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Welcome to the Ada Programming tutorial at Wikibooks. This is the first Ada tutorial covering the Ada 2005, 2012 and 2022 standards. If you are a beginner you will learn the latest standard — if you are a seasoned Ada user you can see what's new.

Current Development Stage for Ada Programming is "Development stage: 75% (as of Feb 26, 2012)". At this date, there are more than 200 pages in this book, which makes Ada Programming one of the largest programming wikibooks.[1]

But still there is always room for improvement — do help us to expand Ada Programming. Even beginners will find areas to participate.

About Ada[edit]

Augusta Ada King, Countess of Lovelace.

Ada is a programming language suitable for all development needs. It has built-in features that directly support structured, object-oriented, generic, distributed and concurrent programming.

Ada is a good choice for Rapid Application Development, Extreme Programming (XP), and Free Software development.

Ada is named after Augusta Ada King-Noel, Countess of Lovelace.

Programming in the large[edit]

Ada puts unique emphasis on and provides strong support for, good software engineering practices that scale well to very large software systems (millions of lines of code, and very large development teams). The following language features are particularly relevant in this respect:

  • An extremely strong, static and safe type system, which allows the programmer to construct powerful abstractions that reflect the real world, and allows the compiler to detect many logic faults before they become errors.
  • Modularity, whereby the compiler directly manages the construction of very large software systems from sources.
  • Information hiding; the language separates interfaces from implementation, and provides fine-grained control over visibility.
  • Readability, which helps programmers review and verify code. Ada favours the reader of the program over the writer because a program is written once but read many times. For example, the syntax bans all ambiguous constructs, so there are no surprises, following the Tao of Programming's Law of Least Astonishment. (Some Ada programmers are reluctant to talk about source code which is often cryptic; they prefer program text which is close to English prose.)
  • Portability: the language definition allows compilers to differ only in a few controlled ways, and otherwise defines the semantics of programs very precisely; as a result, Ada source text is very portable across compilers and target hardware platforms. Most often, the program can be recompiled without any changes.[2]
  • Standardisation: standards have been a goal and a prominent feature ever since the design of the language in the late 1970s. The first standard was published in 1980, just 3 years after design commenced. Ada compilers all support the same language; the only dialect, SPARK, is merely an annotated subset and can be compiled with an Ada compiler.

Consequences of these qualities are superior reliability, reusability and maintainability. For example, compared to programs written in C, programs written in Ada 83 contain "70% fewer internal fixes and 90% fewer bugs", and cost half as much to develop in the first place.[3] Ada shines even more in software maintenance, which often accounts for about 80% of the total cost of development. With support for object-oriented programming, Ada 95 may bring even more cost-benefit, depending on how objects are used; although no serious study comparable to Zeigler's has been published.

Programming in the small[edit]

In addition to its support for good software engineering practices, which applies to general-purpose programming, Ada has powerful specialised features supporting low-level programming for real-time, safety-critical and embedded systems. Such features include, among others, machine code insertions, address arithmetic, low-level access to memory, control over bitwise representation of data, bit manipulations, and a well-defined, statically provable concurrent computing model called the Ravenscar Profile.

Other features include restrictions (it is possible to restrict which language features are accepted in a program) and features that help review and certify the object code generated by the compiler.

Several vendors provide Ada compilers accompanied by minimal run-time kernels suitable for use in certified, life-critical applications. It is also possible to write Ada programs which require no run-time kernel at all.

It should come as no surprise that Ada is heavily used in the aerospace, defence, medical, railroad, and nuclear industries.

The Language Reference Manual[edit]

The Ada Reference Manual (RM) is the official language definition. If you have a problem and no one else can help, you should read the RM (albeit often a bit cryptic for non-language lawyers). For this reason, all complete (not draft) pages in Ada Programming contain links to the appropriate pages in the RM.

This tutorial covers Ada Reference Manual — ISO/IEC 8652:2023 Language and Standard Libraries, colloquially known as Ada 2022 or just Ada.

You can browse the complete Reference Manual at http://www.ada-auth.org/standards/22rm/html/RM-TOC.html

There are two companion documents:

  • The Annotated Reference Manual, an extended version of the RM aimed at compiler writers or other persons who want to know the fine details of the language.
  • The Overview of Ada 2022, an explanation of the features of this language edition.

The Ada Information Clearinghouse also offers the older Ada 83, 95, 2005 and 2012 standards and companion documents.

The RM is a collective work under the control of Ada users. If you think you've found a problem in the RM, please report it to the Ada Conformity Assessment Authority (the Ada RM explains how to do this, see http://www.ada-auth.org/standards/22rm/html/RM-0-2.html Introduction (58/1) ff). On this site, you can also see the list of "Ada Issues" raised by other people.

Ada Conformity Assessment Test Suite[edit]

Unlike other programming languages, Ada compilers are officially tested, and only those which pass this test are accepted, for military and commercial work. This means that all Ada compilers behave (almost) the same, so you do not have to learn any dialects. The Ada standard does however allow compiler writers to include additional features and libraries that are not part of the standard.

Programming in Ada[edit]

Reading a document online is often quite cumbersome. So if you just started you can also download All Chapters (PDF version) {{stage short|50%|Sep 23, 2005}} and print them out.

Getting Started[edit]

Where to get a compiler, how to compile the source, all answered here:

Language Features[edit]

These chapters look at the broader picture, introducing you to the main Ada features in a tutorial style.

Computer Programming[edit]

The following articles are Ada adaptations from articles of the Computer programming book. The texts of these articles are language neutral but the examples are all Ada.

Language Reference[edit]

Within the following chapters we look at foundations of Ada. These chapters may be used for reference of a particular keyword, delimiter, operator and so forth.

Predefined Language Libraries[edit]

This section is a reference of the Ada Standard Library, which is extensive and well structured. It has these four root packages:

  • Standard {{stage short|75%|Aug 29, 2021}}
  • Ada {{stage short|75%|Aug 29, 2021}}
  • Interfaces {{stage short|75%|Aug 29, 2021}}
  • System {{stage short|75%|Aug 29, 2021}}

Besides the Standard Library, compilers usually come with a built-in library. This chapter describes the GNAT library in particular.

  • GNAT {{stage short|25%|Sep 22, 2005}}

External Libraries[edit]

This section is a reference of third-party Ada libraries which are not part of the compiler predefined environment but are freely available.

External resources[edit]

Collections[edit]

Printable Versions[edit]

{{Collection}}{{Print version|Ada Programming/All Chapters|1,839 kb}}{{PDF version|Ada Programming|2,663 kb, 243 pages|Ada Programming}}The following are collection pages. All collection pages are comprised of groups of the already available pages. You can use them for printing or to gain a quick overview. Please note that those pages are partly very long.

Tutorial
Show HTML (1,839 kb) — Download PDF (2,663 kb, 243 pages)
Keywords
Show HTML (470 kb) — Download PDF (290 kb, 59 pages)
Operators
Show HTML (232 kb) — Download PDF (189 kb, 27 pages)

Source Code[edit]

The Source from the Book is available for download and online browsing. The latter allows "drill down", meaning that you can follow the links right down to the package bodies in the Ada runtime library.

References[edit]

  1. ^ See wikistats, [[:{{BOOKCATEGORY|Ada Programming}}]] or /All Chapters
  2. ^ Gaetan Allaert, Dirk Craeynest, Philippe Waroquiers (2003). "European air traffic flow management: porting a large application to GNU/linux" (PDF). Proceedings of the 2003 annual ACM SIGAda international conference on Ada. SIGAda'03. pp. 29–37. doi:10.1145/958420.958426. ISBN 1-58113-476-2. Retrieved 2009-01-02. {{cite conference}}: External link in |conferenceurl= (help); Unknown parameter |booktitle= ignored (|book-title= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |conferenceurl= ignored (|conference-url= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Paper by Eurocontrol (PDF, 160 kB) on portability.
  3. ^ Stephen F. Zeigler (1995-03-30). "Comparing Development Costs of C and Ada". Retrieved 2009-01-02. Our data indicates that Ada has saved us millions of development dollars. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

Further reading[edit]

Ada 2005 textbooks[edit]

Ada 2012 textbooks[edit]

Ada 2022 textbooks[edit]

Manuals and guides[edit]

High-Integrity Software[edit]

External links[edit]

Resources[edit]

Research and user groups[edit]

Associations[edit]

Free online books/courses[edit]

Authors and contributors[edit]

This Wikibook has been written by:

If you wish to contribute as well you should read Contributing and join us at the Contributors lounge.


Consonants
Bengali IPA Examples ISO 15919 English Approximation
ক k কলম k scan
খ, ক্ষ kʰ শাখা ক্ষমা kh can
গ ɡ গম g agate
ঘ ɡʱ বাঘা gh loghouse
ঙ, ং ŋ বাঙালি অংশ ṅ sing
চ tʃ মুচি c catch
ছ tʃʰ ছাগল ch choose
জ (য) dʒ জল যবন j hedge
ঞ (ন, ণ) n নীলা বাণ n not
ট ʈ বট ṭ art (rhotic)
ঠ ʈʰ কাঠুরে ṭh artist (rhotic)
ড ɖ ডুমুর ḍ American bird
ঢ ɖʱ ঢোল ḍh American birdhouse
ণ (ন, ঞ) n নীলা বাণ n not
ত (ৎ) t তমাল উৎস t get (dental), think (Th-stopping)
থ tʰ থাবা th tub (dental), thought (Th-stopping)
দ d দাম d deal (dental), the (Th-stopping)
ধ dʱ ধারা dh redhead (dental)
ন (ণ, ঞ) n নীলা বাণ n not
প p পাকা p span
ফ pʰ ফল ph pin
ফ ɸ ফ্যান f find
ব b বালি b abash
ভ bʱ ভীরু bh clubhouse
ভ β ভিসা v very
ম m মানুষ m much
য (জ) dʒ জল যবন j hedge
য (জ) z জাকাত যিয়ারত z zip
র,‍‍ র্ক, (র্), ‍‍্র r বিরাম, তর্ক, শ্রম r ring; flapped or trilled r
ল l মালিনী l leaf
শ, ষ, স ʃ মশা ষাট সময় ś shoe
স s সেলাম s sue
হ, ঃ[1] ɦ মহান বাঃ h behind
h head
ড়, ঢ় ɽ বড় দৃঢ় ṛ American larder
ঢ় ɽʱ ঢ় ṛh No English equivalent
য় j নয়ন y yes
য় e̯ খায় ẏ Similar to very
◌য় ɔe̯, নয় aẏ No English equivalent
ং (ঙ) ŋ বাঙালি অংশ ṅ sing
ৎ (ত) t তমাল উৎস t get (dental), think (Th-stopping)
ঁ ◌̃ ইঁদুর ঁ nasal vowel([ã], [õ], etc.)
Vowels
Bengali IPA Examples ISO 15919 English Approximation
অ, প ɔ অমর a off
আ, পা a আঙিনা ā Australian father, RP cut
অ্যা, প্যা, এ, পে æ ত্যাগ খেলা ae/æ trap
ই i̯ ভাই i happy
ই, পি, ঈ, পী i দিন দীন i beat
উ, পু, ঊ, পূ u কুল কূল u boot
উ u̯ ঝাউ u too
এ, পে e মেদিনী ē may (monophthongal)
ও, পো, অ, প o[2] ওজন অঙ্কুর ō sole (monophthongal)
ও o̯ যাও হাওয়া ō Similar to look
ও, উ w ওয়াদা, উইলিয়াম v will
Diphthongs
িই ii̯ নিই ii tea
িউ iu̯ বিউভোল iu ew
েয় ei̯ দেয় ēi bay (diphthongal)
েও eu̯ ঢেও ēu No English equivalent
্যায় æe̯ ন্যায় aeẏ/æẏ No English equivalent
াই ai̯ পাই āi Buy
ায় ae̯ পায় āẏ Similar to Hi
াউ au̯ পাউ āu How
াও ao̯ পাও āō Similar to How
◌য় ɔe̯ নয় aẏ No English equivalent
◌ও ɔo̯ নও aō No English equivalent
োই oi̯ দোই ōi Similar to boy
োও oo̯ দোও ōō no
ৌ ou̯ নৌকা ōu go (diphthongal)
ুই, ূই ui̯ ধুই ui No English equivalent
Suprasegmentals
IPA
ˈ primary stress

(placed before stressed syllable)[3]

ˌ secondary stress

(placed before stressed syllable)[3]

ː doubled consonant


2[edit]

Magtula Union
মগটুলা ইউনিয়ন
Union
CountryBangladesh
DivisionMymensingh
DistrictMymensingh
UpazilaIshwarganj
Area
 • Land23.87 km2 (9.22 sq mi)
Population
 (2011)
 • Total30,922
Time zoneUTC+6 (BST)
Website[ official website]

Magtula Union (Bengali: মগটুলা ইউনিয়ন) is a Union Parishad under Ishwarganj Upazila of Mymensingh District in the division of Mymensingh, Bangladesh. It has an area of 23.87 square kilometres and a population of 30,922. |}

  1. ^ /ɦ/ may be devoiced to [h] in word-initial or final positions, with [ɦ] occurring medially.
  2. ^ When preceding a vowel in word-initial positions, /w/ may occur as an allophone of /o/ and /u/, especially in loan words e.g. ওয়াদা [wada] 'promise', উইলিয়াম [wiliam] 'William'.
  3. ^ a b Primary stress usually occurs in word-initial positions with secondary stress occurring afterwards.
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