Jump to content

User:AkaDeezy918/sandbox

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Lead Section – 

 Domestic terrorism or “homegrown” terrorism is commonly associated with violent acts committed by citizens or permanent residents of a state against their own people or property within that state without foreign influence in an effort to instill fear on a population or government as a tactic designed to advance political, religious, or ideological objectives.” 

1.) Definition- The RAND data-set started recording domestic terrorist events in 1998, so the coverage of domestic terrorist data has been incomplete. Domestic terrorism is generally when a terrorist who perpetrates the crime, targets his/her own country. However, there are multiple potential definitions of domestic terrorism. The Journal of Peace Research defines domestic terrorism as “homegrown in which the venue, target, and perpetrators are all from the same country. Thus, domestic terrorism has direct consequences for only the venue country, its institutions, citizens, property, and policies .” In the United States, under the 2001 USA Patriot Act, domestic terrorism is defined as "activities that (A) involve acts dangerous to human life that are a violation of the criminal laws of the U.S. or of any state; (B) appear to be intended to intimidate or coerce a civilian population; to influence the policy of a government by intimidation or coercion; or to affect the conduct of a government by mass destruction, assassination, or kidnapping; and (C) occur primarily within the territorial jurisdiction of the U.S."

The term “homegrown terrorism” stems from jihadi terrorism against Westerners. The Global Change, Peace, & Security article, described homegrown terrorism as “autonomously organized radicalized Westerners with little direct assistance from transnational networks, is usually organized within the home or host country, and targets fellow nationals.” The Congressional Research Service report, American Jihadist Terrorism: Combatting a Complex Threat, describes homegrown terrorism as a “terrorist activity or plots perpetuated within the United States or abroad by American citizens, permanent legal residents, or visitors radicalized largely within the United States.”

2. History or Facts?? Empirical Evidence)- There has been a lot of domestic terrorism over the years with groups, such as left-wing, right-wing, neo-nazi, pro-secessionist and lone wolf. Multiple scholars suggest that domestic terrorism mostly occur in countries that have a higher economic development than poorer countries.

2.1- "Lone Wolf"

Domestic terrorism is primarily linked to "lone wolf" terrorism, where only one individual extremist terrorizes on his/her own freewill while being under the influence of another terrorist organization. STRATFOR, the largest Web publisher of geopolitical intelligence in the world, best defines lone wolf terrorism as “a person who acts on his or her own without orders from—or even connections to an organization. "Lone wolf" terrorism goes back to the 19th century, where anarchism was a huge thing. Although there is not a necessary connection with anarchism and lone wolf terrorism because not all anarchist are violent. A small number of anarchist during that time though acted on their own agenda to carry out assassinations and attacks against organizations that represented the values of the middle class. In the 20th century, lone wolf terrorism was primarily associated with White supremacists and anti-government extremists in the United States. Tim McVeigh, Ted Kaczynski, and Eric Rudolph are one of the most prolific lone wolf terrorist in the United States. Nathan R Springer studied the differences of these three and concluded one thing they all had in common, which is their ideology. "They all had a desire to belong to a group, but failed repeatedly. A lifetime of isolation and loneliness shaped them into survivalists. After attempting to fit in, find a group, and be accepted, each man turned to the one thing that could not reject him—his ideology." Terry Turchie (a 20-year veteran FBI agent who led the FBI’s effort to capture both Kaczynski and Rudolph), and Kathleen Puckett (a 23-year veteran of the FBI and clinical psychologist who served as the lead profiler for both the Kaczynski and Rudolph hunts), wrote a book called Hunting the American Terrorist: The FBI's War on Homegrown Terror. Pucket included 6 traits that best described a lone wolf terrorist and their similar characteristics: "1. The terrorist act was executed by one or a few individuals not operating in the context of an organized group. 2. Acceptance of lethal violence as a means to achieving an ideological, political, or religious goal. 3. Accomplishing a larger ideological, political, or religious goal was always a primary objective. 4. Acceptance of the possibility of death or injury to third parties not associated with the primary target. 5. No intended suicide. 6. Homicide resulted from the act."

3. Radicalization)- There is no one path toward violence. Homegrown terrorists have been high school dropouts, college graduates, members of the military, and cover the range of financial situations. Recent research by Matt Qvortrup in the British Journal of Politics and International Relations has suggested that domestic terrorism is a result of lack of opportunities for meaningful political engagement, and that domestic terrorism could be reduced by introducing constitutional changes such as changes in the electoral system that increase the chances that minority groups can become represented. This remains controversial. Marc Sageman writes in his book, Leaderless Jihad: Terror Networks in the Twenty-First Century that, contrary to popular belief, radicalization into terrorism is not the product of poverty, various forms of brainwashing, youth, ignorance, lack of education, lack of employment, lack of social responsibility, criminality, or mental illness. He says that intermediaries and English-speaking imams, such as the late American-Yemeni cleric Anwar al-Awlaki (d. 2011), who are often found through the internet on forums, provide key roles in the radicalization process. Social networks provided in forums support and build upon an individual’s radical beliefs. Prison systems are also a concern as a place of radicalization and jihadist recruiting; nearly three dozen ex-convicts who attended training camps in Yemen were believed to have been radicalized in prison. The only constant appears to be "a newfound hatred for their native or adopted country, a degree of dangerous malleability, and a religious fervor justifying or legitimizing violence that impels these very impressionable and perhaps easily influenced individuals toward potentially lethal acts of violence," according to Peter Bergen and Bruce Hoffman's September 2010 paper for the Bipartisan Policy Center. Some domestic terrorists studied overseas and were exposed to radical Islamist thought, while others took their inspiration from the internet. When it comes to non-jihadi radicalization, a lot of it comes from lone wolf terrorism. In Richard Clutterbuck's book, The Future of Political Violence, he describes a specific process of radicalization, stating that “the development from peaceful protest to terrorism is a gradual one…Those who did graduate to cold-blooded killing did so over the years in a process of escalation fueled by frustration.”

3.1- Role of internet) -

“The Internet is a driver and enabler for the process of radicalization”, says a report of the Police Department of the City of New York of 2007. The internet has a wide appeal as it provides an anonymous way for like-minded, conflicted individuals to meet, form virtual relations, and discuss the radical and extremist ideology they encounter. The virtual network created in message boards or private forums further radicalizes and cements the jihadi-Salafi message individuals have encountered as they build a community. The internet acts as an enabler, providing the aspiring jihadist with a forum in which they may plan, share information on targets, weapons, and recruit others into their plans. Much of the resources needed to make weapons can be found on-line.

4. Training)-

Training for potential homegrown terrorists is often very fast paced, or rushed, as some groups under attack by U.S. forces may feel the need to implement operations “more precipitously than they might otherwise occur,” according to Bruce Hoffman. This was the case with the Times Square plot carried out by Faisal Shazad. Tehrik-i-Taliban or Pakistani Taliban (TPP) was on record as providing financing and four months of training for Shazad directly prior to his actions in Times Square. Shazad reportedly received only three to five days of training in bomb-making.

Some individuals go abroad to a region containing extremism, predominantly Pakistan, but also Iraq, Afghanistan,Yemen or Somalia. In the case of the London Underground bombers, Mohammad Sidique Khan, the operational leader of the cell, received military and explosives training at a camp in Malakand, Pakistan in July 2003. Later he took Shezad Tanweer to Karachi, Pakistan, in late 2004 to February 2005 where they crossed the border to receive training at al-Qaeda camps in Afghanistan.

5. Combating against Domestic terrorism)-[edit]

In Britain, they're prominent on utilizing community policing, with the idea of if you catch the small criminals, eventually you will get to the big ones. "Community-based counter-terrorism is regarded as the solution to many overlapping problems: the need to improve communication with Muslim communities, to find ways to marginalize the extremists and, ultimately, to promote social integration. It is the British answer to American critics who argue that European governments' failure to promote integration is creating 'a hard core for terrorism' within Europe (Fukuyama 2005; Leiken 2005)."

6. Examples)-

Africa

Australia
  • Operation Pendennis: Melbourne & Sydney, November 2005.

Though the prosecution did not convict all men charged in Melbourne and Sydney, it forestalled a planned bombing attack.

Canada
France
Germany

The Hamburg terror cell was found to have played a major role in planning the 9/11 attacks in the United States.

Italy
Mexico
Norway

A right-wing extremist who spoke against Islam and immigration, Anders Behring Breivik was responsible for a car bomb explosion that killed 8 in Oslo and killing 69 at a summer camp on the island of Utøya.

Netherlands
Spain
United Kingdom
United States

7.) References

Spaaij, Ramón. "The enigma of lone wolf terrorism: An assessment." Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 33.9 (2010): 854-870.

Enders, Walter, Todd Sandler, and Khusrav Gaibulloev. "Domestic versus transnational terrorism: Data, decomposition, and dynamics." Journal of Peace Research 48.3 (2011): 319-337.

Sánchez-Cuenca, Ignacio, and Luis De la Calle. "Domestic terrorism: The hidden side of political violence." Annual Review of Political Science 12 (2009): 31-49.

Springer, Nathan R. Patterns of radicalization: Identifying the markers and warning signs of domestic lone wolf terrorists in our midst. Naval Postgraduate School Monterey CA Dept of National Security Affairs, 2009.

Terry Turchie and Kathleen Puckett, Hunting the American Terrorist: The FBI's War on Homegrown Terror (Palisades, NY: History Publishing Company, 2007).

Richard Clutterbuck, The Future of Political Violence: Destabilization, Disorder, and Terrorism (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1986), 22.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:AkaDeezy918/sandbox&oldid=778743297"