User:Armin Reindl/sandbox2

Coordinates: 33°43′N 72°10′E / 33.717°N 72.167°E / 33.717; 72.167
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Kuldana Formation
Stratigraphic range: Lutetian [1]
TypeFormation
Location
Coordinates33°43′N 72°10′E / 33.717°N 72.167°E / 33.717; 72.167
RegionKala Chitta Range
Country Pakistan
Armin Reindl/sandbox2 is located in Pakistan
Armin Reindl/sandbox2
Armin Reindl/sandbox2 (Pakistan)

History[edit]

Stratigraphy[edit]

Geology[edit]

The lower units of the Kuldana Formation are composed primarily of loose red and grey muds that contain conglomerate lenses. These units are overlain by layers of dolomite, limestone, mudstone and sand that were deposited in a period of increased marine influence. This section of the formation also features a 160 m (520 ft) thick bed of limestone that is divided into four layers.

The top of the formation is dominated by green-grey silts and bivalve banks that were deposited during a marine transgression.

Paleoenvironment[edit]

The Kuldana Formation featured several different environments across its time of deposition, with the oldest layers showing fluvial conditions. The strata overlying these sediments suggest that the environment shifted to a mix of freshwater and shallow marine habitats, which is supported by multiple lines of evidence. Evidence for freshwater biomes is present through isotopic analysis as well as the local fauna, for example the freshwater snail Planorbis, whereas the presence of sharks and pycnodontoid fish shows the presence of marine habitats. It is thought that the archaeocetes that inhabited the formation at the time stuck to freshwater biomes, even if some localities were evidently closer to the coast.[1]

This mix of fresh- and saltwater habitats was eventually followed by a marine transgression that characterizes the geology of the uppermost layers of the formation.[1]

Ganda Kas[edit]

Fossiliferous sediments in and around the Ganda Kas localities were deposited in semi-arid Eocene floodplains and freshwater channels. The H-GSP Locality 62, from which an abundance of material is known, was deposited in a stillwater environment, while other localities in the area represent the remains of prehistoric rivers. Localities around Ganda Kas deposited in a marine environment appears to be of a later age.[2]

Banda Daud Shah[edit]

Like in Ganda Kas, the depositional environment in the areas presenting a Banda Daud Shah-type fauna, such as the eponymous Banda Daud Shah and Barbora Banda localities, represents an arid environment crossed by various rivers. The most common fossil mammals are the early artiodactyl Diacodexis pakistanensis and the tapiroid perissodactyl Karagalax mamikhelensis ; the presence of adapids and arctocyonids in the area indicates that it probably had an older age than the Ganda Kas fauna.[2]

Paleofauna[edit]

Mammals[edit]

Name Species Locality/Member Material Notes Image
Mammalia indet.[3] spe. indet. Barbora Banda II A single, large incisor. May belong to a small artiodactyl.
Pakilestes[4][5] P. lathrius Chorlakki Two molars and a premolar An insectivore mammal of uncertain affinities.

Herpetotheriidae[edit]

Name Species Locality/Member Material Notes Image
Herpetotheriinae indet. [2] spe. indet. H-GSP Loc. 62, Ganda Kas A right molar.

Arctocyonia[edit]

Name Species Locality/Member Material Notes Image
Karakia[2] K. longidens H-GSP Loc. 9710, Banda Daud Shah A single, fragmentary mandible. The first arctocyonid from Indo-Pakistan. 
leaving this separate for now till I figure out what group they are currently assigned to

Artiodactyla[edit]

Name Species Locality/Member Material Notes Image
Ambulocetus[1][6] A. natans H-GSP Loc. 9209 & 9204 Several specimens. An ambulocetid cetacean.
Artiodactyla indet.[4] Chorlakki An astragalus and two calcaneum These fossil remains are thought to be too large and robust to have belonged to the Chorlakki dichobunids or Indohyus.
Attockicetus[1][6] A. praecursor H-GSP Loc. 9204

H-GSP Loc. 9607, Shepherd's Lake

An incomplete cranium, worn teeth, premolars. A remingtonocetid cetacean.
Cf. A. sp. H-GSP Loc. 9607, Shepherd's Lake Two teeth A remingtonocetid cetacean.
Basilosauridae indet.[7] spe. indet. Ganda Kas Two isolated teeth. One of the teeth resemble those of Ichthyolestes.
Chorlakkia[4] C. hassani Chorlakki A left dentary and multiple teeth A dichobunid.
Dichobunidae indet.[4] spe. indet. Chorlakki Teeth Teeth distinct from the other known Kuldana dichobunids. One particular tooth might represent a hyopsodontid.
Dulcidon Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page).[6] D. gandaensis Ganda Kas & Chorlakki Two right molar. A dichobunid
Gandakasia[1][1][7] G. potens H-GSP Loc. 58, Ganda Kas
H-GSP Loc. 9607 Shepherd's Lake 		A fragmentary mandible A protocetid cetacean
Gobiohyus[7][4][2] cf. G. orientalis Ganda Kas A single tooth. An helohyid.
Gujaratia[4][2][4][8][9] G. pakistanensis Chorlakki
Lammidhan
Barbora Banda I & II
H-GSP Loc. 300, 9710 & 9712, Banda Daud Shah 		Teeth A diacodexeid. Gujaratia is rare at Chorlakki and may be the only artiodactyl at Barbora Banda. Formerly classified within the European and American genus Diacodexis.
Ichthyolestes[1] I. pinfoldi H-GSP Loc. 62, Ganda Kas A single molar A pakicetid.
Indohyus[4] I. indirae Ganda Kas, Chorlakki & Kalakot Numerous specimens A raoellid. The most abundant artiodactyl at Kalakot, but less common at Chorlakki where Khirtharia is more prominent.
I. major Chorlakki An isolated tooth A larger species of raoellid, that would reach about twice the size of I. indirae, but might also represent an unrelated species of diacodexeid or dichobunid.
Khirtharia[7][4][2] K. dayi Chorlakki, Kalakot & Panoba

H-GSP Loc. 62, Ganda Kas

Fragments of maxilla and mandibles ; isolated teeth A large helohyid. Khirtharia is the must abundant artiodactyl at Chorlakki and more common than Indohyus, but the reverse is seen at Kalakot.
Nalacetus[1][6] Nalacetus ratimitus H-GSP Loc. 62, Ganda Kas Fragments of palate, maxilla and teeth A pakicetid cetacean
Pakibune[4] P. chorlakkiensis Chorlakki & Lammidhan Teeth A moderately sized dichobunid, larger than the other dichobunid taxa from the formation.
Pakicetus P. attocki[7] H-GSP Loc. 62, Ganda Kas Complete cranial remains. A pakicetid cetacean
P. calcis[1] H-GSP Loc. 9607 Shepherd's Lake
H-GSP Loc. 9607, Valley E 		A partial mandible, palate fragment and teeth A pakicetid cetacean
P. chittas[1] Chorlakki

H-GSP Loc. 9607, Shepherd's Lake

Fragments of mandibles A pakicetid cetacean
P. inachus[4] Chorlakki A pakicetid cetacean
Protocetidae indet.[7] spe. indet. Ganda Kas Jaw fragment and two isolated teeth One of the teeth resemble those of Ichthyolestes. 
double check the claim that Diacodexis is the only artiodactyl from Barbora Banda with more recent literature

Chiroptera[edit]

Name Species Locality/Member Material Notes Image
Chiropteran indet. A[4][5] spe. indet. Chorlakki A molar
Chiropteran indet. B[4][5] spe. indet. Chorlakki Two fragmentary molars Resemble that of Palaeochiropteryx, and may belong to a relatively large bat.

Eulipotyphla[edit]

Name Species Locality/Member Material Notes Image
Seia[4][5] S. shahi Chorlakki Two molars An erinaceomorph, probably representing a new family.

Hyaenodonta[edit]

Name Species Locality/Member Material Notes Image
Paratritemnodon[4][2] P. indicus Ganda Kas & Chorlakki A mandible (now lost), several isolated teeth Represent a smaller form of hyaenodont.
P. jandewalensis H-GSP Loc. 9205, Ganda Kas Fragmentary maxilla and isolated tooth. The teeth are twice as large than those of P. indicus, and it was probably much larger.

Mesonychia[edit]

Name Species Locality/Member Material Notes Image
Mesonychidae indet.[7] spe. indet. Ganda Kas A single premolar Belongs to a small mesonychid, with similarities to Hapalodectes.

Perissodactyla[edit]

Name Species Locality/Member Material Notes Image
Anthracobune[9][8][10][11] A. pinfoldi[7] Upper Member : Lammidhan & Ganda Kas Relatively complete cranial remains and isolated teeth. The largest anthracobunid in the formation.
A. wardi[4] Chorlakki & Ganda Kas Several mandibles, fragments of a skull and isolated teeth. An anthracobunid. Formerly the distinct genus Lammidhania, also present in the Subathu Formation. Includes the holotype of Pilgrimella pilgrimi.
"Forstercooperia"[4] "F." jigniensis Chorlakki Teeth A paraceratheriid.
Isectolophidae indet.[4] spe. indet. Chorlakki A tooth
Jozaria[9][10] J. palustris Upper Member Several teeth An anthracobunid.
cf. Kalakotia[2] K. sp. H-GSP Loc. 62, Ganda Kas

H-GSP Loc. 9613, Thatta

A fragmentary maxilla and isolated teeth A lophialetid tapiroid, probably representing a new species.
Karagalax[12] K. mamikhelensis H-GSP Loc. 300, Barbora Banda Several relatively well-preserved skulls ; isolated postcranial elements tentatively refered to the genus. An isectolophid tapiromorph, more cursorial than its contemporary American relatives.
Obergfellia[4][9] O. occidentalis Ganda Kas Several mandibles. An anthracobunid. Includes most of the material formerly assigned to Pilgrimella pilgrimi.
Palaeosyops[4][7][2][13] P. dayi Chorlakki

H-GSP Loc. 64, 9613 and 227, Ganda Kas & Thatta

Fragmentary maxilla and mandible ; isolated teeth Formerly belonging to the genus Eotitanops, it seems to be intermediate between the two genera. A small and primitve brontothere. Also present in the Baska Formation.
Pakotitanops[7][2] P. latidentatus H-GSP Loc. 9205 & 9206, Ganda Kas A fragmentary maxilla and isolated teeth A brontothere, distinctly larger and more derived than Eotitanops.

Primates[edit]

Name Species Locality/Member Material Notes Image
Cf. Agerinia[4][14] Cf. A. sp. Chorlakki A tooth. A notharctid, with similarities to A. roselli.
Jattadectes[2] J. mamikheli H-GSP Loc. 9712, Banda Daud Shah A premolar and an incisor The first plesiadapid from Indo-Pakistan.
Kohatius[15][16] K. coppensi Chorlakki Teeth. An omomyid. Might also be present in the Ghazij Formation.
cf. K. sp. Barbora Mandible fragment. An omomyid ; the smallest primate in Indo-Pakistan.
K. sp. A H-GSP Locality 223, Jhalar A premolar. An omomyid with similarities with Altanius.
Panobius[4][2][15][14] P. afridi Chorlakki Two isolated teeth. An adapid.
P. amplior Either from Chorlakki[15], or from H-GSP Loc. 9712, Banda Daud Shah.[2] A fragmentary mandible with two associated molars and isolated teeth. An adapid, much larger than P. russelli and P. afridi, to which it was firstly attributed.
Parvocristes[2] P. oligocollis H-GSP Loc. 225, Jhalar A premolar and an incisor A carpolestid.

Rodentia[edit]

Name Species Locality/Member Material Notes Image
Birbalomys[4][2][17] B. (Basalomys) ijlsti H-GSP Loc. 62, Ganda Kas Teeth A chappatimyid, the most common rodent in its locality.
B. (Birbalomys) sondaari Chorlakki

H-GSP Loc. 57, 62 and 144, Ganda Kas

Teeth A chappatimyid abundant in Chorlakki and Ganda Kas.
B. (Birbalomys) woodi Chorlakki Three teeth. A chappatimyid. Relatively rare in Chorlakki, but abundant in other similarly-aged formations.
B. (Basalomys) vandermeuleni[18] Shekhan, Chorlakki

H-GSP Loc. 57 & 144, Ganda Kas

A chappatimyid. Formerly Saykanomys.
Chapattimys[4]>[17] C. debruijni Chorlakki

H-GSP Loc. 9205, Ganda Kas

Teeth One of the largest chappatimyid in Indo-Pakistan, reaching twice the size of C. wilsoni. Quite rare in all the deposits where it is found.
C. wilsoni Chorlakki

H-GSP Loc. 62 & 144, Ganda Kas

Teeth A chappatimyid.
Gumbatomys[4][17] G. asifi H-GSP Loc. 62, Ganda Kas ; Chorlakki Several teeth A rare chappatimyid.
Paramyidae indet.[3][19] spe. indet. Barbora Banda I Teeth
Cf. Petrokozlovia[4][17] Cf. P. sp. indet. 1 Chorlakki

H-GSP Loc. 57, Ganda Kas

One tooth. Less derived than P. notos, but similar to a more primitive specimen from Kazakhstan.
Cf. P. sp. indet. 2 Chorlakki One tooth. Seemingly closer to P. notos, from Mongolia, than the other species.
Cf. Tamquammys[18] Cf. T. sp. Chorlakki A Tamquammyidae.
Tamquammyidae indet.[3][2][19] spe. indet. 1 Barbora Banda I Teeth
spe. indet. 2 Barbora Banda I Teeth

Tillodontia[edit]

Name Species Locality/Member Material Notes Image
Basalina[4][20] B. basalensis Ganda Kas & Chorlakki A fragmentary mandible and associated teeth. A small estonychid tillodont, firstly identified as a taeniodont.
cf. B. basalensis Ganda Kas A jaw fragment. The heavy wear on the specimen renders the identification as B. basalensis only tentative.

Chondrichthyans[edit]

Name Species Locality/Member Material Notes Image
Selachimorpha indet.[1] spe. indet. H-GSP Loc. 9607, Shepherd's Lake Teeth.

Actinopterygians[edit]

Name Species Locality/Member Material Notes Image
Acanthopterygii indet.[21] spe. indet. Chorlakki & Shekhan Nala Several isolated teeth. Some of the teeth might belong to an Osteoglossiforme indeterminate.
Amiidae indet.[22] spe. indet. H-GSP Loc. 56, Ganda Kas redbeds Partial right premaxilla with associated teeth. From predominantly marine deposits.
Anchichanna[22] kuldanensis H-GSP Loc. 62, Ganda Kas Several relatively complete cranial remains. A snakehead.
Ariidae indet.[21] spe. indet. Chorlakki Several abdominal vertebra. Despite being primarily marine, ariid catfish are known to frequently enter freshwater environments.
Bagridae indet.[21] spe. indet. Chorlakki An angular bone, a cleithrum and pectoral spines.
Cf. Bagridae indet.[22] spe. indet. H-GSP Loc. 62, Ganda Kas Fragments of the skull and spines. Might represent several species of catfish.
Clariidae indet.[21] spe. indet. Chorlakki & Shekhan Nala An articular bone and pectoral spines. The low angular resemble that of Heterobranchus.
Cyprinidae indet.[21] spe. indet. Chorlakki A pharyngeal tooth.
Cyprinodontidae indet.[21] spe. indet. Chorlakki Several teeth and a quadrate bone. The teeth are similar to those of Aphanius.
Eotrigonodontidae indet.[22] spe. indet. H-GSP Loc. 229 & 9607 Two teeth. Tentatively refered to the Mesozoic genera Hadrodus or Stephanodus.
Lepisosteus[21] L. sp. Chorlakki A tooth and a scale. Appears to be closely related or identical to the modern genus Lepisosteus osseus.
Macquaria[21] M. antiquus Chorlakki Various bone fragments and isolated spines A temperate perch.
Osteoglossidae indet.[21] spe. indet. Scales : Chorlakki & Shekhan Nala

Maxilla : H-GSP Loc. 9611

A maxilla, several scales of various size and shape.
Perciformes indet.[22] spe. indet. H-GSP Loc. 62, Ganda Kas Isolated fin spine. Distinct from Macquaria antiquus.
Pycnodontoidea indet.[1][22][1] spe. indet. H-GSP Loc. 9206 & 9608, Ganda Kas
H-GSP Loc. 9607, Shepherd's Lake 		Several isolated teeth and a jaw fragment. From predominantly marine deposits.
Siluriforme indet.[21] spe. indet. Chorlakki A basioccipital.
Teleostei indet.[22] spe. indet. H-GSP Loc. 62, Ganda Kas Isolated teeth. From predominantly freshwater deposits, possibly representing several species.
Cf. Varohstichthys[21] Cf. V. sp. Chorlakki A pharyngeal tooth. A Cyprinidae.

Reptiles[edit]

Turtles[edit]

Name Species Locality/Member Material Notes Image
Trionychinae indet.[21] spe. indet. Chorlakki Four fragments of pleural plates. The fragments belonged to a shell reaching 30 cm in length and are similar to plates found in the Kala Chitta Hills and Lammidhan localities.
"Chorlakkichelys"[21] "C. shahi" Chorlakki Fragmentary shell belonging to a single individual. A Carretochelyinae. Material from Chharat, Jhalar and Lammidhan can be tentatively assigned to the genus. A 2014 study established that the genus Chorlakkichelys is a nomem dubium due to its lack of diagnostic apomorphy.[23]

Squamates[edit]

Name Species Locality/Member Material Notes Image
Tinosaurus[21] T. sp. Chorlakki Two isolated teeth. Similarities can be observed with Eocene species of Tinosaurus from North America and China.
Sauria indet.[21] spe. indet. Chorlakki A fragmentary vertebra.
Boidae indet.[21] spe. indet. Chorlakki Five fragmentary vertebrae.
Erycinae indet.[21] spe. indet. Chorlakki Two fragmentary vertebrae. The material probably represent a new genus and species of sand boa.
Boinae indet.[21] spe. indet. Chorlakki Two fragmentary vertebrae. The material probably represent a new genus and species of boa resembling the Eocene genera Paleryx and Palaeopython.

Crocodilians[edit]

Name Species Locality/Member Material Notes Image
Crocodilia indet.[3][24] spe. indet. Barbora Banda II & H-GSP Loc. 62, Ganda Kas

Mollusca[edit]

Name Species Locality/Member Material Notes Image
Planorbis[1][1][18][24] P. sp. Chorlakki
Shekhan Nala
H-GSP Loc. 62, Ganda Kas
H-GSP Loc. 9607, Shepherd's Lake 		A freshwater snail.

Plants[edit]

Name Species Locality/Member Material Notes Image
Cf. Ajunginucilla[3] Cf. C. sp. Barbora Banda I Seeds. A sage.
Celtis[3] C. sp.[3] Barbora Banda I Seeds. A hackberry.
Chara[3] C. sp. Barbora Banda I Seeds. A charophyte.

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Cooper, L.N.; Thewissen, J. G. M.; Hussain, S. T. (2009). "New middle eocene archaeocetes (Cetacea: Mammalia) from the Kuldana formation of northern Pakistan" (PDF). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 29 (4): 1289–1299.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Thewissen, J.G.M.; Williams, E.M.; Hussain, S.T. (1977). "Eocene mammal faunas from Northern Indo-Pakistan". Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology. 21 (2): 347–366. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2001)021[0347:EMFFNI]2.0.CO;2.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Thewissen, J.G.M.; Russell, D.E.; Gingerich, S.T.; Hussain (1983). "A new dichobunid artiodactyl (Mammalia) from the Eocene of North-West Pakistan". Proceedings of the Koniklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen. 86 (2): 153–180.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Thewissen, J.G.M.; Gingerich, P.D.; Russell, D.E. (1987). "ARTIODACTYLA AND PERISSODACTYLA (MAMMALIA) FROM THE EARLY-MIDDLE EOCENE KULDANA FORMATION OF KOHAT (PAKISTAN)" (PDF). Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology. 27 (10): 247–274.
  5. ^ a b c d Russell, D. E.; Gingerich, P. D. (1981). "Lipotyphla, Proteutheria(?), and Chiroptera (Mammalia) from the Early-Middle Eocene Kuldana Formation of Kohat (Pakistan)". Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology. 25 (14): 277–287.
  6. ^ a b c d Cite error: The named reference Gingerich2017 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j West, R.M. (1980). "Middle Eocene Large Mammal Assemblage with Tethyan Affinities, Ganda Kas Region, Pakistan". Journal of Paleontology. 54 (3): 508–533.
  8. ^ a b Gingerich, P. D. (1977). "A small collection of fossil vertebrates from the Middle Eocene Kuldana and Kohat Formations of Punjab (Pakistan)" (PDF). Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology. 24 (18): 190–203.
  9. ^ a b c d Rautela, A.; Bajpai, S. (2023). "Gujaratia indica, the oldest artiodactyl (Mammalia) from South Asia: new dental material and phylogenetic relationships". Journal of Systematic Paleontology. 21 (1). doi:10.1080/14772019.2023.2267553.
  10. ^ a b Wells, N.A.; Gingerich, P. D. (1983). "Review of Eocene Anthracobunidae (Mammalia, Proboscidea) with a new genus and species, Jozaria palustris, from the Kuldana Formation of Kohat, Pakistan" (PDF). Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology. 26 (7): 117–139.
  11. ^ Cooper, L.N.; Seiffert, E.R.; Clementz, M.; Madar, S.I.; Bajpal, S.; Hussain, J.G.M.; Thewissen (2014). "Anthracobunids from the Middle Eocene of India and Pakistan Are Stem Perissodactyls". PLoS ONE. 9 (10). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0109232.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  12. ^ Mass, M.C.; Hussain, S.T.; Leinders, J.J.M. (2001). "A New Isectolophid Tapiromorph (Perissodactyla, Mammalia) from the Early Eocene of Pakistan". Journal of Paleontology. 75 (2): 407–417.
  13. ^ Missiaen, P.; Gunnell, G.F.; Gingerich, P.D. (1977). "New Brontotheriidae (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from the Early and Middle Eocene of Pakistan with implications for mammalian paleobiogeography". Journal of Paleontology. 85 (4): 665–677.
  14. ^ a b Russell, D.E.; Gingerich, P.D. (1987). "Nouveaux primates de l'Éocène du Pakistan". Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences, Paris, Série 2. 5: 209–214.
  15. ^ a b c Gunnell, G.F.; Gingerich, P.D.; Ul-Haq, M.; Bloch, J.I.; Khan, I.H.; Clyde, W.C. (2008). "New Primates (Mammalia) From The Early and Middle Eocene Of Pakistan And Their Paleobiogeographical Implications". Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology. 32 (1): 1–14.
  16. ^ Thewissen, J.G.M.; Hussain, S.T.; Arif, M. (1997). "New Kohatius (Omomyidae) from the Eocene of Pakistan". Journal of Human Evolution. 32: 473–477.
  17. ^ a b c d Hartenberger, J.L. (1982). "A review of the Eocene rodents of Pakistan" (PDF). Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology. 26 (2): 19–35.
  18. ^ a b c Gingerich, P.D.; Russell, D.E.; Sigogneau-Russell, D.; Hartenberger, J.-L.; Ibrahim Shah, W.; Hassan, M.; Rose, K.D.; Holt Ardrey, R. (1979). "Reconnaissance survey and vertebrate paleontology of some Paleocene and Eocene formations in Pakistan". Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology. 25 (5): 105–116.
  19. ^ a b Leinders, J.J.M.; Arif, M.; de Bruijn, H.; Hussain, S.T.; Wessels, W. (1999). "Tertiary continental deposits of northwestern Pakistan and remarks on the collision between the Indian and Asian plates". Deinsea. 7: 199–213.
  20. ^ Lucas, S.G.; Schoch, R.M. (1981). "Basalina, a Tillodont from the Eocene of Pakistan" (PDF). Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology. 26 (2): 19–35.
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Gayet, M.; De Broin, F.; Rage, J.C. (1987). "Lower Vertebrates from the Early-Middle Eocene Kuldana Formation of Kohat (Pakistan): Holostei and Teleostei, Chelonia, and Squamata" (PDF). Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology. 27 (7): 151–193.
  22. ^ a b c d e f g Murray, A.M.; Thewissen, J.G.M. (2008). "Eocene Actinopterygian Fishes from Pakistan, with the Description of a New Genus and Species of Channid (Channiformes)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 28 (1): 41–52.
  23. ^ Joyce, Walter G. (April 2014). "A Review of the Fossil Record of Turtles of the Clade Pan-Carettochelys". Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History. 55 (1): 3–33. doi:10.3374/014.055.0102. ISSN 0079-032X. S2CID 59382889.
  24. ^ a b Aslan, A.; Thewissen, J.G.M. (1996). "Preliminary evaluation of paleosols and implications for interpreting vertebrate fossil assemblages, Kuldana Formation, Northern Pakistan". Palaeovertebrata. 25 (2–4): 261–277.
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