User:Annaliddane/sandbox

Second Draft for Review

Types of Nutrients in Plants

Nitrogen Sensing

As one of the most vital nutrients for the development and growth of all plants, nitrogen sensing and the signalling response are vital for plants to live. Plants absorb nitrogen through the soil in the form of either nitrate or ammonia. In soil with low oxygen levels, ammonia is the primary nitrogen source, but toxicity is carefully controlled for with the transcription of ammonium transporters (AMTs). This metabolite and others including glutamate and glutamine have been shown to act as a signal of low nitrogen through regulation of nitrogen transporter gene transcription. NRT1.1, also known as CHL1, is the nitrate transceptor (transporter and receptor) found on the plasma membrane of plants. This is both a high and low affinity transceptor that senses varying concentrations of nitrate depending on its T101 residue phosphorylation. It has been shown that nitrate can also act as just a signal for plants, since mutants unable to metabolize are still able to sense the ion. For example, many plants show the increase of nitrate-regulated genes in low nitrate conditions and consistent mRNA transcription of such genes in soil high in nitrate. This demonstrates the ability to sense nitrate soil concentrations without metabolic products of nitrate and still exhibit downstream genetic effects.

First Draft

Nitrogen Sensing

As one of the most vital nutrients for the development and growth of all plants, nitrogen sensing and the signalling response are vital for plants to live. Plants absorb nitrogen through the soil in the form of either nitrate or ammonia. In soil with low oxygen levels, ammonia is the primary nitrogen source, but toxicity is carefully controlled for with the transcription of ammonium transporters (AMTs). This metabolite and others including glutamate and glutamine have been shown to act as a signal of low nitrogen through regulation of nitrogen transporter gene transcription. NRT1.1 (CHL1) is the nitrate transceptor (transporter and receptor) found on the plasma membrane of plants. This is both a high and low affinity transceptor that senses varying concentrations of nitrate depending on its T101 residue phosphorylation. It has been shown that nitrate can also act as just a signal for plants, since mutants unable to metabolize are still able to sense the ion.

Ideas Draft

Nutrient Sensing

• Start class quality scale and only one comment on the talk page
• Linking rhizosphere
• Types of nutrients needs elaboration
• New sentences: Phosphorus is mainly available in soil, however, it is often difficult for plants to readily absorb. Plants can only absorb the inorganic forms of phosphorus. Phosphate is one of the main inorganic forms that plants use due to phosphate's ability to communicate with phytohormone signaling pathways.

Source: Cui, Xiaofeng (2013). "Nutrient Sensing in Plants." Molecular Plant. Volume 5, Issue 6. http://doi.org/10.1093/mp/sss107

• Research and add more content on how nutrient signaling and sensing enables tissue growth

Buzz Pollination

• Start class article
• Proposed section: Evolution of Buzz Pollination
• New Sentences: The ability to perform buzz pollination seems to be a combination of an ingrained behavior and also requires learning. Some species were able to better pollinate after practicing the technique over a few days.

Source: Paul A De Luca, Mario Vallejo-Marín, What's the ‘buzz’ about? The ecology and evolutionary significance of buzz-pollination, Current Opinion in Plant Biology, Volume 16, Issue 4, August 2013, Pages 429-435, ISSN 1369-5266, http://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2013.05.002.

• "About 8% of the flowers of the world are primarily pollinated using buzz pollination" statement needs a citation or an update of this statistic that is supported by evidence.
• Explanation of why the honeybee cannot perform buzz pollination