User:750h+/laterproject
jag
[edit]
Jaguar XJ (X351) | |
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Overview | |
Manufacturer |
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Production |
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Assembly |
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Designer |
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Body and chassis | |
Class | Full-size luxury car |
Body style | 4-door saloon |
Layout | Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive / all-wheel-drive |
Platform | JLR D2a |
Powertrain | |
Engine |
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Transmission |
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Dimensions | |
Wheelbase |
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Length |
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Width |
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Height | 1,461 mm (57.5 in) |
Kerb weight | 1,773–1,915 kg (3,909–4,222 lb) |
Chronology | |
Predecessor | Jaguar XJ (X358) |
The Jaguar XJ (X351) is the fourth generation of the Jaguar XJ, a series of full-size luxury saloon cars produced by the automaker Jaguar Cars.[1] Produced between 2010 and 2019, it marked Jaguar's departure from the conservative styling of previous XJs.
The development of the X351 began in 2005, and the design approval process took place in November 2006. The designers Ian Callum and Matthew Beaven led the styling team of the XJ, which included various other prominent stylers such as Giles Taylor, Adam Hatton, Mark Phillips, Nicholas Finney and Kim Challinor. Jaguar tasked the designers with producing a new design incorporating most of the underpinnings from XJ (X350). But despite the X350 serving as its basis, the X351 had to include a style that fit in with the newly-introduced but unrelated XK (X150) and the XF (X250), which were already successful within the market sector. Beaven claimed that the design team had developed a series of vehicles ranging from a sports saloon to a large luxury car. The team finalised the design in 2008, and the XJ debuted in July 2009.
The official series manufacture began in March 2010 at the Castle Bromwich Assembly facility in Birmingham, England, and sales started in May. Initially, XJs were produced only at the English facility, but in 2014, the assembly of complete knockdown kits began at Jaguar's facility in Pune, India. In 2015, Jaguar introduced a facelift for the X351, with its most prominent change being the inclusion of Jaguar's "J-Blade" headlamps. The production of the X351 ended in July 2019, after Jaguar had produced over 122,330 examples. An electric version of the X351 was to be launched in 2020, but plans were cancelled in 2021 due to the economic infeasibility.
Development
[edit]![Picture of a black Jaguar XJ in a dark environment](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Jaguar_XJ_3.0_D-S_Supersport_%28X351%29_%E2%80%93_Heckansicht%2C_30._Juni_2013%2C_M%C3%BCnster.jpg/220px-Jaguar_XJ_3.0_D-S_Supersport_%28X351%29_%E2%80%93_Heckansicht%2C_30._Juni_2013%2C_M%C3%BCnster.jpg)
The development and design work of the fourth generation of the Jaguar XJ—codenamed the "X351"—began in 2005.[2]
Citations
[edit]- ^ Wilkins, David (1 July 2010), "Jaguar XJ6 Series 1 4.2 litre (1968)", The Independent, archived from the original on 6 July 2022, retrieved 20 April 2024
- ^ "Eighth Generation Jaguar XJ Saloon -X351", Jaguar Heritage Trust, retrieved 20 April 2024
Bibliography and print sources
[edit]van
[edit]Aston Martin V12 Vanquish | |
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Overview | |
Manufacturer | Aston Martin Lagonda Limited |
Production |
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Assembly | United Kingdom: Newport Pagnell, Buckinghamshire |
Designer | Ian Callum (1997) |
Body and chassis | |
Class | Grand tourer |
Body style | |
Layout | Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive |
Powertrain | |
Engine | 5.9 L Aston Martin V12 |
Transmission | 6-speed automated manual 6-speed manual |
Dimensions | |
Wheelbase | 2,690 mm (105.9 in)[1] |
Length | 4,665 mm (183.7 in)[1] |
Width | 1,923 mm (75.7 in)[2] |
Height | 1,318 mm (51.9 in)[1] |
Kerb weight | |
Chronology | |
Predecessor | Aston Martin Virage |
Successor | Aston Martin DBS |
The first generation of the Aston Martin Vanquish, also known as the Aston Martin V12 Vanquish, is a grand touring car produced between 2001 and 2007 by the British automaker Aston Martin. Replacing the Virage, the Vanquish was available as both a coupe and convertible.
At the North American International Auto Show in 1998, Aston Martin revealed the "Project Vantage"; initially, Aston Martin planned for it to remain a concept car, but its design inspired the Aston Martin executives, and the company began developing a production version in March 1998. The designer of the Vanquish was Ian Callum, who previously worked on the DB7's exterior. The official production version of the Vanquish debuted at the Geneva International Motor Show in February 2001, and manufacture of the car began in March at Aston Martin's facility in Newport Pagnell, Buckinghamshire. The vehicle uses aluminium extensively throughout its construction.
A facelift was implemented in 2004, which involved improvements to its power output, revisions to its design, and improved aerodynamic efficiency, as well as a name change to "Vanquish S". The car appeared in the 2002 film Die Another Day for which it received widespread public interest and earned the number three spot on the "Best Film Cars Ever" list. The Vanquish also appeared in the 2003 film The Italian Job. Aston Martin discontinued the production of the Vanquish in 2007 after a six-year production run during which 2,589 examples were produced; its replacement was the DBS. The Vanquish nameplate was resurrected in 2012 with a model based on the DB9's chassis and platform.
Development
[edit]The Vanquish was conceived at a meeting in early 1997 between Jacques Nasser, chief executive officer (CEO) of Ford Motor Company; Bob Dover, CEO and chairman of Aston Martin; and senior executives at Jaguar Cars. Nasser proposed the idea of a concept car, to which the executives responded that they did not want one, but when the same proposition was presented to Dover, he expressed interest in the concept.[6]
What nobody actually knew outside Astons was that the Project Vantage was actually the prototype for the Vanquish. We knew that if we got a lot of support at the Detroit Show that we could build a car, which we obviously went on to do.
—Bob Dover[7]
Nasser wanted the design of the Project Vantage completed in time for the January 1998 North American International Auto Show (NAIAS). This required selecting a design by October 1997 and completely finishing the project by mid-December. Dover quickly implemented plans and processes to ensure the concept car was finished within the given timeframe; one of the initial steps was to search for a designer.[6] Aston Martin, lacking a design department of its own, commissioned a design from the Kidlington-based racing team Tom Walkinshaw Racing (TWR), whose chief designer, Ian Callum, styled the DB7.[8][9][10] Callum completed the design of Project Vantage in approximately twelve weeks.[11]
The development of the Project Vantage involved engineers and designers from Aston Martin, Ford Advanced Vehicle Technology, Magneti Marelli, AP Racing, Cosworth Racing and ITT. Aston Martin, Jim Clarke and Ford Advanced Vehicle Technology developed the engine, Magneti Marelli produced the paddle shift transmission, and AP Racing produced the braking system. The Project Vantage used several advanced technologies in constructing the body structure and chassis. The body shell was constructed of aluminium honeycomb, while the extruded aluminium chassis sections and roof pillar were reinforced with carbon fibre. These materials resulted in a weight saving of fifty per cent and a torsional rigidity increase of one hundred per cent.[12]
Aston Martin debuted the Project Vantage at the North American International Auto Show in January 1998.[13][14][15] Initially intended to remain a one-off concept car, its captivated the Aston Martin executives and plans were implemented to put the car into series production.[7] Following the motor show, Dover and his team began assembling the financial plan for the production version of the Project Vantage.[16][7] Development of the production version of the Project Vantage, later named the "Vanquish", began in March 1998. Ian Minards, whom Jaguar appointed as lead designer for the XJ8 project, was the chief programme manager. During development, the codename of the Vanquish was "Project Bolton" before it received its "AMV08" designation.[17] Dover stepped down as Aston Martin CEO in mid-2000 and was replaced by Ulrich Bez in July of that year.[18][19][20]
Due to the more advanced technology incorporated into the car, the Vanquish required more extensive pre-production testing than usual. The development costs were rumoured to be much greater than the initial budget; Aston Martin stated at the Vanquish's launch that fifty prototypes had been produced. These cars were tested worldwide, including hot-weather testing in Australia and cold-weather testing in Canada; temperatures were as cold as −40 °C (−40 °F) and as hot as 81 °C (178 °F).[21][22] The Aston Martin engineers collaborated with Lotus Engineering and Ford to increase engine efficiency and output with the help of the suspension expert Richard Parry-Jones.[21] The prototypes collectively amassed more than 1,500,000 miles (2,400,000 km).[23]
The production version of the Vanquish was revealed to groups of potential customers and designated media representatives in October 2000.[24] It debuted in February 2001 at the Geneva Motor Show.[25][26][27] The official series manufacture of the Vanquish began in March 2001 at Aston Martin's facility in Newport Pagnell, Buckinghamshire.[28][29][30] At launch, Aston Martin planned to produce between 200 and 300 examples annually.[31][32][33]
Design and construction
[edit]![A rear-three quarters view of a very dark blue Vanquish outdoor, with some Porsches parked in the background.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/2003_Aston_Martin_V12_Vanquish_in_Blue_Sapphire%2C_rear_right.jpg/220px-2003_Aston_Martin_V12_Vanquish_in_Blue_Sapphire%2C_rear_right.jpg)
The construction of the Vanquish employed techniques derived from the aerospace industry to produce a strong and rigid platform without incurring extra costs.[34] Its body structure is composed mainly of aluminium, composite materials and carbon fibre.[35][36][37] At a factory in Worcester, England, pre-cut aluminium extrusions were riveted and bonded around the car's carbon fibre backbone.[38][34] In comparison to the Vantage, the Vanquish reduced over fifty per cent of its weight and had a torsional rigidity increase of 100 per cent.[34][12] The car has a boot capacity of 220 litres (7.8 cu ft).[39]
The Vanquish is considered both a grand touring car[40][41][42] and a sports car.[43]Cite error: A <ref>
tag is missing the closing </ref>
(see the help page).[44] A two-door coupe, the Vanquish incorporates a two-seat layout, though a four-seat option was also available.[45][46] Measuring 4,665 millimetres (183.7 in) in length, 1,318 millimetres (51.9 in) in height,[47] 1,923 millimetres (75.7 in) in width,[2] the Vanquish possesses a wheelbase of 2,690 millimetres (106 in).[47] The Vanquish's kerb weight ranges from 1,820 to 1,835 kilograms (4,012 to 4,045 lb), while its gross vehicle weight is 2,175 kilograms (4,795 lb).[48][3][4] With a drag coefficient of 0.33 Cd,[49] the Vanquish incorporates 19-inch (480 mm) wheels held by Yokohama tyres.[50][51]
It had the purest line of thought and execution of any car I've ever worked on before and since.
—Ian Callum[52]
The 5.9-litre V12 engine, as fitted to the Vanquish, generates 450 brake horsepower (340 kW) at 6,500 revolutions per minute (rpm) and 410 newton-metres (300 lbf⋅ft) at 5,000 rpm.[53][45] The Vanquish is a rear-wheel drive vehicle,[26][54] and its engine is positioned at the front.[55][56] The Vanquish offered a choice between two six-speed transmissions: a manual option[57][58] or an automated manual.[59][60] The car can accelerate from 0 to 97 km/h (60 mph) in approximately five seconds and possesses a top speed of 306 km/h (190 mph).[59]
The Vanquish features 355-millimetre (14.0 in) and 330-millimetre (13 in) Brembo anti-lock disc brakes positioned at the front and rear, respectively.[61][62][63] The Vanquish features variable-ratio power steering and independent suspension that incorporate forged aluminium wishbones.[22][64]
Facelift and discontinuation
[edit]The facelifted version of the Vanquish, called the "Vanquish S", debuted at the 2004 Paris Motor Show.[65][66] The upgraded engine generates a power output of 520 brake horsepower (390 kW) at 6,500 rpm and a torque output of 576 newton-metres (425 lb⋅ft) at 5,800 rpm, sufficient to give the car a 0 to 97 km/h (60 mph) of 4.9 seconds and a top speed of 322 km/h (200 mph).[67][68][69] Its transmission was also modified with a larger clutch plate and a higher ratio rear differential. The Yokohama tyres also are slightly larger and eleven-spoke wheels were standardised.[67] A spoiler on the boot, as well as a redesigned front grille and sizeable front splitter, were implemented. It is 5 millimetres (0.20 in) lower than the previous Vanquish, with a steering rack that is 20 per cent quicker and firmer springs and dampers.[70] The aerodynamic alterations decreased the car's drag coefficient to 0.32 Cd.[49][71][72] The Vanquish S also incorporated the features of the Sports Dynamic Package—which was optional for the previous Vanquish—including stiffer suspension, revised steering, and larger brakes.[49]
The production of the V12 Vanquish ended on 19 July 2007, coinciding with the closing of the company's Newport Pagnell factory after 49 years of operation. Despite ongoing enthusiasm for the original V12 Vanquish and V12 Vanquish S, the hand made nature of their construction limited production to levels commensurate with earlier cars assembled at Newport Pagnell.
Special editions
[edit]Vanquish S Ultimate Edition
[edit]The end of the Vanquish's production run was celebrated with the Vanquish S Ultimate Edition. Aston Martin announced that the last 50 cars built would have a new 'Ultimate Black' exterior colour, upgraded interior, and personalised sill plaques.[73]
Vanquish Zagato Roadster
[edit]The Vanquish Zagato Roadster is a right-hand drive, two-seat, open-top roadster initially shown by Zagato at the 2004 International Geneva Motor Show as a prototype and based on the V12 Vanquish.[74] It was then displayed by Zagato at the 2004 Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance where an American collector acquired the prototype. The car had to be flown back to Italy as it was only on temporary import papers before being properly imported to the US by a Massachusetts Aston Martin dealer as a "show and display" car.[75] The car was offered at a Bonhams auction in Carmel in August 2015 at the Quail Lodge and Golf Club with an estimated price of US$700,000–850,000. The car had been driven 13,000 miles. The car's VIN is SCFAC13391B50PP19.
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Front right view
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Back right view
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Front left view
Vanquish Bertone Jet 2
[edit]The Vanquish Bertone Jet 2 is a 2-door shooting brake shown by Bertone also at the 2004 International Geneva Motor Show. The car gets its name from the 1960 Aston Martin DB4 GT Jet also built by Bertone. The car was originally shown in silver in 2004 and in gold in 2013 again at the International Geneva Motor Show at the reveal of the Aston Martin Rapide Bertone Jet 2+2.[76] Designed by Giuliano Biasio.[77]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/2019_Aston_Martin_Vanquish_25_by_Ian_Callum.jpg/220px-2019_Aston_Martin_Vanquish_25_by_Ian_Callum.jpg)
Vanquish 25 by Ian Callum Design
[edit]In September 2019, Ian Callum Design (the company started by Ian Callum, the designer of the first generation Vanquish) publicly revealed the Vanquish 25. It is a restoration package for the first generation Vanquish to "make the Vanquish the Grand Tourer for the 2020s,". Only 25 cars will be made by British company R-Reforged. The 5.9-liter V12 has been tuned to now make an advertised 580 hp, a 60-hp increase over a Vanquish S. The car can be had with the original six-speed, single-clutch Speedshift automated manual, a six-speed GM-sourced torque converter automatic, or a six-speed manual conversion already offered by Aston Martin Works.[78]
Citations
[edit]- ^ a b c "2005 Aston Martin V12 Vanquish". The Baltimore Sun.
- ^ a b "2006 new vehicle preview: Aston Martin V12 Vanquish S coupe". The Daily Herald.
- ^ a b "Bond – James Bond – and his Aston Martin wheels". The Gazette.
- ^ Phillips 2012, p. 160.
- ^ a b Dowsey 2007, p. 200.
- ^ a b c Dowsey 2007, p. 250.
- ^ Taylor 2024, pp. 60–62.
- ^ "The pleasure of driving the new Aston Martin DB7 convertible is almost too much to bear". The Sunday Telegraph.
- ^ Lamm, John (December 1994). "Aston Martin DB7". Road & Track. Vol. 46, no. 4. p. 132. ISSN 0035-7189.
- ^ Dowsey 2007, p. 202.
- ^ a b Dowsey 2007, p. 203.
- ^ "Start shouting!". The Daily Telegraph.
- ^ "Advantage, Aston". The Sydney Morning Herald.
- ^ "Importer seeks exclusive dealers for Aston Martin". The Age.
- ^ Waddington, Glen (January 2022). "Stirred, but not shaken". Octane. No. 223. pp. 56–66. ISSN 1740-0023.
- ^ Dowsey 2007, p. 252.
- ^ "New drivers for Land Rover". The Age.
- ^ Dowsey 2007, p. 231.
- ^ Enright, Andy (September 2020). "Aston Martin V12 Vanquish". Wheels. pp. 22–25. ISSN 0043-4779.
- ^ a b Taylor 2024, pp. 94–95.
- ^ a b "2003 Aston Martin V12 Vanquish". Palm Beach Daily News.
- ^ "Savile Row suit, Ford underpinnings". The Sydney Morning Herald.
- ^ Taylor 2024, p. 102.
- ^ "Aston-Martin raises flagship". Chicago Tribune.
- ^ a b "Wealth bomber". The Daily Telegraph.
- ^ "2001 Geneva". Autoweek. Vol. 51, no. 12. 12 March 2001. p. 20. ISSN 0192-9674.
- ^ Dawe, Jason (7 August 2005). "Aston Martin Vanquish". The Times. Archived from the original on 25 April 2024.
- ^ "Squatter, shorter, wider, and wilder". The Independent.
- ^ "Aston Martin offers velocity for $228,000". Lansing State Journal.
- ^ "Spring sees new models in showrooms". The Daily Chronicle.
- ^ Wernle, Bradford (14 August 2000). "Aston to build 3rd plant, delays V12 Vanquish". Automotive News. Archived from the original on 25 April 2024.
- ^ Wilson, Kevin A; Magee, Charlie (30 October 2000). "Heroic Ambitions". Autoweek. Vol. 50, no. 45. p. 16. ISSN 0192-9674.
- ^ a b c Taylor 2024, pp. 72–75.
- ^ "Edgy Aston has supercars in its sights". The Sydney Morning Herald.
- ^ "The Aston Martin V12 Vanquish". ATZautotechnology. 1 (4): 26–29. 2001. doi:10.1007/BF03246615. ISSN 1616-8216.
- ^ Marsh, George (2014). "Composites and metals – a marriage of convenience?". Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites. 58 (2): 38–42. doi:10.1016/S0034-3617(14)70108-0.
- ^ "Aston attack: Vanquish leads supercar assualt". The Age.
- ^ Ross, David (16 June 2019). "Aston Martin Vanquish coupe boot space, practicality and safety". Parkers. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
- ^ "The people car show". The Hamilton Spectator.
- ^ "Aston Martin Vanquish S". Auto Express. 24 November 2010. Archived from the original on 4 April 2024.
- ^ Huntingford, Steve (1 January 2006). "Used Aston Martin Vanquish 2001 - 2007 review". What Car?. Archived from the original on 25 April 2024.
- ^ "Vanquishing desire for any other auto". The Philadelphia Inquirer.
- ^ Frank, Michael (17 September 2001). "Aston Martin Vanquish". Forbes. Archived from the original on 25 April 2024.
- ^ a b Hutton, Ray (1 December 2000). "Aston Martin Vanquish". Car and Driver. Archived from the original on 18 January 2022.
- ^ "Something new to add to the list of dream cars". The Gazette.
- ^ a b "2005 Aston Martin V12 Vanquish". Fort Worth Star-Telegram.
- ^ "Aston Martin Vanquish V12 2+2 2dr Auto". Top Gear. BBC. Archived from the original on 27 April 2024. Retrieved 27 April 2024.
- ^ a b c Vale 2022, p. 456.
- ^ "Smartire". The Vancouver Sun.
- ^ "The 2001 Aston Martin Vanquish". Forbes. 11 October 2000. Archived from the original on 27 October 2020.
- ^ Pattni, Vijay (29 October 2021). "The original Aston Martin Vanquish is 20 years old". Top Gear. BBC. Archived from the original on 28 April 2024. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
- ^ "007 will reclaim his Aston Martin". The Charlotte Observer.
- ^ "Souping up the Vanquish for latest Bond film". The Gazette.
- ^ "Shifty business: 2002 Aston Martin Vanquish". Motor Trend. 20 December 2002. Archived from the original on 10 May 2024. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
- ^ McKay, Peter (January 2003). "Vanquishing point". Wheels. p. 34. ISSN 0043-4779.
- ^ "To drive an Aston Martin like 007's, be willing to wait". The Philadelphia Inquirer.
- ^ "Aston Martin V12 Vanquish". The Journal News.
- ^ a b Tomalin, Peter (26 March 2024). "Aston Martin V12 Vanquish (2001 - 2007): Britain's answer to the Ferrari 550 Maranello". Evo. Archived from the original on 29 May 2024. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
- ^ Abidin, Shafiq (9 January 2024). "Fancy a pre-series, first-generation Aston Martin Vanquish? This one is now up for sale". Top Gear. BBC. Archived from the original on 10 May 2024. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
- ^ "New Bond car Vanquishes tedium". The Windsor Star.
- ^ "Vanquish continued from front". The Standard.
- ^ Frankel, Andrew (25 May 2004). "Aston Martin Vanquish". Autocar. Archived from the original on 8 December 2023.
- ^ "Aston Martin V12 Vanquish is 'the James Bond car'". The Philadelphia Inquirer.
- ^ "Hot sports cars". The Post-Cresent.
- ^ Kiino, Ron (23 September 2004). "Aston Martin Vanquish S". Car and Driver. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
- ^ a b "With a growl and a smile". The Daily Telegraph.
- ^ Dowsey 2007, p. 297.
- ^ "No one chooses a car for the planet's benefit". The Independent.
- ^ "Aston Martin Vanquish S auto". Autocar. 28 September 2004. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
- ^ Vollans, JJ; Chadwick, Nathan (19 August 2020). "Vanquish vs 550: classic V12s go head-to-head". Car. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
- ^ Taylor 2024, p. 162.
- ^ Meaden, Richard (3 June 2019). "2007 Aston Martin V12 Vanquish S Ultimate Edition vs. 2017 Vanquish S Ultimate Edition Featured". Drive-My. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
- ^ "Bonhams : 2004 ASTON MARTIN VANQUISH ZAGATO ROADSTER PROTOTYPEVIN. SCFAC13391B50PP19". www.bonhams.com. Retrieved 13 January 2021.
- ^ "2005 Aston Martin Zagato Vanquish Roadster – AutoWeek Magazine". Autoweek.com. 17 May 2004. Retrieved 20 March 2011.
- ^ "Geneva 2004 – Bertone Jet 2 Concept – Automobile Magazine". Automobilemag.com. 13 December 2010. Retrieved 20 March 2011.
- ^ "Aston Martin Jet 2". carrozzieri-italiani.com. Retrieved 5 April 2024.
- ^ "Aston Martin Vanquish 25 by Callum begins Ian Callum's next act". Autoblog. Retrieved 22 February 2021.
Print sources
[edit]Newspapers
[edit]- "007 will reclaim his Aston Martin". The Charlotte Observer. 5 September 2001. p. 56. Archived from the original on 10 May 2024. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
- "2003 Aston Martin V12 Vanquish". Palm Beach Daily News. 20 February 2003. p. 18. Archived from the original on 24 April 2024.
- "2005 Aston Martin V12 Vanquish". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. 1 April 2005. p. 298. Archived from the original on 25 April 2024. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
- "2005 Aston Martin V12 Vanquish". The Baltimore Sun. 29 April 2005. p. W3. Archived from the original on 24 April 2024.
- "2006 new vehicle preview: Aston Martin V12 Vanquish S coupe". The Daily Herald. 11 November 2005. p. 45. Archived from the original on 24 April 2024.
- "Advantage, Aston". The Sydney Morning Herald. 17 January 1998. p. 59. Archived from the original on 24 April 2024. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
- "Aston attack: Vanquish leads supercar assualt". The Age. 19 October 2000. p. 53. Archived from the original on 24 April 2024. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
- "Aston Martin offers velocity for $228,000". Lansing State Journal. 13 April 2001. p. 19. Archived from the original on 24 April 2024. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
- "Aston-Martin raises flagship". Chicago Tribune. 19 April 2001. p. 77. Archived from the original on 24 April 2024. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
- "Aston Martin V12 Vanquish". The Journal News. 24 March 2002. p. 106. Archived from the original on 10 May 2024. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
- "Aston Martin V12 Vanquish is 'the James Bond car'". The Philadelphia Inquirer. 22 August 2003. p. N18. Archived from the original on 25 April 2024. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
- "Bond – James Bond – and his Aston Martin wheels". The Gazette. 23 November 2002. p. 122. Archived from the original on 25 April 2024.
- "Canadian technology wins roll in new supercar". The Gazette. 11 December 2000. p. 58. Archived from the original on 27 April 2024. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
- "Edgy Aston has supercars in its sights". The Sydney Morning Herald. 17 August 2001. p. 70. Archived from the original on 24 April 2024. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
- "Hot sports cars". The Post-Cresent. 15 June 2005. p. 47. Archived from the original on 2 June 2024. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
- "Importer seeks exclusive dealers for Aston Martin". The Age. 19 February 1998. p. 34. Archived from the original on 23 May 2024.
- "Motoring: The pleasure of driving the new Aston Martin DB7 convertible is almost too much to bear, says Neil Lyndon". The Sunday Telegraph. 6 July 1997. p. 167. Archived from the original on 16 May 2024. Retrieved 14 April 2024.
- "New Bond car Vanquishes tedium". The Windsor Star. 4 July 2002. p. 40. Archived from the original on 27 April 2024. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
- "New drivers for Land Rover". The Age. 8 July 2000. p. 54. Archived from the original on 24 April 2024.
- "No one chooses a car for the planet's benefit". The Independent. 11 January 2005. p. 59. Archived from the original on 2 June 2024.
- "The people car show". The Hamilton Spectator. 8 March 2001. p. 57. Archived from the original on 25 April 2024. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
- "Savile Row suit, Ford underpinnings". The Sydney Morning Herald. 27 October 2000. p. 74. Archived from the original on 24 April 2024.
- "Smartire". The Vancouver Sun. 5 December 2000. p. 36. Archived from the original on 27 April 2024. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
- "Something new to add to the list of dream cars". The Gazette. 14 November 2000. p. 29. Archived from the original on 25 April 2024. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
- "Souping up the Vanquish for latest Bond film". The Gazette. 17 December 2002. p. 63. Archived from the original on 10 May 2024. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
- "Spring sees new models in showrooms". The Daily Chronicle. 20 April 2001. p. 32. Archived from the original on 24 April 2024. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
- "Squatter, shorter, wider, and wilder". The Independent. 11 January 2005. p. 58. Archived from the original on 24 April 2024. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
- "Start shouting!". The Daily Telegraph. 10 January 1998. p. 87. Archived from the original on 24 April 2024.
- "To drive an Aston Martin like 007's, be willing to wait". The Philadelphia Inquirer. 1 September 2002. p. F45. Archived from the original on 10 May 2024. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
- "Vanquish continued from front". The Standard. 4 July 2002. p. 34. Archived from the original on 25 April 2024. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
- "Vanquishing desire for any other auto". The Philadelphia Inquirer. 31 March 2005. p. G01. Archived from the original on 25 April 2024. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
- "Vanquish that impulse to share the wealth". Edmonton Journal. 9 July 2002. p. 60. Archived from the original on 24 April 2024.
- "Wealth bomber". The Daily Telegraph. 11 August 2001. p. 79. Archived from the original on 24 April 2024. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
- "With a growl and a smile". The Daily Telegraph. 23 October 2004. p. 94. Archived from the original on 2 June 2024. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
Books
[edit]- Dowsey, David (2007). Aston Martin: power, beauty and soul. Peleus Press. ISBN 978-0-9578-7595-1.
- Phillips, Adam (2012) [2005]. Supercars: Driving the dream. New York City: Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-4488-9218-1.
- Taylor, James (2024). Aston Martin DB9 and Vanquish: The Complete Story. Wiltshire: Crowood Press. ISBN 978-0-7198-4317-4.
- Vale, Matthew (2022). Aston Martin: The Complete Story. Wiltshire: Crowood Press. ISBN 978-0-7198-4119-4.
mini
[edit]Mini | |
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![]() The first Mini built with the registration number "621 AOK". This unit was never sold but is preserved at the British Motor Museum. | |
Overview | |
Manufacturer |
|
Model code | ADO15[note 1] |
Production | 8 May 1959 – 4 October 2000 5,387,862 units |
Designer | Sir Alec Issigonis |
Body and chassis | |
Class | Small car |
Body style |
|
Layout | Front-engine, front-wheel-drive |
Powertrain | |
Transmission | |
Chronology | |
Successor | Mini Hatch |
The Mini is a small car produced from 1959 until 1968 by the British Motor Corporation, from 1968 to 1986 by British Leyland and from 1986 until 2000 by the Rover Group. It is considered one of the most influential automobiles of the twentieth century and is an icon of 1960s British popular culture. The Mini's design was maintained throughout its production which spanned forty-one years, making it the seventh-longest generation of automobile with an unaltered design.
The official series manufacture of the Mini began at the facility in Cowley, Oxford on 8 May 1959; the first unit is preserved at the British Motor Museum in Gaydon, Warwickshire. The car was styled by the automotive designer Sir Alec Issigonis and developed under the codename "ADO15". The production of the Mini occurred in Longbridge, England; Cowley, England; and Sydney, Australia, before numerous other global locations were introduced in the subsequent years. The Mini was predominantly produced as a two-door saloon but numerous other body styles were introduced including a convertible, estate, fastback and coupe utility. The designations "Mini Cooper" and "Mini Cooper S" are used to denote the high-performance variants of the Mini. In Italy, the machinery works Innocenti redesigned the Mini and sold it under the "Innocenti Mini" nameplate. A utility and recreational derivative of the Mini called the "Moke", was produced between 1964 and 1993.
The Mini's space-saving transverse engine and front-wheel drive layout—allowing eighty per cent of the area of the car's floorpan to be used for passengers and luggage—influenced a generation of automakers. The final Mini was produced at the Longbridge facility on 4 October 2000 after a production period of forty-one years, five months and twenty-six days during which 5,387,862 units had been produced. The automaker BMW acquired the Rover Group in 1994 and sold most of it in 2000, but retained the rights to build cars using the "Mini" name. Retrospectively, the car is often nicknamed the "Classic Mini" to distinguish it from the Mini Hatch family of vehicles produced since 2001.[3]
Background and conception
[edit]The Mini was conceived by the British Motor Corporation (BMC),[4] a conglomerate of Austin Motor Company, Morris Motors, MG, Riley Motor and Wolseley Motors that was formed 1952.[5][6][7] The Mini was a solution to two opposing trends in 1950s Britain: the rise of economical 'micro' cars after the Suez Crisis and the growing influence of American culture in the post-war period. The Suez Crisis resulted from Anglo-French efforts to denationalise the Suez Canal in Egypt, resulting in its closure to Western shipping during 1956 and 1957. This closure disrupted oil supplies. The Suez Crisis also led to the reintroduction of fuel rationing in Britain and elevated taxes on luxury items. Consequently, the affordability of new cars was limited for many British citizens, which were also inefficient because of their outdated pre-war engines.[4][8]
References
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ "ADO" stands for "Austin Drawing Office", while "15" was its project number.[1][2]
Citations
[edit]- ^ Blake, Mike (18 November 2007), "2007 MINI Cooper S: Economical and Still a Fun Drive", Lancaster New Era, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, p. 69, retrieved 4 May 2024 – via Newspapers.com
- ^ "The Mini giant", Birmingham Evening Mail, Birmingham, West Midlands, 13 March 1978, p. 36, retrieved 4 May 2024 – via Newspapers.com
- ^ Mainland 2015, Front Cover.
- ^ a b Mainland 2015, pp. 13–14.
- ^ "Glorious past, but a challenging future", The Independent, London, Greater London, 5 April 2005, p. 61, retrieved 4 May 2024 – via Newspapers.com
- ^ "British motor bid for Fisher & Ludlow", The Daily Telegraph, London, Greater London, 31 July 1953, p. 2, retrieved 4 May 2024 – via Newspapers.com
- ^ Thorley 2019, p. 132.
- ^ Anthony, Andrew (29 August 2009), "On the road: Mini Cooper S", The Guardian, retrieved 4 May 2024
Bibliography
[edit]- Mainland, Keith (2015). Classic Mini Specials and Moke. Crowood Press. ISBN 978-1-7850-0002-7.
- Thorley, Nigel (2019). The Complete Book of Jaguar: Every Model Since 1935. Motorbooks. ISBN 978-0-7603-6390-4.
thunder
[edit]
Ford Thunderbird | |
---|---|
![]() | |
Overview | |
Manufacturer | Ford Motor Company |
Model code | M205[1] |
Production | June 2001 – July 2005 |
Model years | 2002–2005 |
Assembly | United States: Wixom, Michigan (Wixom Assembly) |
Designer | Jack Telnack (1997) |
Body and chassis | |
Class | Personal luxury car |
Body style |
|
Layout | Front-engine, rear-wheel drive |
Platform | Ford DEW98 |
Powertrain | |
Engine | 3.9 L Jaguar AJ35 V8 |
Transmission | 5-speed Ford Bordeaux 5R44E automatic |
Dimensions | |
Wheelbase | 107.1 in (2,720 mm)[2] |
Length | 186.3 in (4,732 mm)[2] |
Width | 72 in (1,829 mm)[3] |
Height | 52.1 in (1,323 mm)[4] |
Curb weight | 3,775 lb (1,712 kg)[5] |
Chronology | |
Predecessor | Ford Thunderbird (tenth generation) |
The eleventh generation of the Ford Thunderbird—a series of personal luxury cars—was produced between 2001 and 2005 by the American automaker Ford Motor Company. The Thunderbird debuted at the 1999 edition of the North American International Auto Show. Designed by Jack Telnack and manufactured in Wixom, Michigan, the car was available as both a convertible and a hardtop convertible. It is the indirect successor to the tenth generation of the Thunderbird, and 68,098 units were produced before its discontinuation in July 2005.
The official series production of the Thunderbird commenced in June 2001. The Thunderbird, a two-door car, features Jaguar's 3.9 L AJ35 V8 engine. It generates a power output of 188 kilowatts (252 hp) and a torque output of 362 newton-meters (267 lbf⋅ft); an update was implemented in 2003, increasing outputs to 209 kilowatts (280 hp) and 388 newton-meters (286 lbf⋅ft). Based upon Ford's "DEW" platform, the car possesses a rear-wheel drive layout with a front engine placement. The Thunderbird was awarded the Motor Trend Car of the Year in 2002 and has been featured in several films, including Die Another Day, Thunderbirds, and The Sopranos.
Background and development
[edit]![A light green coupe from the late 1950s](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/1957_Ford_Thunderbird_%2820418643125%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-1957_Ford_Thunderbird_%2820418643125%29_%28cropped%29.jpg)
The original Ford Thunderbird debuted in October 1954.[6][7][8] Originally designed to compete with British, Italian, and German sports cars and the Chevrolet Corvette, it was the first time the Ford division sold two distinct model lines simultaneously. The Thunderbird incorporated various advanced technologies for its era, including power seats and a padded dashboard.[9] Ten consecutive generations of the car were produced the tenth generation was discontinued in 1995.[10] The introduction of the Volkswagen New Beetle in 1997 sparked a renaissance of retro-styling in American automakers.[11]
Jack Telnack, the lead design director of the Ford Thunderbird project, initiated a competition among design studios in Italy, England, Germany, California, and Dearborn. After bringing a 1955 and a 1957 Thunderbird to Dearborn, the studio there won. J Mays, Telnack's successor, then handled the details, trims, fabrics, interior, and colors. The 2002 Thunderbird had the longest development process of any car Telnack worked on.[12] Ford unveiled the car as a concept at the 1999 edition of the North American International Auto Show[13][14][15] and revealed the car's final design at the same motor show two years later.[16] Official manufacture of the Thunderbird began in June 2001,[17] at the assembly plant in Wixom, Michigan.
References
[edit]Notes
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Jones, Terill Yue (31 August 2001). "Ford needs Thunderbird launch to fly". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 6 September 2021.
- ^ a b "T-Bird cruises back into Ford's lineup". Chicago Tribune. 27 May 2001. p. 12.1. ISSN 1085-6706. ProQuest 419282465
- ^ "The Bird is the word, again, Ford's styling heritage soars in pleasurable Thunderbird". The Morning Call. 16 June 2002. p. J1. ISSN 0884-5557. ProQuest 393054828
- ^ "Nostalgic T-bird is fun, but could get better". USA Today. 8 June 2001. p. D12. ISSN 0734-7456. ProQuest 408902490
- ^ Ulrich, Lawerence (31 May 2001). "Ford's pretty little roadster is back: revived Thunderbird is plush and sporty". Detroit Free Press. p. D.1. ProQuest 1270956813
- ^ Sanow 1998, p. 8.
- ^ "Ford will retire T-Bird in July". Automotive News. Vol. 79, no. 6138. 14 March 2005. p. 56. ISSN 0005-1551. ProQuest 219416521
- ^ Vance, Bill (12 September 2008). "T-Bird revival was short-lived". Waterloo Region Record. p. E.1. ProQuest 267266900
- ^ McCraw, Jim (1 October 2000). "2002 Ford Thunderbird". Car and Driver. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
- ^ Pfefferman 2013, p. 224.
- ^ Strohl, Daniel (7 December 2018). "Ford's Forty Nine concept promised a mainstream retro future for the blue oval". Hemmings Motor News. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
- ^ "Telnack finds it difficult to let go of the car business". Automotive News. 13 December 2005. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
- ^ Lienert, Dan (8 January 1999). "It's fun, fun, fun as Ford brings Thunderbird back". The Sydney Morning Herald. p. 3. ISSN 0312-6315. ProQuest 363527173
- ^ Nissen, Todd (9 January 1999). "Thunderbird set to take off New lease of life for American icon". Birmingham Post. p. 21. ProQuest 326487831
- ^ "Total recall". The Age. 21 January 1999. p. 6. ISSN 2203-580X. ProQuest 363346476
- ^ "The Thunderbird concept is ready to go at Detroit". The Daily Telegraph. 6 January 2001. p. 5. ISSN 0307-1235. ProQuest 317434811
- ^ "Changeovers shift into high gear". Automotive News. Vol. 75, no. 5943. 13 August 2001. p. 20. ISSN 0005-1551. ProQuest 219435224
Bibliography
[edit]- Pfefferman, Richard (2013). Strategic Reinvention in Popular Culture. Springer Publishing. ISBN 978-1-137-37319-9.
- Sanow, Edwin J. (1998). Ford Police Cars, 1932-1997. Motorbooks International. ISBN 978-1-61060-935-7.
model s
[edit]
Tesla Model S | |
---|---|
![]() | |
Overview | |
Manufacturer | Tesla, Inc. |
Production | June 2012 – present |
Model years | 2013–present |
Assembly |
|
Designer | Franz von Holzhausen |
Body and chassis | |
Class | Full-size car |
Body style | 5-door liftback sedan |
Layout |
|
Chassis | Unibody |
Related | Tesla Model X |
Powertrain | |
Electric motor | 3-phase alternating current induction motor |
Transmission | Single-speed reduction gear |
Battery | 60–100 kWh lithium-ion battery |
Electric range | 249–405 mi (401–652 km) |
Dimensions | |
Wheelbase | 116.5 in (2,960 mm)[1] |
Length | 196.1–197.7 in (4,980–5,021 mm)[2][3] |
Width | 77.3 in (1,960 mm)[1][note 1] |
Height | 56.5 in (1,440 mm)[1] |
Curb weight | 4,323–4,960 lb (1,961–2,250 kg)[4] |
The Tesla Model S is a four-door battery-electric car. Considered one of the most important electric cars, it is a full-size sedan produced by the American automaker Tesla since 2012.
Designed by Franz von Holzhausen and developed under the codename "WhiteStar", a prototype of the Model S debuted in Hawthorne, California, in March 2009. The official manufacture of the Model S began in June 2012, at the facility in Fremont, California. The car shares thirty percent of its parts with the Model X—a mid-size luxury crossover SUV that began production in 2015. The body and chassis of the Model S are composed primarily of aluminum. The car has received numerous updates over the course of its production, with the most prominent changes occurring in 2016 and 2021. These updates usually include stylistic modifications such as redesigned headlights, taillights, and interiors, mechanical improvements like increased horsepower and torque, and the introduction of new trim levels.[note 2]
In 2015 and 2016, the Model S was the world's best-selling plug-in electric vehicle until it was surpassed by the Model 3. The Model S has been the subject of multiple fires, the first occurring in Kent, Washington, in October 2013. The car has earned numerous accolades, including being named one of the "Best 25 Inventions of the Year 2012" by Time and receiving the "Tech Car of the Year for 2012" award from CNET. The Model S has received mixed reviews: The Telegraph described the Model S as a "car that changed the world",[5] but Road & Track called it "perhaps one of the worst [cars in the world]."[6]
Development
[edit]In January 2007, Tesla, Inc. opened a facility in Michigan, employing sixty people to work on new projects, including a four-door sedan.[7] Beginning development under the codename "WhiteStar",[8] Tesla initially planned for the car to have two powertrain options. The first would be a battery-electric version with an all-electric range of 200 miles (320 km). The second was to be a range-extending vehicle, capable of traveling between 40 and 50 miles (64 and 80 km) on electric power before a small gasoline engine would recharge its batteries and power the vehicle, giving it a total range of 400 miles (640 km). However, at the GoingGreen conference in September 2008, Elon Musk—the chief executive officer of Tesla[9]—announced that the company would exclusively produce battery-electric vehicles.[10]
In 2007, Musk appointed Henrik Fisker, known for his work with Aston Martin,[11][12] as the lead designer of the WhiteStar project.[13][14][15] The company requested that he design a "sleek, four-door sedan" priced from $50,000 to $70,000, and that it be ready between late 2009 and early 2010.[16] Fisker owned a design studio in Orange County, California, which the Tesla employees frequently visited to view his designs. However, their reactions were generally negative; Ron Lloyd, the vice president of the WhiteStar project, described Fisker's designs as "terrible [...] some of the early styles were like a giant egg".[16] When Musk rejected his designs, Fisker attributed the decision to the project's physical constraints, saying, "they wouldn't let me make the car sexy".[17] Shortly after the meetings, Fisker started his own company[18] and debuted the Fisker Karma in 2008, at the North American International Auto Show.[19][20] Musk subsequently filed a lawsuit against Fisker, accusing him of stealing Tesla's design ideas and using the $875,000 to launch his own company.[18][21] Fisker ultimately won the lawsuit, and an arbitrator ordered Tesla to reimburse Fisker's legal fees and declared Tesla's claims to be without merit.[18]
![A front three-quarters view of a brown Mercedes-Benz CLS sedan](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Mercedes_CLS_%28C219%29_front_20100425.jpg/220px-Mercedes_CLS_%28C219%29_front_20100425.jpg)
A small team of Tesla engineers went to a Mercedes-Benz car dealership where they test-drove a CLS-Class and an E-Class. Both cars shared a chassis, and the engineers assessed every part of the vehicles, evaluating their positives and negatives. They ultimately preferred the CLS's styling and used it as the baseline for the Model S. After purchasing a CLS, they disassembled it, modified the Roadster's battery pack, cut out the CLS's floor, and integrated it with the battery pack. They subsequently put all of its electronics and systems in the car's trunk and replaced the interior. After three months of development, the engineers completed a battery-electric version of the CLS. Tesla frequently tested the car on public roads; it had 120 miles (190 km) of all-electric range per charge and weighed more than the Roadster.[22]
In August 2008, Musk appointed Franz von Holzhausen as the project's lead designer.[23][24][25] Von Holzhausen reviewed Fisker's sketches and clay models but was unimpressed with what he saw, stating that "it was clear [...] that the people [who] had been working on this were novices". To save money, Tesla established its design center within the SpaceX factory. As von Holzhausen began designing the exterior of the Model S, Tesla engineers initiated a project to construct another electric CLS. They stripped it to its core, removed the body structure, and extended the wheelbase by 4 inches (10 cm) to align with early Model S specifications. Within approximately three months, von Holzhausen had designed 95 percent of the current Model S exterior, and the engineers had begun building a prototype around the chassis.[25] Given the battery pack's substantial weight, Musk and the team began efforts to minimize the weight of other components. To address this issue, Musk opted to use aluminum instead of steel. Musk stated that the non-battery-pack portion of the vehicle must be lighter than equivalent gasoline vehicles, and the decision to construct it entirely from aluminum was clear. He noted that the primary challenge was that if aluminum were not used in its construction, the car's performance would be compromised.[26] To accelerate the development of the Model S, one group of engineers worked during the day, while another arrived at 9 p.m. and worked through the night, both operating within a 3,000 square feet (280 m2) tent in the SpaceX factory.[27]
Tesla debuted a prototype version of the Model S in Hawthorne, California, on March 26, 2009.[28][29][30] Tesla initially intended to manufacture the Model S in Albuquerque, New Mexico, and later in San Jose, California, but later withdrew from both plans.[31][32] In 1984, the American automaker General Motors (GM) and the Japanese automaker Toyota partnered to form New United Motor Manufacturing, Inc., on the site of a former GM assembly plant in Fremont, California.[33][34][35] The facility produced numerous vehicles, including the Chevrolet Nova and the Toyota Corolla.[36][37][38] After the Great Recession, GM found itself trying to recover from bankruptcy. It decided to abandon the facility in 2009, with Toyota soon following.[39][40] However, a month after the last car—a Corolla—rolled off the manufacturing line in April 2010, Toyota and Tesla announced a partnership and the transfer of the factory. Tesla agreed to purchase a significant portion of the facility for US$42 million, while Toyota invested US$50 million in Tesla for a 2.5 percent stake in the company.[35][41]
During the early 2010s, Musk expanded the engineering teams for the Model S, while von Holzhausen grew the design teams in Los Angeles. The engineers operated in a lab with approximately forty-five personnel. The "alpha" version of the Model S, featuring newly stamped body parts from the Fremont factory, a revamped battery pack, and improved power electronics, was completed in the basement of an office in Palo Alto, California. About twelve of these cars were produced; some were sent to suppliers such as Bosch, while others were preserved for testing and design alterations.[42] On June 22, 2012, Tesla invited its employees, select customers, and the press to watch the first production Model S roll off the manufacturing line in Fremont.[43][44][45] The car's launch event occurred in a section of the facility where the cars are completed.[46]
Design
[edit]![Two white electric vehicles (Teslas) at a supercharger; the one on the left is a sedan while the one on the right is an SUV](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Tesla_Model_S_%26_X_side_by_side_at_the_Gilroy_Supercharger.jpg/200px-Tesla_Model_S_%26_X_side_by_side_at_the_Gilroy_Supercharger.jpg)
The body and the chassis of the Model S are made mostly of aluminum.[47][48][49] The Model S shares its platform and thirty percent of its parts with the Model X,[50][51] a mid-size luxury crossover SUV that was introduced in 2015.[52][53][54] The Model S is a full-size sedan with four doors[55][56][57] and five seats.[58][59] The company claimed a drag coefficient of Cd=0.24,[60] the lowest of any production car at release.[61] This claim was independently verified by the magazine Car and Driver in the middle of 2014, confirming the drag coefficient as Cd=0.24.[62] The vehicle's drag coefficient was improved by a solid front fascia instead of a grille, retractable door handles, and a flat underbody with no exhaust pipes to disrupt the airflow.[49] The Model S's battery pack is the vehicle's heaviest component[63][64] and is inside the car's floor.[65][66] The Model S has a center of gravity height of 18 inches (460 mm),[67][68] reducing the risk of rollovers.[69][70][71] Since the heavier components of the drivetrain are positioned behind the rear axle's centerline, the Model S has a weight distribution of 46 percent at the front and 54 percent at the rear.[72] Each Model S has a single-speed reduction gear transmission.[73]
According to Lee Hutchinson of the news website Ars Technica, the Model S's "almond-shaped headlights and prominent nosecone conjure images of Maserati, while the rear half has a distinct Aston Martin DBS flavor, [and] the taillights and rear evoke the Jaguar XF".[1] A cast aluminum cross-member attached to the vehicle's body structure supports the front suspension and electrically assisted rack-and-pinion steering system. At the rear, a cast subframe is connected to the body using four rubber-isolated mounts to reduce vibrations.[49] The front suspension features a double control arm design, while the rear suspension uses a multi-link arrangement, each with an air spring for improved ride comfort.[49][74] This chassis also features disc brake components produced by Brembo.[49][75] Since the Model S lacks a front engine, Tesla implemented a "frunk"—a portmanteau of "front" and "trunk"—which has 5.3 cubic feet (150 L) of storage.[1][76][77] The car's rear trunk possesses 26.6 cubic feet (750 L) of storage with the rear seats upright and 58.1 cubic feet (1,650 L) when the seats are folded down.[78][79] Initially, the seats and steering wheel of the Model S were made exclusively of leather. However, in 2017, following a request from People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals to become the first cruelty-free automaker, Tesla switched to synthetic leather.[80][81]
Models and updates
[edit]2012–2016: Initial years
[edit]Tesla allocated its initial 1,000 Model S units to the "Signature" limited edition configurations.[82][83][84] The AC induction motor of the base Signature model generates a power output of 270 kW (362 hp) and a torque output of 439 newton-meters (324 lb⋅ft),[85][86] sufficient to give the car a 0–60 mph (97 km/h) time of 5.6 seconds and a top speed of 125 mph (201 km/h).[85][87] The Signature Performance's motor produces 310 kW (416 hp) and 601 newton-meters (443 lb⋅ft), sufficient to a 0–60 mph (97 km/h) time of 4.6 seconds and a top speed of 134 mph (216 km/h).[88][89] Both models incorporate an 85 kilowatt-hour (kWh) lithium-ion battery,[89][90] and have an all-electric range of about 265 miles (426 km).[83][85][89]
Beginning in 2012, three battery pack configurations of the Model S were offered as 2013 model year[note 3] vehicles.[92] Initially, a 40 kWh lithium-ion model was planned as the entry-level version, but Tesla announced in 2013 that this version would not be produced.[93] The motor of this version was to produce a power output of 175 kilowatts (235 hp) and a torque of 420 newton-meters (310 lb⋅ft), giving it a 0–60 mph (97 km/h) acceleration time of 6.5 seconds and a maximum speed of 110 mph (180 km/h).[94][95][96] Instead, a more powerful model with a 60 kWh model, was introduced to substitute the 40 kWh model.[94] Its motor generates 225 kilowatts (302 hp) and 430 newton-meters (317 lb⋅ft),[97] providing it with a 0–60 mph (97 km/h) acceleration of 5.5 seconds, with a maximum speed of 121 mph (195 km/h) and an all-electric range of 208 miles (335 km).[98] Two versions of the 85 kWh model were created: one with specifications similar to the aforementioned Signature model, and a performance version, the "P85", with specifications akin to the Signature Performance.[96][72]
In 2014, Tesla discontinued the P85[99] and introduced the P85D[100] in the same year.[101] Tesla introduced a front motor in the P85D, in addition to the existing rear motor used in previous models. This configuration powers both the front and rear wheels, resulting in an all-wheel drive powertrain ("D" stands for "dual").[102][103] This configuration produces a combined output of 515 kilowatts (691 hp) and 931 newton-meters (687 lb⋅ft), enabling the P85D to accelerate from 0 to 60 mph (97 km/h) in 3.2 seconds and reach a top speed of 155 mph (249 km/h), with an all-electric range of 275 miles (443 km).[104][105] Replacing the 60 kWh model,[106][107] the 70D was introduced as a 2015 model year vehicle. It features dual motors that produce a combined output of 383 kilowatts (514 hp) and 387 newton-meters (285 lb⋅ft), allowing it to accelerate from 0 to 60 mph (97 km/h) in 5.2 seconds, with a maximum speed of 140 mph (230 km/h) and an all-electric range of 240 miles (390 km).[108][109][110] A single-motor version of the 70 kWh model was also produced, with an output of 235 kilowatts (315 hp) and 325 newton-meters (240 lb⋅ft), allowing it to accelerate from 0 to 60 mph (97 km/h) in 5.2 seconds, with a maximum speed of 140 mph (230 km/h) and an all-electric range of 210 miles (340 km).[110]
Tesla launched the standard 90D and the performance P90D to succeed the 85 kWh model and the P85D, respectively.[101][111][112] The 90D's motor produces 311 kilowatts (417 hp) and 658 newton-meters (485 lb⋅ft),[113][114] providing a 0–60 mph (97 km/h) time of 4.2 seconds and a top speed of 155 mph (249 km/h), with an all-electric range of 288 miles (463 km).[114][115] The P90D's dual motors generate a combined output of 568 kilowatts (762 hp) and 967 newton-meters (713 lb⋅ft),[116][117] sufficient to give the car a 0–60 mph (97 km/h) time of 2.8 seconds, a top speed of 155 mph (249 km/h), and an all-electric range of 268 miles (431 km).[117][118][119]
2016–2020: First facelift
[edit]In April 2016, Tesla implemented a facelift for the 2017 model year.[120][121] Its most prominent update lies in its front fascia, where the previous contrasting-colored grille has been replaced by a continuation of the body, leaving only a thin gap between the leading edge of the hood and the bumper, which houses the Tesla logo.[122][123] The updated model also includes restyled, full-LED adaptive headlights that turn with the car to enhance visibility at night.[122]
Also in 2016, several new configurations were introduced. The 70 kWh model features a motor that produces 235 kW (315 hp) and 441 newton-meters (325 lb⋅ft)
References
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ Excluding side-view mirrors
- ^ Trim levels are designations used by manufacturers to specify a vehicle's equipment level or special features. For example, the Model S has been available in Plaid and Standard Range trims.
- ^ It is common practice in the American automotive industry to introduce a model year's automobile during the previous calendar year.[91]
Citations
[edit]- ^ a b c d e Hutchinson, Lee (28 October 2013). "Review: Tesla Motors' all-electric Model S is fast—but is it a good car?". Ars Technica. Retrieved 27 July 2024.
- ^ Anthony, Sebastian (31 January 2017). "Driving the Tesla Model S through the countryside—watch out for autopilot". Ars Technica. Retrieved 27 July 2024.
- ^ "Tesla Model S practicality, boot size, dimensions & luggage capacity". Auto Express. 11 February 2020. Retrieved 27 July 2024.
- ^ Kumar, Devanshu & Dwivedi 2024, p. 36.
- ^ "The top 10 cars that changed the world (and one that's about to)". The Daily Telegraph. 19 December 2014. Retrieved 27 July 2024.
- ^ Perkins, Chris (3 November 2023). "Tesla Model S has lived long enough to see itself become a villain". Road & Track. Retrieved 27 July 2024.
- ^ Mara, Janis (27 January 2007). "New electric cars spark interest all over Bay Area". East Bay Times. Retrieved 28 July 2024.
- ^ Vance 2016, p. 272.
- ^ Tennant, Chris; Stilgoe, Jack (2021). "The attachments of 'autonomous' vehicles". Social Studies of Science. 51 (6): 846–870. doi:10.1177/03063127211038752. ISSN 0306-3127. PMC 8586182. PMID 34396851.
- ^ Fessler 2019, p. 133.
- ^ Nast, Condé; Squatriglia, Chuck (2 July 2010). "Henrik Fisker's 'timeless' automotive designs". WIRED. Retrieved 28 July 2024.
- ^ Yeomans, Jon (26 March 2023). "Henrik Fisker: 'I left Aston Martin for my electric SUV dream'". The Times. Retrieved 28 July 2024.
- ^ Miller, Claire Cain (3 July 2017). "Tesla promised another $40 million, loses lawsuit". The New York Times. Retrieved 28 July 2024.
- ^ Foldy, Ben (7 August 2020). "Car designer Henrik Fisker lost his first race with Elon Musk. He wants to go again". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 28 July 2024.
- ^ Eisenstein, Paul A. (27 March 2019). "Fisker wants another shot at Tesla with a new Model Y fighter". CNBC. Retrieved 28 July 2024.
- ^ a b Vance 2016, p. 273.
- ^ Vance 2016, pp. 273–274.
- ^ a b c Vance 2016, p. 274.
- ^ "Detroit Auto Show". The Wall Street Journal. 17 January 2008. Retrieved 28 July 2024.
- ^ Garrett, Jerry (24 February 2012). "Fisker Karma steps out with style and batteries". The New York Times. Retrieved 28 July 2024.
- ^ Markoff, John (15 April 2008). "Maker of electric sports car sues a competitor". The New York Times. Retrieved 28 July 2024.
- ^ Vance 2016, pp. 275–276.
- ^ Patton, Phil (8 August 2008). "Tesla plucks a Mazda designer". The New York Times. Retrieved 28 July 2024.
- ^ "Tesla snares Mazda's lead designer". Bloomberg News. 4 August 2008. Retrieved 28 July 2024.
- ^ a b Vance 2016, pp. 278–280.
- ^ Vance 2016, p. 281.
- ^ Vance 2016, p. 283.
- ^ "Tesla unveils electric 'family car of the future'". The Guardian. Associated Press. 27 March 2009. Retrieved 29 July 2024.
- ^ "Tesla's Model S is here (a prototype, anyway)". Los Angeles Times. 26 March 2009. Retrieved 29 July 2024.
- ^ Gaylord, Chris (26 March 2009). "The new Tesla Model S: leaks and details". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 29 July 2024.
- ^ Nauman, Matt (29 January 2009). "Plans for Tesla auto plant in San Jose appear doomed". The Mercury News. Retrieved 29 July 2024.
- ^ Vance 2016, p. 285.
- ^ Bunkley, Nick (29 June 2009). "G.M. exits venture with Toyota at California plant". The New York Times. Retrieved 29 July 2024.
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