User:AndSalx95/sandbox 4
Limón | |
|---|---|
District and city | |
View of downtown Limón The Uvita Island Town hall The Balvanero Vargas park City wordmark during an exhibition of the Costa Rica uniform for the 2018 FIFA World Cup | |
 Coat of arms | |
Mottoes:
| |
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Puerto Limón and surrounding area | |
  Limón Location of Puerto Limón within Costa Rica | |
| Coordinates: 10°00′08″N 83°05′03″W / 10.0022155°N 83.0840367°W | |
| Country | Costa Rica |
| Province | Limón |
| Canton | Limón |
| Founded | 1870 |
| Government | |
| • Syndic | Roger David Navarro Sevilla |
| Area | |
| • Total | 59.51 km2 (22.98 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 3 m (9.8 ft) |
| Population (2023) | |
| • Total | 98,500 |
| • Density | 1,700/km2 (4,300/sq mi) |
| Demonym | limonense |
| Time zone | UTC−06:00 |
| Postal code | 70101 |
| Climate | Af |
Limón (Spanish pronunciation: [liˈmon]), also known as Puerto Limón, is the capital city of both the Limón Province and canton of the same name. One of Costa Rica's seven "middle cities" (i.e., main cities outside of San José's Greater Metropolitan Area),[1][2] Limón has a population of 61 027, which, as of 2011, meant it was the largest city-district of the country outside of the Greater Metropolitan Area.[3]
Founded in 1870 during the Liberal State, Limón is the only planned city in the country built in the 19th century.[4] Located in the Caribbean coast, its purpose was to become the country's main port,[5] a role the city still retains to this day, given its strategic location in the Caribbean Sea, close to the Panama Canal, to connect Costa Rica with North America, South America, the Caribbean, and Europe.[6] The Moín Container Terminal, operated by Dutch-based APM Terminals, and the nearby Port of Moín, operated by the state-institution JAPDEVA, serve as the main economic ports for the country. The Port of Limón, located just South downtown, receives both cargo and cruise ships, though plans to convert it into a passenger terminal are underway.[7]
The city is of historical significance for the country, as it was one of Christopher Columbus' moorings during his fourth and last voyage. On 25 September 1502, Colón recalls landing on a town named by the locals as Cariay, with the nearby Quiribrí island just offshore.[8]
Today, Limón is recognized as one of Costa Rica's most culturally and racially diverse cities.[9][10] It is one of the main communities of Afro-Costa Ricans in the country, mainly as a result of people of Jamaican descent arriving for the building of the Atlantic railroad in the country,[11] and a subsequent travel ban from the central government, which limited people of Afro-Caribbean origin to move outside of the Limón Province.[12] Aside from Spanish, the Afro-Costa Rican community also speaks the English-based Limonese Creole.
Limón faces numerous problems, with the main one being the skyrocketing crime, as drug cartels confluence in the city due to its port being an important part of their drug-trafficking schemes, resulting in an alarming murder rate.[13]
Toponymy[edit]
Puerto Limón is Spanish for port lemon. The city is homonymous to both the canton and province. Along with Guanacaste, Limón is one of the locations in the country that owes its name to a plant.
A previous name for the location was Cariay or Cariai, a name used by the aboriginal tribes from pre-Hispanic era up to the arrival of Christopher Columbus.[14]
The origins of the name Limón are unknown, but by 1852, then-Costa Rican president Juan Rafael Mora Porras referred to the port as Puerto del Limón (Port of the Lemon).[15]
History[edit]
Colony[edit]
Foundation[edit]
Recent history[edit]
Architecture[edit]
Geography[edit]
Limón is situated on a cape along the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica, on the East side of the country. South of the National Route 32, two rivers converge into their drainage into the Caribbean Sea: the Limoncito and the Cieneguita rivers, both of which are surrounded by numerous neighborhoods.[16]
Two islands surround the city. The Uvita Island is less than a kilometer East of downtown Limón, while the smaller Isla de Pájaros (Birds Island) lies just north of the nearby Bonita Beach.
has an area of 59.51 square kilometres (22.98 square miles)[17] and an elevation of three metres (9.8 feet)[18]
Locations[edit]
Limón is divided into neighborhoods (barrios) and villages (poblados or villas).
The barrios are as follows:
|
1. Bellavista |
11. Los Corales #2 |
21. Los Lirios |
The poblados are as follows:
|
1. Buenos Aires |
6. Santa Rosa |
Climate[edit]
Limón features a trade wind tropical rainforest climate (Af) under Köppen's climate classification. Average temperatures are relatively consistent throughout the year averaging around 26 degrees Celsius (79 degrees Fahrenheit). Common to all cities with this climate, Limón has no consistently dry season. Its driest month (September) averages roughly 140 millimetres or 5.5 inches of rainfall while its wettest (December) averages just below 450 millimetres or 18 inches of rain. Limón averages nearly 3,600 millimetres or 140 inches of rainfall annually.
| Climate data for Limón International Airport, Costa Rica | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 32.9 (91.2) |
33.4 (92.1) |
33.9 (93.0) |
34.5 (94.1) |
35.0 (95.0) |
35.0 (95.0) |
33.7 (92.7) |
34.3 (93.7) |
33.8 (92.8) |
34.5 (94.1) |
34.5 (94.1) |
33.0 (91.4) |
35.0 (95.0) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 28.8 (83.8) |
29.1 (84.4) |
29.7 (85.5) |
30.1 (86.2) |
30.4 (86.7) |
30.3 (86.5) |
29.6 (85.3) |
30.1 (86.2) |
30.6 (87.1) |
30.4 (86.7) |
29.4 (84.9) |
28.9 (84.0) |
29.8 (85.6) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 24.8 (76.6) |
24.9 (76.8) |
25.5 (77.9) |
26.1 (79.0) |
26.6 (79.9) |
26.6 (79.9) |
26.1 (79.0) |
26.3 (79.3) |
26.6 (79.9) |
26.4 (79.5) |
25.7 (78.3) |
25.1 (77.2) |
25.9 (78.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 20.7 (69.3) |
20.7 (69.3) |
21.2 (70.2) |
22.0 (71.6) |
22.8 (73.0) |
22.9 (73.2) |
22.6 (72.7) |
22.5 (72.5) |
22.5 (72.5) |
22.3 (72.1) |
21.9 (71.4) |
21.2 (70.2) |
21.9 (71.5) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 12.9 (55.2) |
16.4 (61.5) |
15.2 (59.4) |
17.4 (63.3) |
17.8 (64.0) |
20.0 (68.0) |
16.6 (61.9) |
19.0 (66.2) |
18.9 (66.0) |
19.2 (66.6) |
15.8 (60.4) |
13.2 (55.8) |
12.9 (55.2) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 319.7 (12.59) |
237.3 (9.34) |
208.5 (8.21) |
263.0 (10.35) |
333.5 (13.13) |
289.0 (11.38) |
426.3 (16.78) |
303.2 (11.94) |
142.1 (5.59) |
207.1 (8.15) |
400.6 (15.77) |
445.0 (17.52) |
3,575.3 (140.75) |
| Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 17 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 16 | 16 | 20 | 16 | 11 | 13 | 17 | 18 | 186 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 87 | 86 | 85 | 85 | 87 | 87 | 89 | 87 | 86 | 87 | 88 | 88 | 87 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 155 | 152.6 | 179.8 | 171 | 164.3 | 135 | 117.8 | 145.7 | 159 | 164.3 | 135 | 142.6 | 1,822.1 |
| Mean daily sunshine hours | 5.0 | 5.4 | 5.8 | 5.7 | 5.3 | 4.5 | 3.8 | 4.7 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 5.0 |
| Source 1: Instituto Meteorologico Nacional (precipitation 1941–2012, temperatures 1970–2012, sun 1969–2012, humidity 1970–2012)[19] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Meteo Climat (extremes, 1941–present)[20] | |||||||||||||
Demographics[edit]
Afro-Costa Ricans[edit]
Notable people[edit]
Education[edit]
Primary and secondary schools[edit]
In 1877, after the city foundation, then-Costa Rican president Tomás Guardia Gutiérrez ordered the construction of a primary school, the Men's Higher School Institute.[21] It was then renewed in further decades and renamed after Guardia.[22] A women's school, named after Rafael Iglesias Castro, was inaugurated in 1922.[23]
The first secondary school was inaugurated in 1945, the Colegio de Limón, today named the Colegio de Limón Diurno (Limón Day School).[24]
In 2002, the Scientific High School of Limón is inaugurated, and has since been run by the Distance State University at the local campus.[25]
Higher education[edit]
Limón is home to numerous universities. Out of the five public universities in the country, three have a campus in Limón: the University of Costa Rica (UCR) and the Distance State University (UNED) have their campuses along Route 32, while the Costa Rica Institute of Technology (ITCR or TEC) is located downtown, in front of the Limón Day School.
Another institution is the University College of Limón (CUNLIMÓN), a public-funded, semi-autonomous university founded in 2002.[26]
Moreover, some private universities also have a building in Limón, namely the Autonomous University of Central America (UACA), the Castro Carazo University, and the Free University of Costa Rica (ULICORI).[27]
Politics[edit]
Economy[edit]
Transport[edit]
Culture[edit]
Art[edit]
Cuisine[edit]
The gastronomy of Limón diverges significantly from that of the rest of Costa Rica, and has very close ties to the Jamaican cuisine given the deep relations between the country and the Afro-Costa Ricans in the city. Likewise, other Caribbean countries also influence the Limonese cuisine.[28]
Staple limonese dishes of Jamaican origin are rice and beans and the patty.[29]
Carnival[edit]
Language[edit]
Literature[edit]
One of the most prominent writers from Limón is Joaquín Gutiérrez, known for novellas such as Cocorí, which is taught in Costa Rican primary schools, although it has raised controversies due to its allegedly racist tone. Afro-Costa Rican politicians such as Epsy Campbell Barr and Maureen Clarke have been critical of the book and requested its exclusion from the public-education mantadory readings.[30] Other novellas by Gutiérrez include La hoja de aire' and Murámonos, Federico.
Quince Duncan is another important writer from the city. Despite being born in San José, he was raised in Estrada, Matina, near Limón.[31] An Afro-Costa Rican, Duncan has devoted his career to the identity of Costa Ricans of African descent, and denouncing racism in the country.[32]
Limón and its Afro-Costa Rican populace have served of inspiration for numerous writers from other parts of the country, such as Anacristina Rossi with novels such as Limón Blues and Limón Reggae, and Tatiana Lobo with Calypso.[33] Mamita Yunai, written by Carlos Luis Fallas, is a semi-autobiographical novel which denounces the poor working conditions in the banana plantations in Limón and nearby areas under the United Fruit Company.[34]
Music[edit]
Sports[edit]
Described as "a hotbed for sports," Limón is nationally renowned for its strong contribution to sports, in spite of the numerous challenges faced by the population.[35] The has spawned numerous athletes such as Nery Brenes, Sharolyn Scott, and Sherman Guity, the latter of whom became the first Costa Rican to win a medal at the Paralympics, as he won a Silver and a Gold medal at the 2020 Summer Paralympics.[36][37]
Football is also a very popular sport in the city. The city was represented by the Limon Gymnastics Society (In Spanish: Sociedad Gimnástica Limonense) at the first season of the Costa Rican Primera División, also taking part in the first match ever played.[38] The team was eventually succeeded by further iterations, such as A.D. Limonense (also known as ASODELI), Limón FC, and the present-day Limón Black Star, all of whom have largely played at the Estadio Juan Gobán, in downtown Limón.
Limón is also the birthplace of Juan Cayasso, a historical figure for the Costa Rica national football team. On 11 June 1990, the team made its debut at a FIFA World Cup by defeating Scotland at the 1990 FIFA World Cup. Cayasso scored the lone goal, becoming the first Costa Rican to score a goal at a FIFA World Cup, which in turn gave the team its first-ever victory at the tournament.[39]
Sister city[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Sánchez, Leonardo. "Tendencias de crecimiento en ciudades intermedias. El caso de San Isidro de El General, Ciudad Quesada y Guápiles". CONARE. Estado de la Nación. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
- ^ Rojas, Pablo (21 November 2017). ""Ciudades intermedias" van rumbo al mismo caos que vive la GAM | Crhoy.com". CRHoy (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 December 2023.
- ^ "Costa Rica: Población total por zona y sexo, según provincia, cantón y distrito". INEC. National Institute of Statistics and Census of Costa Rica. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
- ^ "Historia". Municipalidad de Limón (in European Spanish). Retrieved 24 December 2023.
- ^ Hernández Salazar, Ileana; Porras Alfaro, David; García Baltodano, Kenia. "La arquitectura caribeña costarricense en la trama urbana histórica de la ciudad de Limón entre el período 1871-1940" (PDF). Sociedad Española de Historia de la Construcción. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
- ^ "2.1.2 Costa Rica Port Complex of Limon/Moin | Digital Logistics Capacity Assessments". dlca.logcluster.org. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
- ^ Ramírez, Wender (2 August 2023). "Diario Extra - Limón tendrá marina turística". www.diarioextra.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 December 2023.
- ^ Vargas Mora, William (30 August 2002). "Colón llega a Limón". Semanario Universidad (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 December 2023.
- ^ Solano, Andrea (26 October 2015). "Charlas repasan la abundante riqueza de Limón". La Nación (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 December 2023.
- ^ Solís Rivera, Luis Guillermo (6 September 2015). "Limón, conectando a Costa Rica con el mundo". El País. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
- ^ Barton, Delroy (24 June 2020). "La transición cultural de Limón". Puerto Limón (Costa Rica) : Formas y prácticas de auto/representación: Apuestas imaginarias y políticas (in Spanish). Presses universitaires de Perpignan. pp. 21–30. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
- ^ Sharman, Russell (January 2001). "The Caribbean Carretera: Race, Space and Social Liminality in Costa Rica". Bulletin of Latin American Research. 20 (1): 46–62. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
- ^ "El crimen organizado le roba la calma a Costa Rica". France 24. AFP. 15 November 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
- ^ Chang Vargas, Giselle (2010). "Toponimia de la provincia de Limón" (PDF). Patrimonio (in Spanish). Centro de Investigación y Conservación del Patrimonio Cultural. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
- ^ "Conozca el origen del nombre de la provincia de Limón". AMPrensa.com (in Spanish). 3 April 2016. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
- ^ "Estudio de Impacto Ambiental del Proyecto "Sistema de Control de Inundaciones en el área de Limoncito."" (PDF). SENARA. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
- ^ "Área en kilómetros cuadrados, según provincia, cantón y distrito administrativo". Inec.cr (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 26 September 2020.
- ^ "Declara oficial para efectos administrativos, la aprobación de la División Territorial Administrativa de la República N°41548-MGP". Sistema Costarricense de Información Jurídica (in Spanish). 19 March 2019. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 26 September 2020.
- ^ "Descripción del clima: Cantón de Limón" (in Spanish). Instituto Meteorologico Nacional. Archived from the original on 31 October 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
- ^ "Station Puerto Limon" (in French). Meteo Climat. Archived from the original on 4 April 2017. Retrieved 6 November 2016.
- ^ "Caminatas históricas por Limón | Visit Costa Rica | The official site about tourism in Costa Rica". www.visitcostarica.com. Visit Costa Rica. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
- ^ Cartín, Maritza (5 August 2019). "Escuela General Tomás Guardia, Limón,1901-1950". Mi Costa Rica de Antaño (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 December 2023.
- ^ "ICLC Limón Historical Information - Learn Spanish in Costa Rica at the Costa Rican Culture and Language Institute, Spanish school in Costa Rica, Study abroad in Costa Rica, Spanish Language School". www.iclc.ws. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
- ^ Valverde, Carlos (20 August 2021). "Limón en tres platos: la historia detrás del sabor limonense". Punto y Aparte (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 December 2023.
- ^ "Atlántico". sncccr.ed.cr (in European Spanish). Retrieved 27 December 2023.
- ^ "Nuestra Historia". Cunlimón.ac.cr. University College of Limón.
- ^ "Universidades de Limón (Privadas y Públicas)". www.altillo.com. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
- ^ Valverde Fonseca, Carlos (10 July 2021). "Limón en tres platos: la historia detrás del sabor limonense". El Colectivo 506 (in European Spanish). Retrieved 27 December 2023.
- ^ Miller, Carmen Hutchinson (29 May 2020). ""Limón no es solo 'patty' y 'rice and beans'": Elementos que componen la cultura afrocostarricense". Revista Nuevo Humanismo. 8 (1). doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.15359/rnh.8-1.1.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Check|doi=value (help); External link in|doi= - ^ Madrigal, Luis Manuel (27 April 2015). "PAC defiende a diputadas "ofendidas" por atacar supuesto racismo en Cocorí". El Mundo CR (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 December 2023.
- ^ "Duncan, Quince". editorialcostarica.com (in Spanish). Editorial Costa Rica. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
- ^ González Zúñiga, Julián (January–December 2016). "Quince Duncan y sus aportes a la literatura costarricense". Repertorio Americano: Segunda nueva época. 1 (24): 395–401. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date format (link) - ^ Bachmann, Pauline (2009). "Representaciones del Caribe y la circulación literaria". Ístmica Revista de la facultad de filosofía y letras (2): 31–44. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
- ^ "Mamita Yunai". Teatro Espressivo (in Spanish). 25 January 2018. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
- ^ "Limón: un semillero deportivo abandonado". Diario Extra (in Spanish). 12 May 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2024.
- ^ Sánchez, Luis Diego (30 August 2021). "Sherman Güity gana la primera medalla paralímpica en la historia de Costa Rica". Delfino (in Spanish). Retrieved 31 March 2024.
- ^ "Sherman Guity baña de oro a Costa Rica en Juegos Paralímpicos". ESPN Costa Rica. 4 September 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2024.
- ^ Coto, Gerardo. "1921". UNAFUT.com. UNAFUT. Archived from the original on 8 August 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2017.
- ^ "Costa Rica's top 10 goals of all time". The Tico Times. 7 August 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2024.