Include: cold packs, iatrogenic, grades of frostbite, prevention, chilbains, perniosis

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25498262 Wilderness Med Society 2014

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26872856

Br Med Bull. 2016 Mar;117(1):79-93. doi: 10.1093/bmb/ldw001. Epub 2016 Feb 12.

Freezing and non-freezing cold weather injuries: a systematic review.

Heil K1, Thomas R1, Robertson G2, Porter A3, Milner R1, Wood A4.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12396885

High Alt Med Biol. 2002 Fall;3(3):297-8.

Position paper: on-site treatment of frostbite for mountaineers.

Syme D1; ICAR Medical Commission.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26948558

Wilderness Environ Med. 2016 Mar;27(1):92-9. doi: 10.1016/j.wem.2015.11.014.

A New Proposal for Management of Severe Frostbite in the Austere Environment.

Cauchy E1, Davis CB2, Pasquier M3, Meyer EF4, Hackett PH5.

- rTPA

- iloprost

- grades of frostbite

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26857732

Sports Health. 2016 Mar-Apr;8(2):133-9.

Preventing and Managing Hypothermia and Frostbite Injury.

Fudge J.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23537254https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23537254

High Alt Med Biol. 2013 Mar;14(1):9-12. doi: 10.1089/ham.2012.1114.

Frostbite: prevention and initial management.

Zafren K1.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26617380

Wilderness Environ Med. 2015 Dec;26(4 Suppl):S63-8. doi: 10.1016/j.wem.2015.09.006.

Medical Evaluation for Exposure Extremes: Cold.

Fudge JR1, Bennett BL2, Simanis JP3, Roberts WO4.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26575137

Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2015 Oct 30;112(44):741-7. doi: 10.3238/arztebl.2015.0741.

The Triaging and Treatment of Cold-Induced Injuries.

Sachs C1, Lehnhardt M, Daigeler A, Goertz O.

- non-freezing cold injury vs. frostbite

- pathophysiology

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26284375

Wounds. 2015 Aug;27(8):215-23.

Deep Frostbite Treated With Hyperbaric Oxygen and Thrombolytic Therapies.

Higdon B1, Youngman L2, Regehr M3, Chiou A3.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25687362

J Burn Care Res. 2015 Mar-Apr;36(2):e62-6. doi: 10.1097/BCR.0000000000000135.

The emerging role of tissue plasminogen activator in the management of severe frostbite.

Ibrahim AE1, Goverman J, Sarhane KA, Donofrio J, Walker TG, Fagan SP.

Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am. 2012 Dec;24(4):581-91. doi: 10.1016/j.ccell.2012.07.001. Epub 2012 Aug 20.

Critical care for frostbite.

Kiss TL1.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3994495/

Extrem Physiol Med. 2014; 3: 7.

Published online 2014 Apr 22. doi: 10.1186/2046-7648-3-7

PMCID: PMC3994495

Frostbite: a practical approach to hospital management

- detailed overview of management