as Pashtunistan, which has been split between two countries since the Durand Line border was formed after the Second Anglo-Afghan War.[26] The Pashtuns are a significant minority group in Pakistan, where they constitute the second-largest ethnic group or about 15 percent of the population. Smaller, but still significant Pashtun diaspora communities exist in Sindh and Punjab in Pakistan, especially in the cities of Karachi and Lahore, and in the Rohilkhand region of Uttar Pradesh, India. A recent Pashtun diaspora has also developed in the Arab states of the Persian Gulf, primarily in the United Arab Emirates.

As the largest ethnic group in Afghanistan (anywhere between 42 and 60 percent of the population), Pashtuns have been the dominant ethno-linguistic group for over 300 years. During the Delhi Sultanate era, the 15th–16th century Lodi dynasty briefly replaced the preexisting rulers in North India until Babur completely deposed the Lodi dynasty. Other Pashtuns fought the Safavids and Mughals before obtaining an independent state in the early 18th century,[27] which began with a successful revolution by Mirwais Hotak followed by conquests of Ahmad Shah Durrani.[28] The Barakzai dynasty played a vital role during the Great Game from the 19th century to the 20th century as they were caught between the imperialist designs of the British and Russian empires.

The Pashtuns are the world's largest segmentary lineage ethnic group. Estimates of the number of Pashtun tribes and clans range from about 350 to over 400.[27][29] There have been many notable Pashtun people throughout history: Ahmad Shah Durrani is regarded as the founder of the modern state of Afghanistan, while Bacha Khan was a Pashtun independence activist against the rule of the British Raj. Some others include Imran Khan, Malala Yousafzai, Shahid Afridi, Saif Ali Khan, Shah Rukh Khan, Zarine Khan, Farhad Darya, Abdul Ahad Mohmand, Naghma, Ahmad Zahir, Zakir Husain, Hamid Karzai, Ashraf Ghani, and Mullah Mohammed Omar.

  1. ^ "South Asia :: Pakistan — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. Retrieved 2019-02-24.
  2. ^ "CIA - The World Factbook -- Afghanistan". www.umsl.edu.
  3. ^ Ali, Arshad (15 February 2018). "Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan's great granddaughter seeks citizenship for 'Phastoons' in India". Daily News and Analysis. Retrieved 21 February 2019. Interacting with mediapersons on Wednesday, Yasmin, the president of All India Pakhtoon Jirga-e-Hind, said that there were 32 lakh Phastoons in the country who were living and working in India but were yet to get citizenship.
  4. ^ "United Arab Emirates: Demography" (PDF). Encyclopædia Britannica World Data. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 15 March 2008.
  5. ^ 42% of 200,000 Afghan Americans = 84,000 and 15% of 363,699 Pakistani Americans = 54,554. Total Afghan and Pakistani Pashtuns in USA = 138,554.
  6. ^ a b "Ethnologue report for Southern Pashto: Iran (1993)". SIL International. Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
  7. ^ Maclean, William (10 June 2009). "Support for Taliban dives among British Pashtuns". Reuters. Retrieved 6 August 2009.
  8. ^ Relations between Afghanistan and Germany: Germany is now home to almost 90,000 people of Afghan origin. 42% of 90,000 = 37,800
  9. ^ "Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada". 2.statcan.ca. 2006. Retrieved 17 April 2010.
  10. ^ "Perepis.ru". perepis2002.ru (in Russian).
  11. ^ "20680-Ancestry (full classification list) by Sex – Australia" (Microsoft Excel download). 2006 Census. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 2 June 2008. Total responses: 25,451,383 for total count of persons: 19,855,288.
  12. ^ "Väestö 31.12. muuttujina Maakunta, Kieli, Ikä, Sukupuoli, Vuosi ja Tiedot". Tilastokeskuksen PX-Web tietokannat.
  13. ^ Williams, Victoria; Taylor, Ken (2017). Etiquette and Taboos around the World: A Geographic Encyclopedia of Social and cultural customs. ABC CLIO. p. 231. ISBN 978-1440838200. {{cite book}}: Check |archive-url= value (help)
  14. ^ Nyrop, Richard F; Seekins, Donald M (1986). Afghanistan: A Country Study by United States Department of the Army. United States Department of the Army, American University. p. 105. {{cite book}}: Check |archive-url= value (help)
  15. ^ "Afghanistan". CIA: The World Factbook. 18 December 2008. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
  16. ^ Cite error: The named reference Habibi was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  17. ^ Muhammad Qasim Hindu Shah (Firishta). "History of the Mohamedan Power in India". Persian Literature in Translation. Packard Humanities Institute. Archived from the original on 11 February 2009. Retrieved 10 January 2007.
  18. ^ "Afghanistan: Glossary". British Library. Retrieved 15 March 2008.
  19. ^ James William Spain (1963). The Pathan Borderland. Mouton. p. 40. Retrieved 1 January 2012. The most familiar name in the west is Pathan, an Hindi term adopted by the British, which is usually applied only to the people living east of the Durand.
  20. ^ Pathan. World English Dictionary. Retrieved 1 January 2012. Pathan (pəˈtɑːn) — n a member of the Pashto-speaking people of Afghanistan, Western Pakistan, and elsewhere, most of whom are Muslim in religion [C17: from Hindi]
  21. ^ von Fürer-Haimendorf, Christoph (1985). Tribal populations and cultures of the Indian subcontinent. Handbuch der Orientalistik/2,7. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 126. ISBN 90-04-07120-2. OCLC 240120731. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
  22. ^ Minahan, James B. (30 August 2012). "Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia". ABC-CLIO – via Google Books.
  23. ^ Minahan, James B. (10 February 2014). "Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia". ABC-CLIO – via Google Books.
  24. ^ "Ethnic map of Afghanistan" (PDF). Thomas Gouttierre, Center For Afghanistan Studies, University of Nebraska at Omaha; Matthew S. Baker, Stratfor. National Geographic Society. 2003. Retrieved 24 October 2010.
  25. ^ Lewis, Paul M. (2009). "Pashto, Northern". SIL International. Dallas, Texas: Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition. Retrieved 18 September 2010. Ethnic population: 49,529,000 possibly total Pashto in all countries.
  26. ^ "A Selection of Historical Maps of Afghanistan (G&M Reading Room, Library of Congress)". www.loc.gov. Retrieved 2019-02-21.
  27. ^ a b Romano, Amy (2003). A Historical Atlas of Afghanistan. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 28. ISBN 0-8239-3863-8. Retrieved 17 October 2010.
  28. ^ Louis Dupree, Nancy Hatch Dupree; et al. "Last Afghan empire". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 10 September 2010.
  29. ^ Syed Saleem Shahzad (20 October 2006). "Profiles of Pakistan's Seven Tribal Agencies". Retrieved 22 April 2010.


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