User:AnnieGx/sandbox
| Author | Matthew Gregory Lewis |
|---|---|
| Language | English |
| Published | 1834 |
Journal of a Residence Among the Negroes in the West Indies is a book written by Matthew G. Lewis between 1815 and 1818. It was published posthumously in 1834 under the title Journal of a West India Proprietor. The Journal details the two voyages Lewis made to Jamaica, to visit two sugar plantations he had inherited from his father in 1812.[1][2]
Context[edit]
In 1655, Jamaica fell under British colonial rule. Jamaica's economy grew with the production of sugar, and later coffee, cotton and indigo, using slave labour. Slave trade was abolished in the British Empire in 1807 with the Slave Trade Act.[3][4] However, the practice of slavery remained legal until 1833 when the Slavery Abolition Act was passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The emancipation of slaves within the British empire occured in phases, with enslaved people first becoming indentured servants (called apprenticed labourers) before being fully emancipated in 1838.[5]
Lewis' own attitudes towards the slave trade and slavery were ambiguous.[2][6] Although he was indirectly involved in the abolition of the slave trade, he was not an emancipationist. Lewis believed that "every man of humanity must wish that slavery, even in its best and mostmitigated form, had never found a legal sanction", but he was also convinced that it was not possible to abolish the institution of slavery "without the certainty of producing worse mischiefs than the one which we annihilate".[2][7] In accordance with these beliefs, Lewis continually attempted to improve the conditions of his own slaves while maintaining slavery as an institution.[6][1][2] Lewis' estates, Cornwall and Hordley, held over 400 slaves combined. His concern for the safety and comfort of those slaves, and his responsibility as the plantation owner in general, were the chief motives for his first voyage in 1815. During the course of his first residence, Lewis discharged multiple bookkeepers for maltreatment of slaves, prohibited the use of the cart whip, and granted his slaves every Saturday and three Fridays a year free from work. These methods were critized by other estate- and slave-owners.[8] Although Lewis temporarily contemplated to emancipate his slaves, ultimately he was "convinced that it would be neither prudent nor kind to set them free at present".[9]
Content[edit]
The Journal encompasses two voyages Lewis made to Jamaica. The first voyage took place from November 1815 until June 1st 1816. His second voyage was documented from November 1817 until May 2nd 1818. Not only did Lewis document his own daily experiences in the Journal, he also wrote poems and recounted his slaves' songs and stories.[1][2]
First voyage[edit]
Lewis went aboard the Sir Godfrey Webster, under Captain Boyes, on November 10th 1815 and arrived in Jamaica on January 1st 1816. On January 2nd 1816, Lewis arrived at his Cornwall estate. In the first month of his stay, Lewis predominantly acquainted himself with the estate, his slaves' accommodations, and the process of sugar production. The visit lasted three months, in which Lewis continued to detail events and encounters with his slaves and fellow proprietors. Lewis began the journey back to England on April 1st 1816, reaching Gravesend on June 1st of the same year.[8]
Second voyage[edit]
Lewis' second voyage to Jamaica was made on board the same ship, under the same captain. The ship left England on November 5th 1817 and Lewis reached his Cornwall estate on January 24th 1818. After staying at Cornwall for six weeks, Lewis made the journey to visit his second estate, Hordley, for the first time. The last entry in his Journal was written on May 2nd 1818, detailing a farewell holiday and the measures Lewis had taken to ensure his slaves' well-being and protection in his absence. By May 4th, Lewis had made it on board of the Sir Godfrey Webster, where he died from yellow fever on either the 14th or 16th of May (accounts differ). He was buried at sea.[1][2][8]
Reception[edit]
The book has been published in various editions under both titles, Journal of a Residence Among the Negroes in the West Indies and Journal of a West India Proprietor. Lewis had offered John Murray the rights to the first half of the Journal during his lifetime. However, it was only in 1834 that Murray aquired the rights from Charles Greville and subsequently published Lewis' Journal. Murray's delayed interest in publishing was likely due to a renewed interest in the West Indies and slaves' conditions, given the change in legislature at the time.[8][6] Lewis' contemporary, poet and writer Samuel Coleridge critiqued Lewis' Journal, which was recorded in his Table talk.[10]
Lewis's “Jamaica Journal” is delightful; it is almost the only unaffected book of travels or touring I have read of late years. You have the man himself, and not an inconsiderable man, certainly a much finer mind than I supposed before from the perusal of his romances, & c . It is by far his best work, and will live and be popular. Those verses on the Hours are very pretty ; but the Isle of Devils is his like romances, — a fever dream - horrible, without point or terror.
Despite Coleridge's prediction of popularity, the Journal did not attract a large audience at the date of its first publication.[11] It was only since the 1990s that Lewis' Journal has become subject to critical analysis.[6][11] The analyses focus on Lewis' policies as a plantation owner[11][12] as well as his style of writing and the stylistic devices he uses.[6][13] The Journal, and criticisms thereof, add to the critical colonial discourse, as Lewis also offers insight into the "colonial slaveholder’s increasingly acute sense of his own vulnerability" between 1807 and 1833.[11] The main critique lies in Lewis' preferred policy of "amelioration" over emancipation. In his attempt to maintain and defend the institution of slavery by improving his slaves' conditions, Lewis consistently minimizes the harsh physical realities of slavery. He strategically takes the focus off slaves' bodies and their bodily distress, and shifts it onto either their work or the slaves' emotions instead. He tends to describe slave lives rather positively, with the few discussions of punishment and brutality "serv[ing] to identify him as a benevolent slave owner".[12] Stylistically, he manipulates genre to press "his agenda for humane stewardship" and "rehabilitate the institution of slavery".[6]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d Lewis, M. G. (1861). Journal of a residence among the Negroes in the West Indies. London: J. Murray.
- ^ a b c d e f Macdonald, D. L. (2000). Monk Lewis: A Critical Biography. University of Toronto Press, Scholarly Publishing Division.
- ^ "Jamaica". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
- ^ "West Indies". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
- ^ "1833: 3 & 4 William 4 c.73: Abolition of Slavery Act". The Statutes Project. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f Malenas, Ellen (2006). "Reform Ideology and Generic Structure in Matthew Lewis's Journal of a West India Proprietor". Studies in Eighteenth Century Culture. 35: 27–51. doi:10.7282/T38C9TN7.
- ^ Lewis, M. G. (1861). Journal of a residence among the Negroes in the West Indies. London: J. Murray. p. 181.
- ^ a b c d Peck, Louis (1961). A Life of Matthew G. Lewis. Harvard University Press.
- ^ Macdonald, D.L. (2000). Monk Lewis: A Critical Biography. University of Toronto Press, Scholarly Publishing Division. p. 52.
- ^ Coleridge, Samuel Taylor (1884). Table Talks. London: George Routledge and Sons. p. 256.
- ^ a b c d Harkin, Maureen (2002). "Matthew Lewis's Journal of a West India Proprietor : Surveillance and Space on the Plantation". Nineteenth-Century Contexts. 24 (2): 139–150. doi:10.1080/0890549022000017832.
- ^ a b Robertson, Lisa Ann (2007). ""Sensible" Slavery". Prose Studies. 29 (2): 220–237.
- ^ Bohls, Elizabeth A. (2002). "The Planter Picturesque: Matthew Lewis's Journal of a West India Proprietor". European Romantic Review. 13 (1): 63–76.