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Autores globales

[edit]
Logo Institution Country Number of laureates

https://pot-pourri.fltr.ucl.ac.be/files/Aclassftp/textes/Terentius/phormio_fr.txt https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Comedies_of_Publius_Terentius_Afer_(1870)/Andria

http://agoraclass.fltr.ucl.ac.be/concordances/tacite_annalesI/lecture/default.htm http://agoraclass.fltr.ucl.ac.be/concordances/tacite_histoiresI/lecture/default.htm http://agoraclass.fltr.ucl.ac.be/concordances/tacite_germanie/lecture/default.htm

https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Annales_(Tacite)/Livre_I

http://agoraclass.fltr.ucl.ac.be/concordances/Tite_live01/lecture/default.htm

http://agoraclass.fltr.ucl.ac.be/concordances/AeneisI/lecture/default.htm

http://agoraclass.fltr.ucl.ac.be/concordances/vitruve_de_architect_01/lecture/default.htm

http://agoraclass.fltr.ucl.ac.be/concordances/virg_bucoliques/lecture/1.htm

14 (1904,1906,1915,1915,1917,1928,1933,1935,1937,1947,1948,1950,1951,1973,1977,1983,2016,2020)
Lord Rayleigh j.Thomson H. Bragg L.Bragg G.Barkla W.Richardson Paul Dirac J.Chadwick P.Thomson V.Appleton S.Blackett F.Powell D.Cockcroft D.Josephson F.Mott S.Chandrasekhar M. Haldane R.Penrose
Harvard University  United States 11 (1946,1952,1975,1977,1977,1979,1981,1993,2004,2005,2012)
W.Bridgman j.Thomson H. Bragg L.Bragg G.Barkla W.Richardson Paul Dirac J.Chadwick P.Thomson V.Appleton
University of Chicago  United States 10 (1939,1957,1957,1959,1968,1980,1988,1990,1998,2009)
Princeton University  United States 10 (1927,1937,1956,1961,1965,1972,1979,2004,2017,2019)
C.A. Pissarides L. Hurwicz R.Coase W.A. Lewis
ETH Zurich  United States 7 (1901,1912,1920,1921,1952,1986,1987)
William Vickrey Milton Friedman Kenneth Arrow Simon Kuznets
C.A. Pissarides L. Hurwicz R.Coase W.A. Lewis
Humboldt University of Berlin  Germany 7 (1907,1909,1911,1914,1925,1926,1954)
C.A. Pissarides L. Hurwicz R.Coase W.A. Lewis
University of Paris  France 5 (1903,1903,1929,1966,1970)
C.A. Pissarides L. Hurwicz R.Coase W.A. Lewis
Massachusetts Institute of Technology  United States 5 (1990,1997,1998,2001,2001)
Lawrence Klein Robert C. Merton Robert Mundell Joseph Stiglitz
Kyoto Imperial University  Japan 3 (1949,1965,1973)
Edmund S. Phelps Douglas Diamond Philip H. Dybvig
University of Leiden  Netherlands 3 (1902,1902,1910)
Douglass North Daniel Kahneman
University of Munich  Germany 3 (2000, 2013)
Daniel McFadden Lars Peter Hansen
Technical University of Berlin  Germany 3 (1963,1971,1986)
Daniel McFadden Lars Peter Hansen
University of Geneva  Switzerland 2 (2000, 2013)
Daniel McFadden Lars Peter Hansen

Italic text


Laureates

[edit]
Year Picture Laureate Country Language(s) Age
awarded
Citation Genre(s) Alma mater
1901 Sully Prudhomme
(1839–1907)
 France French 62 "in special recognition of his poetic composition, which gives evidence of lofty idealism, artistic perfection and a rare combination of the qualities of both heart and intellect"[1] poetry, essay Lycée Condorcet
1902 Theodor Mommsen
(1817–1903)
 Germany German 85 "the greatest living master of the art of historical writing, with special reference to his monumental work A History of Rome"[2] history, law University of Kiel
1903 Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson
(1832–1910)
 Norway Norwegian 71 "as a tribute to his noble, magnificent and versatile poetry, which has always been distinguished by both the freshness of its inspiration and the rare purity of its spirit"[3] poetry, novel, drama University of Oslo
1904 Frédéric Mistral
(1830–1914)
 France Provençal 74 "in recognition of the fresh originality and true inspiration of his poetic production, which faithfully reflects the natural scenery and native spirit of his people, and, in addition, his significant work as a Provençal philologist"[4] poetry, philology Aix-Marseille University
José Echegaray
(1832–1916)
 Spain Spanish 72 "in recognition of the numerous and brilliant compositions which, in an individual and original manner, have revived the great traditions of the Spanish drama"[4] drama
1905 Henryk Sienkiewicz
(1846–1916)
 Poland
( Russian Empire)
Polish 59 "because of his outstanding merits as an epic writer"[5] novel
1906 Giosuè Carducci
(1835–1907)
 Italy Italian 71 "not only in consideration of his deep learning and critical research, but above all as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterize his poetic masterpieces"[6] poetry Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa
1907 Rudyard Kipling
(1865–1936)
 United Kingdom English 41 "in consideration of the power of observation, originality of imagination, virility of ideas and remarkable talent for narration that characterize the creations of this world-famous author"[7] novel, short story, poetry United Services College
1908 Rudolf Christoph Eucken
(1846–1926)
 Germany German 62 "in recognition of his earnest search for truth, his penetrating power of thought, his wide range of vision, and the warmth and strength in presentation with which in his numerous works he has vindicated and developed an idealistic philosophy of life"[8] philosophy Göttingen University
1909 Selma Lagerlöf
(1858–1940)
 Sweden Swedish 51 "in appreciation of the lofty idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterize her writings"[9] novel, short story Stockholm University
1910 Paul von Heyse
(1830–1914)
 Germany German 80 "as a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism, which he has demonstrated during his long productive career as a lyric poet, dramatist, novelist and writer of world-renowned short stories"[10] poetry, drama, novel, short story University of Jena
1911 Maurice Maeterlinck
(1862–1949)
 Belgium French 49 "in appreciation of his many-sided literary activities, and especially of his dramatic works, which are distinguished by a wealth of imagination and by a poetic fancy, which reveals, sometimes in the guise of a fairy tale, a deep inspiration, while in a mysterious way they appeal to the readers' own feelings and stimulate their imaginations"[11] drama, poetry, essay University of Ghent
1912 Gerhart Hauptmann
(1862–1946)
 Germany German 50 "primarily in recognition of his fruitful, varied and outstanding production in the realm of dramatic art"[12] drama, novel Royal Art School in Breslau
1913 Rabindranath Tagore
(1861–1941)
 British India
( British Empire)
Bengali and English 52 "because of his profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse, by which, with consummate skill, he has made his poetic thought, expressed in his own English words, a part of the literature of the West"[13] poetry, novel, drama, short story, essay, translation St. Xavier's Collegiate School
1914 Not awarded
1915 Romain Rolland
(1866–1944)
 France French 49 "as a tribute to the lofty idealism of his literary production and to the sympathy and love of truth with which he has described different types of human beings"[14] novel Sorbonne University
1916 Verner von Heidenstam
(1859–1940)
 Sweden Swedish 56 "in recognition of his significance as the leading representative of a new era in our literature"[15] poetry, novel Karlberg Military Academy.
1917 Karl Adolph Gjellerup
(1857–1919)
 Denmark Danish and German 60 "for his varied and rich poetry, which is inspired by lofty ideals"[16] poetry
Henrik Pontoppidan
(1857–1943)
 Denmark Danish 60 "for his authentic descriptions of present-day life in Denmark"[16] novel
1918 Not awarded
1919 Carl Spitteler
(1845–1924)
  Switzerland German 74 "in special appreciation of his epic, Olympian Spring"[17] poetry
1920 Knut Hamsun
(1859–1952)
 Norway Norwegian 61 "for his monumental work, Growth of the Soil"[18] novel
1921 Anatole France
(1844–1924)
 France French 77 "in recognition of his brilliant literary achievements, characterized as they are by a nobility of style, a profound human sympathy, grace, and a true Gallic temperament"[19] novel, poetry
1922 Jacinto Benavente
(1866–1954)
 Spain Spanish 56 "for the happy manner in which he has continued the illustrious traditions of the Spanish drama"[20] drama
1923 William Butler Yeats
(1865–1939)
 Ireland English 58 "for his always inspired poetry, which in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation"[21] poetry
1924 Władysław Reymont
(1867–1925)
 Poland Polish 57 "for his great national epic, The Peasants"[22] novel
1925 George Bernard Shaw
(1856–1950)
 United Kingdom
 Ireland[23]
English 69 "for his work which is marked by both idealism and humanity, its stimulating satire often being infused with a singular poetic beauty"[24] drama, essay
1926 Grazia Deledda
(1871–1936)
 Italy Italian 55 "for her idealistically inspired writings, which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native island and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general"[25] poetry, novel
1927 Henri Bergson
(1859–1941)
 France French 68 "in recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the brilliant skill with which they have been presented"[26] philosophy
1928 Sigrid Undset
(1882–1949)
 Norway
 Denmark
Norwegian 46 "principally for her powerful descriptions of Northern life during the Middle Ages"[27] novel
1929 Thomas Mann
(1875–1955)
 Germany German 54 "principally for his great novel, Buddenbrooks, which has won steadily increased recognition as one of the classic works of contemporary literature"[28] novel, short story, essay
1930 Sinclair Lewis
(1885–1951)
 United States English 45 "for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humour, new types of characters"[29] novel, short story, drama
1931 Erik Axel Karlfeldt
(1864–1931)
 Sweden Swedish 67 "The poetry of Erik Axel Karlfeldt"[30] poetry
1932 John Galsworthy
(1867–1933)
 United Kingdom English 65 "for his distinguished art of narration, which takes its highest form in The Forsyte Saga"[31] novel
1933 Ivan Bunin
(1870–1953)
Stateless
(born in Russian Empire)
Russian 63 "for the strict artistry with which he has carried on the classical Russian traditions in prose writing"[32] short story, poetry, novel
1934 Luigi Pirandello
(1867–1936)
 Italy Italian 67 "for his bold and ingenious revival of dramatic and scenic art"[33] drama, novel, short story
1935 Not awarded
1936 Eugene O'Neill
(1888–1953)
 United States English 48 "for the power, honesty and deep-felt emotions of his dramatic works, which embody an original concept of tragedy"[34] drama
1937 Roger Martin du Gard
(1881–1958)
 France French 56 "for the artistic power and truth with which he has depicted human conflict as well as some fundamental aspects of contemporary life in his novel cycle Les Thibault"[35] novel
1938 Pearl Buck (1892–1973)  United States English 46 "for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces"[36] novel, biography
1939 Frans Eemil Sillanpää
(1888–1964)
 Finland Finnish 51 "for his deep understanding of his country's peasantry and the exquisite art with which he has portrayed their way of life and their relationship with Nature"[37] novel
1940 Not awarded
1941 Not awarded
1942 Not awarded
1943 Not awarded
1944 Johannes Vilhelm Jensen
(1873–1950)
 Denmark Danish 71 "for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style"[38] novel, short story
1945 Gabriela Mistral
(1889–1957)
 Chile Spanish 56 "for her lyric poetry, which inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world"[39] poetry
1946 Hermann Hesse
(1877–1962)
 Germany
  Switzerland
German 69 "for his inspired writings, which while growing in boldness and penetration, exemplify the classical humanitarian ideals and high qualities of style"[40] novel, poetry
1947 André Gide
(1869–1951)
 France French 78 "for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight"[41] novel, essay, drama, memoir
1948 Thomas Stearns Eliot
(1888–1965)
 United Kingdom
(born in the United States)
English 60 "for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry"[42] poetry, essay, drama
1949 William Faulkner
(1897–1962)
 United States English 52 "for his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel"[43] novel, short story
1950 Bertrand Russell
(1872–1970)
 United Kingdom English 78 "in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought"[44] philosophy, essay
1951 Pär Lagerkvist
(1891–1974)
 Sweden Swedish 60 "for the artistic vigour and true independence of mind with which he endeavours in his poetry to find answers to the eternal questions confronting mankind"[45] poetry, novel, short story, drama
1952 François Mauriac
(1885–1970)
 France French 67 "for the deep spiritual insight and the artistic intensity with which he has in his novels penetrated the drama of human life"[46] novel, short story
1953 Winston Churchill
(1874–1965)
 United Kingdom English 79 "for his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values"[47] history, essay, memoir
1954 Ernest Hemingway
(1899–1961)
 United States English 55 "for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea, and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style"[48] novel, short story, screenplay
1955 Halldór Laxness
(1902–1998)
 Iceland Icelandic 53 "for his vivid epic power, which has renewed the great narrative art of Iceland"[49] novel, short story, drama, poetry
1956 Juan Ramón Jiménez
(1881–1958)
 Spain Spanish 75 "for his lyrical poetry, which in Spanish language constitutes an example of high spirit and artistical purity"[50] poetry, novel
1957 Albert Camus
(1913–1960)
 France
(born in Algeria)
French 44 "for his important literary production, which with clear-sighted earnestness illuminates the problems of the human conscience in our times"[51] novel, short story, drama, philosophy, essay
1958 Boris Pasternak
(1890–1960)
 Soviet Union Russian 70 "for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition"[52] novel, poetry, translation
1959 Salvatore Quasimodo
(1901–1968)
 Italy Italian 58 "for his lyrical poetry, which with classical fire expresses the tragic experience of life in our own times"[53] poetry
1960 Saint-John Perse
(1887–1975)
 France
(born in Guadeloupe)
French 73 "for the soaring flight and the evocative imagery of his poetry, which in a visionary fashion reflects the conditions of our time"[54] poetry
1961 Ivo Andrić
(1892–1975)
 Yugoslavia
(born in Austria-Hungary)
Serbo-Croatian 69 "for the epic force with which he has traced themes and depicted human destinies drawn from the history of his country"[55] novel, short story
1962 John Steinbeck
(1902–1968)
 United States English 60 "for his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humour and keen social perception"[56] novel, short story, screenplay
1963 Giorgos Seferis
(1900–1971)
 Greece
(born in the Ottoman Empire)
Greek 63 "for his eminent lyrical writing, inspired by a deep feeling for the Hellenic world of culture"[57] poetry, essay, memoir
1964 Jean-Paul Sartre
(1905–1980)
 France French 59 "for his work, which rich in ideas and filled with the spirit of freedom and the quest for truth, has exerted a far-reaching influence on our age"[58] philosophy, novel, drama, essay, short story, screenplay
1965 Mikhail Sholokhov
(1905–1984)
 Soviet Union Russian 60 "for the artistic power and integrity with which, in his epic of the Don, he has given expression to a historic phase in the life of the Russian people"[59] novel
1966 Shmuel Yosef Agnon
(1888–1970)
 Israel
(born in Austria-Hungary)
Hebrew 79 "for his profoundly characteristic narrative art with motifs from the life of the Jewish people"[60] novel, short story
Nelly Sachs
(1891–1970)
 Germany
 Sweden
German 75 "for her outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing, which interprets Israel's destiny with touching strength"[60] poetry, drama
1967 Miguel Ángel Asturias
(1899–1974)
 Guatemala Spanish 68 "for his vivid literary achievement, deep-rooted in the national traits and traditions of Indian peoples of Latin America"[61] novel, poetry
1968 Yasunari Kawabata
(1899–1972)
 Japan Japanese 69 "for his narrative mastery, which with great sensibility expresses the essence of the Japanese mind"[62] novel, short story
1969 Samuel Beckett
(1906–1989)
 Ireland French and English 63 "for his writing, which – in new forms for the novel and drama – in the destitution of modern man acquires its elevation"[63] novel, drama, poetry
1970 Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
(1918–2008)
 Soviet Union Russian 52 "for the ethical force with which he has pursued the indispensable traditions of Russian literature"[64] novel, essay, short story
1971 Pablo Neruda
(1904–1973)
 Chile Spanish 67 "for a poetry that with the action of an elemental force brings alive a continent's destiny and dreams"[65] poetry
1972 Heinrich Böll
(1917–1985)
 West Germany German 55 "for his writing, which through its combination of a broad perspective on his time and a sensitive skill in characterization has contributed to a renewal of German literature"[66] novel, short story
1973 Patrick White
(1912–1990)
 Australia
(born in the United Kingdom)
English 61 "for an epic and psychological narrative art, which has introduced a new continent into literature"[67] novel, short story, drama
1974 Eyvind Johnson
(1900–1976)
 Sweden Swedish 74 "for a narrative art, farseeing in lands and ages, in the service of freedom"[68] novel
Harry Martinson
(1904–1978)
 Sweden Swedish 70 "for writings that catch the dewdrop and reflect the cosmos"[68] poetry, novel, drama
1975 Eugenio Montale
(1896–1981)
 Italy Italian 79 "for his distinctive poetry, which, with great artistic sensitivity, has interpreted human values under the sign of an outlook on life with no illusions"[69] poetry
1976 Saul Bellow
(1915–2005)
 United States
(born in Canada)
English 61 "for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work"[70] novel, short story
1977 Vicente Aleixandre
(1898–1984)
 Spain Spanish 79 "for a creative poetic writing, which illuminates man's condition in the cosmos and in present-day society, at the same time representing the great renewal of the traditions of Spanish poetry between the wars"[71] poetry
1978 Isaac Bashevis Singer
(1902–1991)
 United States
 Poland
Yiddish 76 "for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life"[72] novel, short story, memoir
1979 Odysseas Elytis
(1911–1996)
 Greece Greek 68 "for his poetry, which, against the background of Greek tradition, depicts with sensuous strength and intellectual clear-sightedness modern man's struggle for freedom and creativeness"[73] poetry, essay
1980 Czesław Miłosz
(1911–2004)

 Poland
(born in Russian Empire)
Polish 69 "who with uncompromising clear-sightedness voices man's exposed condition in a world of severe conflicts"[74] poetry, essay
1981 Elias Canetti
(1905–1994)
 United Kingdom
 Bulgaria
German 76 "for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power"[75] novel, drama, memoirs, essay
1982 Gabriel García Márquez
(1927–2014)
 Colombia Spanish 55 "for his novels and short stories, in which the fantastic and the realistic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination, reflecting a continent's life and conflicts"[76] novel, short story, screenplay
1983 William Golding
(1911–1993)
 United Kingdom English 72 "for his novels, which with the perspicuity of realistic narrative art and the diversity and universality of myth, illuminate the human condition in the world of today"[77] novel, poetry, drama
1984 Jaroslav Seifert
(1901–1986)
 Czechoslovakia
(born in Austria-Hungary)
Czech 83 "for his poetry, which endowed with freshness, and rich inventiveness provides a liberating image of the indomitable spirit and versatility of man"[78] poetry
1985 Claude Simon
(1913–2005)
 France
(born in French Madagascar)
French 72 "who in his novel combines the poet's and the painter's creativeness with a deepened awareness of time in the depiction of the human condition"[79] novel, essay
1986 Wole Soyinka
(b. 1934)
 Nigeria English 52 "who in a wide cultural perspective and with poetic overtones fashions the drama of existence"[80] drama, novel, poetry, screenplay
1987 Joseph Brodsky
(1940–1996)
 United States
 Soviet Union
Russian and English 47 "for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity"[81] poetry, essay
1988 Naguib Mahfouz
(1911–2006)
 Egypt Arabic 77 "who, through works rich in nuance – now clear-sightedly realistic, now evocatively ambiguous – has formed an Arabian narrative art that applies to all mankind"[82] novel, short story
1989 Camilo José Cela
(1916–2002)
 Spain Spanish 73 "for a rich and intensive prose, which with restrained compassion forms a challenging vision of man's vulnerability"[83] novel, short story, essay, poetry
1990 Octavio Paz
(1914–1998)
 Mexico Spanish 76 "for impassioned writing with wide horizons, characterized by sensuous intelligence and humanistic integrity"[84] poetry, essay
1991 Nadine Gordimer
(1923–2014)
 South Africa English 68 "who through her magnificent epic writing has – in the words of Alfred Nobel – been of very great benefit to humanity"[85] novel, short story, essay, drama
1992 Derek Walcott
(1930–2017)
 Saint Lucia English 62 "for a poetic oeuvre of great luminosity, sustained by a historical vision, the outcome of a multicultural commitment"[86] poetry, drama
1993 Toni Morrison
(1931–2019)
 United States English 62 "who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality"[87] novel, essay
1994 Kenzaburō Ōe
(1935–2023)
 Japan Japanese 59 "who with poetic force creates an imagined world, where life and myth condense to form a disconcerting picture of the human predicament today"[88] novel, short story, essay
1995 Seamus Heaney
(1939–2013)
 Ireland English 56 "for works of lyrical beauty and ethical depth, which exalt everyday miracles and the living past"[89] poetry, drama, translation, essay
1996 Wisława Szymborska
(1923–2012)
 Poland Polish 73 "for poetry that with ironic precision allows the historical and biological context to come to light in fragments of human reality"[90] poetry, essay, translation
1997 Dario Fo
(1926–2016)
 Italy Italian 71 "who emulates the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority and upholding the dignity of the downtrodden"[91] drama, song lyrics
1998 José Saramago
(1922–2010)
 Portugal Portuguese 76 "who with parables sustained by imagination, compassion and irony continually enables us once again to apprehend an elusory reality"[92] novel, drama, poetry
1999 Günter Grass
(1927–2015)
 Germany
(born in Free City of Danzig)
German 72 "whose frolicsome black fables portray the forgotten face of history"[93] novel, drama, poetry, essay
2000 Gao Xingjian
(b. 1940)
 France
Taiwan China
Chinese 60 "for an oeuvre of universal validity, bitter insights and linguistic ingenuity, which has opened new paths for the Chinese novel and drama"[94] novel, drama, essay
2001 Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul
(1932–2018)
 United Kingdom
 Trinidad and Tobago
English 69 "for having united perceptive narrative and incorruptible scrutiny in works that compel us to see the presence of suppressed histories"[95] novel, essay
2002 Imre Kertész
(1929–2016)
 Hungary Hungarian 73 "for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history"[96] novel
2003 John Maxwell Coetzee
(b. 1940)
 South Africa English 63 "who in innumerable guises portrays the surprising involvement of the outsider"[97] novel, essay, translation
2004 Elfriede Jelinek
(b. 1946)
 Austria German 58 "for her musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of society's clichés and their subjugating power"[98] novel, drama
2005 Harold Pinter
(1930–2008)
 United Kingdom English 75 "who in his plays uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression's closed rooms"[99] drama, screenplay, poetry
2006 Orhan Pamuk
(b. 1952)
 Turkey Turkish 54 "who in the quest for the melancholic soul of his native city has discovered new symbols for the clash and interlacing of cultures"[100] novel, screenplay, autobiography, essay
2007 Doris Lessing
(1919–2013)
 United Kingdom
(born in Iran)
English 88 "that epicist of the female experience, who with scepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilisation to scrutiny"[101] novel, short story, memoir/autobiography, drama, poetry, essay
2008 Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio
(b. 1940)
 France
 Mauritius
French 68 "author of new departures, poetic adventure and sensual ecstasy, explorer of a humanity beyond and below the reigning civilization"[102] novel, short story, essay, translation
2009 Herta Müller
(b. 1953)
 Germany
 Romania
German 56 "who, with the concentration of poetry and the frankness of prose, depicts the landscape of the dispossessed"[103] novel, short story, poetry, essay
2010 Mario Vargas Llosa
(b. 1936)
 Peru
 Spain
Spanish 74 "for his cartography of structures of power and his trenchant images of the individual's resistance, revolt, and defeat"[104] novel, short story, essay, drama, memoir
2011 Tomas Tranströmer
(1931–2015)
 Sweden Swedish 80 "because, through his condensed, translucent images, he gives us fresh access to reality"[105] poetry, translation
2012 Mo Yan
(b. 1955)
 China Chinese 57 "who with hallucinatory realism merges folk tales, history and the contemporary"[106] novel, short story
2013 Alice Munro
(b. 1931)
 Canada English 82 "master of the contemporary short story"[107] short story
2014 Patrick Modiano
(b. 1945)
 France French 69 "for the art of memory with which he has evoked the most ungraspable human destinies and uncovered the life-world of the Occupation"[108] novel, screenplay
2015 Svetlana Alexievich
(b. 1948)
 Belarus
(born in the Soviet Union)
Russian 67 "for her polyphonic writings, a monument to suffering and courage in our time"[109] history, essay
2016 Bob Dylan
(b. 1941)
 United States English 75 "for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition"[110] poetry, song lyrics
2017 Kazuo Ishiguro
(b. 1954)
 United Kingdom (born in Japan) English 63 "who, in novels of great emotional force, has uncovered the abyss beneath our illusory sense of connection with the world"[111] novel, screenplay, short story
2018 Olga Tokarczuk
(b. 1962)
 Poland Polish 56 "for a narrative imagination that with encyclopedic passion represents the crossing of boundaries as a form of life"[112] novel, short story, poetry, essay, screenplay
2019 Peter Handke
(b. 1942)
 Austria German 77 "for an influential work that with linguistic ingenuity has explored the periphery and the specificity of human experience"[113] novel, short story, drama, essay, translation, screenplay
2020 Louise Glück
(1943–2023)
 United States English 77 "for her unmistakable poetic voice that with austere beauty makes individual existence universal"[114] poetry, essay
2021 Abdulrazak Gurnah
(b. 1948)
 Tanzania
 United Kingdom
(born in the Sultanate of Zanzibar)
English 72 "for his uncompromising and compassionate penetration of the effects of colonialism and the fate of the refugee in the gulf between cultures and continents"[115] novel, short story, essay
2022 Annie Ernaux
(b. 1940)
 France French 82 "for the courage and clinical acuity with which she uncovers the roots, estrangements and collective restraints of personal memory"[116] memoir, novel
2023 Jon Fosse
(b. 1959)
 Norway Norwegian
(Nynorsk)
64 "for his innovative plays and prose which give voice to the unsayable"[117] drama, novel, poetry, essay

0 List of Economic Nobel laureates by Institution PhD (alma mater)

[edit]
Logo Institution Country Number of laureates
Harvard University  United States 13 (1970,1981,1987,2001,2002,2005,2007,2007,2011,2011,2019,2019,2020)
Paul Samuelson James Tobin Robert Solow Michael Spence Vernon L. Smith Thomas C. Schelling Roger Myerson Eric S. Maskin Thomas J. Sargent Christopher A. Sims Abhijit Banerjee Michael Kremer Robert B. Wilson
Massachusetts Institute of Technology  United States 13 (1980,1997,1999,2001,2001,2005,2008,2010,2013,2014,2018,2019,2022)
Lawrence Klein Robert C. Merton Robert Mundell Joseph Stiglitz George Akerlof Robert J. Aumann Paul Krugman Peter A. Diamond Robert J. Shiller Jean Tirole William Nordhaus Esther Duflo Ben Bernanke
University of Chicago  United States 10 (1978,1982,1986,1990,1992.1995,1997,2013,2018,2023)
Herbert A. Simon George Stigler James M. Buchanan Harry Markowitz Gary Becker Robert Lucas, Jr. Myron Scholes Eugene F. Fama Paul Romer Claudia Goldin
Princeton University  United States 6 (1994,2000,2012,2016,2021,2021)
John Forbes Nash James Heckman Lloyd S. Shapley Oliver Hart David Card Joshua Angrist
University of Cambridge  United Kingdom 5 (1977,1984,1996,1998,2015)
James Meade Richard Stone James Mirrlees Amartya Sen Angus Deaton
Stanford University  United States 4 (1994,2012,2016,2020)
Paul Milgrom Bengt Holmström Alvin E. Roth John Harsanyi
Columbia University  United States 4 (1971,1972,1976,1996)
William Vickrey Milton Friedman Kenneth Arrow Simon Kuznets
London School of Economics  United Kingdom 4 (1979,1992,2007,2010)
C.A. Pissarides L. Hurwicz R.Coase W.A. Lewis
Yale University  United States 3 (2006,2022,2022)
Edmund S. Phelps Douglas Diamond Philip H. Dybvig
University of California, Berkeley  United States 2 (1993, 2002)
Douglass North Daniel Kahneman
University of Minnesota  United States 2 (2000, 2013)
Daniel McFadden Lars Peter Hansen

Italic text

2List of pHYSICS Nobel laureates by Institution PhD (alma mater)

[edit]
Logo Institution Country Number of laureates
University of Cambridge  United Kingdom 14 (1904,1906,1915,1915,1917,1928,1933,1935,1937,1947,1948,1950,1951,1973,1977,1983,2016,2020)
C.A. Pissarides L. Hurwicz R.Coase W.A. Lewis C.A. Pissarides L. Hurwicz R.Coase W.A. Lewis C.A. Pissarides L. Hurwicz R.Coase W.A. Lewis C.A. Pissarides L. Hurwicz R.Coase W.A. Lewis M. Haldane R.Penrose
Harvard University  United States 11 (1946,1952,1975,1977,1977,1979,1981,1993,2004,2005,2012)
C.A. Pissarides L. Hurwicz R.Coase W.A. Lewis C.A. Pissarides L. Hurwicz R.Coase W.A. Lewis M. Haldane R.Penrose R.Penrose
University of Chicago  United States 10 (1939,1957,1957,1959,1968,1980,1988,1990,1998,2009)
C.A. Pissarides L. Hurwicz R.Coase W.A. Lewis C.A. Pissarides L. Hurwicz R.Coase W.A. Lewis Daniel Chee Tsui George E. Smith
Princeton University  United States 10 (1927,1937,1956,1961,1965,1972,1979,2004,2017,2019)
C.A. Pissarides L. Hurwicz John Bardeen W.A. Lewis L. Hurwicz John Bardeen W.A. Lewis L. Hurwicz John Bardeen J. Peebles
ETH Zurich  United States 7 (1901,1912,1920,1921,1952,1986,1987)
Wilhelm Röntgen Nils Gustaf Dalén Charles Édouard Guillaume Albert Einstein Felix Bloch Heinrich Rohrer Karl Alexander Müller
University of Paris  France 5 (1979,1992,2007,2010)
C.A. Pissarides L. Hurwicz R.Coase W.A. Lewis C.A. Pissarides C.A. Pissarides
Massachusetts Institute of Technology  United States 5 (1980,1997,1999,2001,2001,2005,2008,2010,2013,2014,2018,2019,2022)
Henry Way Kendall William Daniel Phillips Robert B. Laughlin Eric Allin Cornell Carl Edwin Wieman Robert J. Aumann Paul Krugman Peter A. Diamond Robert J. Shiller Jean Tirole William Nordhaus Esther Duflo Ben Bernanke
University of Leiden  Netherlands 3 (1993, 2002)
Douglass North Daniel Kahneman
Humboldt University of Berlin  Germany 3 (1907,1909,1954)
Albert Abraham Michelson Karl Ferdinand Braun Walther Bothe
University of Munich  Germany 3 (2000, 2013)
Daniel McFadden Lars Peter Hansen
Technical University of Berlin  Germany 3 (2000, 2013)
Daniel McFadden Lars Peter Hansen
Kyoto Imperial University  Japan 2 (1949,)
Shin'ichirō Tomonaga Hideki Yukawa
University of Geneva  Switzerland 2 (2000, 2013)
Daniel McFadden Lars Peter Hansen

Italic text

Laureates

[edit]
Year Image Laureate[A] Country[B] Rationale[C] PhD (or equivalent) alma mater Ref
1901 Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923)  German Empire "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him" ETH Zurich [118]
1902 Hendrik Lorentz (1853–1928)  Netherlands "in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena" University of Leiden [119]
Pieter Zeeman (1865–1943) University of Leiden
1903 Henri Becquerel (1852–1908)  France "for his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity" University of Paris [120]
Pierre Curie (1859–1906) "for their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel" University of Paris
Marie Curie (1867–1934) ESPCI Paris
1904 Lord Rayleigh (1842–1919)  United Kingdom "for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies" University of Cambridge [121]
1905 Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard (1862–1947)  German Empire "for his work on cathode rays" University of Heidelberg [122]
1906 Joseph John Thomson (1856–1940)  United Kingdom "for his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases" University of Cambridge [123]
1907 Albert Abraham Michelson (1852–1931)  United States "for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid" Humboldt University of Berlin [124]
1908 Gabriel Lippmann (1845–1921)  France "for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference" École Normale Supérieure [125]
1909 Guglielmo Marconi (1874–1937)  Kingdom of Italy "for their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy" University of Bologna [126]
Karl Ferdinand Braun (1850–1918)  German Empire Humboldt University of Berlin
1910 Johannes Diderik van der Waals (1837–1923)  Netherlands "for his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids" University of Leiden [127]
1911 Wilhelm Wien (1864–1928)  German Empire "for his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat" University of Berlin [128]
1912 Nils Gustaf Dalén (1869–1937)  Sweden "for his invention of automatic valves designed to be used in combination with gas accumulators in lighthouses and buoys" ETH Zurich [129]
1913 Heike Kamerlingh-Onnes (1853–1926)  Netherlands "for his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led, inter alia, to the production of liquid helium" University of Groningen [130]
1914 Max von Laue (1879–1960)  German Empire "For his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals", an important step in the development of X-ray spectroscopy. University of Berlin [131]
1915 William Henry Bragg (1862–1942)  United Kingdom "'For their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays', an important step in the development of X-ray crystallography" University of Cambridge [132]
William Lawrence Bragg (1890–1971)  United Kingdom University of Cambridge
1916 Not awarded due to World War I
1917 Charles Glover Barkla (1877–1944)  United Kingdom "'For his discovery of the characteristic Röntgen radiation of the elements', another important step in the development of X-ray spectroscopy" University of Cambridge [133]
1918 Max Planck (1858–1947)  German Empire "for the services he rendered to the advancement of physics by his discovery of energy quanta" University of Munich [134]
1919 Johannes Stark (1874–1957)  Germany "for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields" University of Munich [135]
1920 Charles Édouard Guillaume (1861–1938)   Switzerland "for the service he has rendered to precision measurements in physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel-steel alloys" ETH Zurich [136]
1921 Albert Einstein (1879–1955)  Germany
  Switzerland
"for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect" ETH Zurich [137]
1922 Niels Bohr (1885–1962)  Denmark "for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them" University of Copenhagen [138]
1923 Robert Andrews Millikan (1868–1953)  United States "for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect" Columbia University [139]
1924 Manne Siegbahn (1886–1978)  Sweden "for his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy" University of Stockholm [140]
1925 James Franck (1882–1964)  Germany "for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom" University of Berlin [141]
Gustav Hertz (1887–1975) Technical University of Berlin]]
1926 Jean Baptiste Perrin (1870–1942)  France "for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium" University of Berlin [142]
1927 Arthur Holly Compton (1892–1962)  United States "for his discovery of the effect named after him" Princeton University [143]
Charles Thomson Rees Wilson (1869–1959)  United Kingdom "for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour" Sidney Sussex College]] [143]
1928 Owen Willans Richardson (1879–1959)  United Kingdom "for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him" University of Cambridge [144]
1929 Louis Victor Pierre Raymond, 7th Duc de Broglie (1892–1987)  France "for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons" University of Paris [145]
1930 Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman (1888–1970)  India "for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him" University of Calcutta [146]
1931 Not awarded
1932 Werner Heisenberg (1901–1976)  Germany "for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen" University of Munich [147]
1933 Erwin Schrödinger (1887–1961)  Austria "for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory" University of Zürich [148]
Paul Dirac (1902–1984)  United Kingdom University of Cambridge
1934 Not awarded
1935 James Chadwick (1891–1974)  United Kingdom "for the discovery of the neutron" University of Cambridge [149]
1936 Victor Francis Hess (1883–1964)  Austria "for his discovery of cosmic radiation" University of Vienna [150]
Carl David Anderson (1905–1991)  United States "for his discovery of the positron" California Institute of Technology [150]
1937 Clinton Joseph Davisson (1881–1958)  United States "for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals" Princeton University [151]
George Paget Thomson (1892–1975)  United Kingdom University of Cambridge
1938 Enrico Fermi (1901–1954)  Kingdom of Italy "for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons" Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa [152]
1939 Ernest Lawrence (1901–1958)  United States "for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements" University of Chicago [153]
1940 Not awarded due to World War II
1941 Not awarded due to World War II
1942 Not awarded due to World War II
1943 Otto Stern (1888–1969)  United States "for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton" University of Frankfurt [154][155]
1944 Isidor Isaac Rabi (1898–1988)  United States "for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei" Columbia University [156]
1945 Wolfgang Pauli (1900–1958)  Austria "for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli principle" Ludwig-Maximilians University [157]
1946 Percy Williams Bridgman (1882–1961)  United States "for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he made there within the field of high pressure physics" Harvard University [158]
1947 Edward Victor Appleton (1892–1965)  United Kingdom "for his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the so-called Appleton layer" University of Cambridge [159]
1948 Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett (1897–1974)  United Kingdom University of Cambridge "for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method, and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation" [160]
1949 Hideki Yukawa (1907–1981)  Japan "for his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces" Kyoto Imperial University [161]
1950 Cecil Frank Powell (1903–1969)  United Kingdom "for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method" University of Cambridge [162]
1951 John Douglas Cockcroft (1897–1967)  United Kingdom "for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles" University of Cambridge [163]
Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton (1903–1995)  Ireland University of Dublin
1952 Felix Bloch (1905–1983)  United States "for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith" ETH Zürich [164]
Edward Mills Purcell (1912–1997) Harvard University
1953 Frits Zernike (1888–1966)  Netherlands "for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope" University of Amsterdam [165]
1954 Max Born (1882–1970)  West Germany "for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction" University of Göttingen [166]
Walther Bothe (1891–1957) "for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith" Humboldt University of Berlin [166]
1955 Willis Eugene Lamb (1913–2008)  United States "for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum" University of California, Berkeley [167]
Polykarp Kusch (1911–1993)  United States "for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron" University of Illinois [167]
1956 John Bardeen (1908–1991)  United States "for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect" Princeton University [168]
Walter Houser Brattain (1902–1987) University of Minnesota
William Bradford Shockley (1910–1989) Massachusetts Institute of Technology
1957 Tsung-Dao Lee (b. 1926)  Republic of China "for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles" University of Chicago [169]
Chen-Ning Yang (b. 1922) University of Chicago
1958 Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov (1904–1990)  Soviet Union "for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect" Voronezh State University [170]
Ilya Frank (1908–1990) Moscow State University
Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm (1895–1971) Moscow State University
1959 Emilio Gino Segrè (1905–1989)  United States "for their discovery of the antiproton" Sapienza University of Rome [171]
Owen Chamberlain (1920–2006) University of Chicago
1960 Donald Arthur Glaser (1926–2013)  United States "for the invention of the bubble chamber" California Institute of Technology [172]
1961 Robert Hofstadter (1915–1990)  United States "for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons" Princeton University [173]
Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer (1929–2011)  West Germany "for his researches concerning the resonance absorption of gamma radiation and his discovery in this connection of the effect which bears his name" Technical University of Munich [173]
1962 Lev Davidovich Landau (1908–1968)  Soviet Union "for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium" Leningrad Physico-Technical Institute [174]
1963 Eugene Paul Wigner (1902–1995)  United States "for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles" Technical University of Berlin [175]
Maria Goeppert-Mayer (1906–1972)  United States "for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure" University of Göttingen]] [175]
J. Hans D. Jensen (1907–1973)  West Germany University of Hamburg
1964 Nicolay Gennadiyevich Basov (1922–2001)  Soviet Union "for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maserlaser principle" Moscow Engineering Physics Institute [176]
Alexander Prokhorov (1916–2002) Moscow Engineering Physics Institute
Charles Hard Townes (1915–2015)  United States California Institute of Technology
1965 Richard Phillips Feynman (1918–1988)  United States "for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics (QED), with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles" Princeton University [177]
Julian Schwinger (1918–1994) Columbia University
Shin'ichirō Tomonaga (1906–1979)  Japan Kyoto Imperial University
1966 Alfred Kastler (1902–1984)  France "for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms" [[École Normale Supérieure, University of Paris [178]
1967 Hans Albrecht Bethe (1906–2005)  United States "for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars" University of Frankfurt [179]
1968 Luis Walter Alvarez (1911–1988)  United States "for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis" University of Chicago [180]
1969 Murray Gell-Mann (1929–2019)  United States "for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions" Massachusetts Institute of Technology [181]
1970 Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén (1908–1995)  Sweden "for fundamental work and discoveries in magneto-hydrodynamics with fruitful applications in different parts of plasma physics" University of Uppsala [182]
Louis Néel (1904–2000)  France "for fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism which have led to important applications in solid state physics" University of Paris [182]
1971 Dennis Gabor (1900–1979)  United Kingdom "for his invention and development of the holographic method" Technical University of Berlin [183]
1972 John Bardeen (1908–1991)  United States "for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory" Princeton University [184]
Leon Neil Cooper (b. 1930) Columbia University
John Robert Schrieffer (1931–2019) Massachusetts Institute of Technology
1973 Leo Esaki (b. 1925)  Japan "for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively" Tokyo Imperial University [185]
Ivar Giaever (b. 1929)  United States Norwegian University of Science and Technology
cmglee_Cambridge_Wikimedia_Meetup_23_tour_Brian_Josephson.jpg
Brian David Josephson (b. 1940)  United Kingdom "for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effect" University of Cambridge [185]
1974 Martin Ryle (1918–1984)  United Kingdom "for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars" University of Oxford [186]
Antony Hewish (1924–2021)
1975 Aage Bohr (1922–2009)  Denmark "for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection" University of Copenhagen [187]
Ben Roy Mottelson (1926–2022) Harvard University
Leo James Rainwater (1917–1986)  United States Columbia University
1976 Samuel Chao Chung Ting (b. 1936)  United States "for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind" University of Michigan [188]
Burton Richter (1931–2018) Stanford University
1977 Philip Warren Anderson (1923–2020)  United States "for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems" Harvard University [189]
Nevill Francis Mott (1905–1996)  United Kingdom University of Cambridge
John Hasbrouck Van Vleck (1899–1980)  United States Harvard University
1978 Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa (1894–1984)  Soviet Union "for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics" Moscow State University [190]
Arno Allan Penzias (b. 1933)  United States "for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation" Columbia University [190]
Robert Woodrow Wilson (b. 1936) California Institute of Technology
1979 Sheldon Glashow (b. 1932)  United States "for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current" Harvard University [191]
Abdus Salam (1926–1996)  Pakistan St. John's College
Steven Weinberg (1933–2021)  United States Princeton University
1980 James Watson Cronin (1931–2016)  United States "for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons" University of Chicago [192]
Val Logsdon Fitch (1923–2015) Columbia University
1981 Nicolaas Bloembergen (1920–2017)  United States "for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy" Harvard University [193]
Arthur Leonard Schawlow (1921–1999) Stanford University
Kai Manne Börje Siegbahn (1918–2007)  Sweden "for his contribution to the development of high-resolution electron spectroscopy" University of Stockholm [193]
1982 Kenneth G. Wilson (1936–2013)  United States "for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions" California Institute of Technology [194]
1983 Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (1910–1995) "for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars" Trinity College, Cambridge [195]
William Alfred Fowler (1911–1995)  United States "for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe" California Institute of Technology [195]
1984 Carlo Rubbia (b. 1934)  Italy "for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction" Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa [196]
Simon van der Meer (1925–2011)  Netherlands Delft University of Technology
1985 Klaus von Klitzing (b. 1943)  West Germany "for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect" University of Würzburg [197]
1986 Ernst Ruska (1906–1988)  West Germany "for his fundamental work in electron optics, and for the design of the first electron microscope" Technical University of Berlin [198]
Gerd Binnig (b. 1947)  West Germany "for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope" Goethe University Frankfurt [198]
Heinrich Rohrer (1933–2013)   Switzerland ETH Zurich
1987 Johannes Georg Bednorz (b. 1950)  West Germany "for their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials" University of Münster [199]
Karl Alexander Müller (1927–2023)   Switzerland ETH Zürich
1988 Leon Max Lederman (1922–2018)  United States "for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino" Columbia University [200]
Melvin Schwartz (1932–2006) Columbia University
Jack Steinberger (1921–2020) University of Chicago
1989 Norman Foster Ramsey (1915–2011)  United States "for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks" Columbia University [201]
Hans Georg Dehmelt (1922–2017) "for the development of the ion trap technique" University of Göttingen [201]
Wolfgang Paul (1913–1993)  West Germany Technical University of Munich
1990 Jerome I. Friedman (b. 1930)  United States "for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics" University of Chicago [202]
Henry Way Kendall (1926–1999) MIT
Richard E. Taylor (1929–2018)  Canada Stanford University
1991 Pierre-Gilles de Gennes (1932–2007)  France "for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers" École Normale Supérieure [203]
1992 Georges Charpak (1924–2010)  France "for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber" École des Mines [204]
1993 Russell Alan Hulse (b. 1950)  United States "for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation" Cornell University [205]
Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr. (b. 1941) Harvard University
1994 Bertram Brockhouse (1918–2003)  Canada "for the development of neutron spectroscopy" and "for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter" University of Toronto [206]
Clifford Glenwood Shull (1915–2001)  United States "for the development of the neutron diffraction technique" and "for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter" New York University [206]
1995 Martin Lewis Perl (1927–2014)  United States "for the discovery of the tau lepton" and "for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics" Columbia University [207]
Frederick Reines (1918–1998) "for the detection of the neutrino" and "for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics" New York University [207]
1996 David Morris Lee (b. 1931)  United States "for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3" Yale University [208]
Douglas D. Osheroff (b. 1945) Cornell University
Robert Coleman Richardson (1937–2013) Duke University
1997 Steven Chu (b. 1948)  United States "for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light." University of California, Berkeley [209]
Claude Cohen-Tannoudji (b. 1933)  France École normale supérieure
William Daniel Phillips (b. 1948)  United States MIT
1998 Robert B. Laughlin (b. 1950)  United States "for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations" MIT [210]
Horst Ludwig Störmer (b. 1949)  Germany Goethe University Frankfurt
Daniel Chee Tsui (b. 1939)  United States University of Chicago
1999 Gerard 't Hooft (b. 1946)  Netherlands "for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics" Utrecht University [211]
Martinus J. G. Veltman (1931–2021) Utrecht University
2000 Zhores Ivanovich Alferov (1930–2019)  Russia "for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and optoelectronics" Saint Petersburg State Electrotechnical University [212]
Herbert Kroemer (b. 1928)  Germany University of Göttingen
Jack St. Clair Kilby (1923–2005)  United States "for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit" University of Wisconsin–Madison [212]
2001 Eric Allin Cornell (b. 1961)  United States "for the achievement of Bose–Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates" MIT [213]
Carl Edwin Wieman (b. 1951) MIT
Wolfgang Ketterle (b. 1957)  Germany Heidelberg University
2002 Raymond Davis Jr. (1914–2006)  United States "for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos" Yale University [214]
Masatoshi Koshiba (1926–2020)  Japan University of Tokyo
Riccardo Giacconi (1931–2018)  United States "for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources" University of Milan [214]
2003 Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov (1928–2017)  Russia
 United States
"for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids" Moscow State University [215]
Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg (1916–2009)  Russia Moscow State University
Anthony James Leggett (b. 1938)  United Kingdom
 United States
[University of Oxford]]
2004 David J. Gross (b. 1941)  United States "for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction" Hebrew University of Jerusalem [216]
Hugh David Politzer (b. 1949) Harvard University
Frank Wilczek (b. 1951) Princeton University
2005 Roy J. Glauber (1925–2018)  United States "for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence" Harvard University [217]
John L. Hall (b. 1934) "for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique" Carnegie Institute of Technology [217]
Theodor W. Hänsch (b. 1941)  Germany University of Heidelberg
2006 John C. Mather (b. 1946)  United States "for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation" University of California, Berkeley [218]
George F. Smoot (b. 1945) Massachusetts Institute of Technology
2007 Albert Fert (b. 1938)  France "for the discovery of giant magnetoresistance" École normale supérieure [219]
Peter Grünberg (1939–2018)  Germany Technische Universität Darmstadt
2008 Makoto Kobayashi (b. 1944)  Japan "for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature" Nagoya University [220]
Toshihide Maskawa (1940–2021) Nagoya University
Yoichiro Nambu (1921–2015)  United States "for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics" Tokyo Imperial University [220]
2009 Charles K. Kao (1933–2018)  Hong Kong
 United Kingdom
"for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication" University of London [221]
Willard S. Boyle (1924–2011)  United States "for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit – the CCD sensor" McGill University [221]
George E. Smith (b. 1930) University of Chicago
2010 Andre Geim (b. 1958)  United Kingdom "for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene" Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology [222]
Konstantin Novoselov (b. 1974) Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology
2011 Saul Perlmutter (b. 1959)  United States "for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae" University of California, Berkeley [223]
Brian P. Schmidt (b. 1967)  Australia Australian National University
Adam G. Riess (b. 1969)  United States Massachusetts Institute of Technology
2012 Serge Haroche (b. 1944)  France "for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems." École normale supérieure [224]
David J. Wineland (b. 1944)  United States Harvard University
2013 François Englert (b. 1932)  Belgium "for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider" Free University of Brussels [225]
Peter Higgs (b. 1929)  United Kingdom University of London
2014 Isamu Akasaki (1929–2021)  Japan "for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources" Nagoya University [226]
Hiroshi Amano (b. 1960) Nagoya University
Shuji Nakamura (b. 1954)  Japan  United States University of Tokushima
2015 Takaaki Kajita (b. 1959)  Japan "for the discovery of neutrino oscillations, which shows that neutrinos have mass" University of Tokyo [227]
Arthur B. McDonald (b. 1943)  Canada California Institute of Technology
2016 David J. Thouless (1934–2019)  United Kingdom "for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter" Cornell University [228]
F. Duncan M. Haldane (b. 1951)  United Kingdom University of Cambridge
John M. Kosterlitz (b. 1943)  United States University of Oxford
2017 Rainer Weiss (b. 1932)  United States "for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves" Massachusetts Institute of Technology [229]
Kip Thorne (b. 1940)  United States Princeton University
Barry Barish (b. 1936) University of California, Berkeley
2018 Arthur Ashkin (1922–2020)  United States "for groundbreaking inventions in the field of laser physics", in particular "for the optical tweezers and their application to biological systems" Cornell University [230]
Gérard Mourou (b. 1944)  France "for groundbreaking inventions in the field of laser physics", in particular "for their method of generating high-intensity, ultra-short optical pulses" Pierre and Marie Curie University
Donna Strickland (b. 1959)  Canada University of Rochester
2019 James Peebles (b. 1935)  United States "for theoretical discoveries in physical cosmology" Princeton University [231]
Michel Mayor (b. 1942)   Switzerland "for the discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star" University of Geneva
Didier Queloz (b. 1966)   Switzerland United Kingdom University of Geneva
2020 Roger Penrose (b. 1931)  United Kingdom "for the discovery that black hole formation is a robust prediction of the general theory of relativity" St John's College, Cambridge [232]
Reinhard Genzel (b. 1952)  Germany "for the discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of our galaxy" University of Bonn
Andrea Ghez (b. 1965)  United States California Institute of Technology
2021 Syukuro Manabe (b. 1931)  United States[233] "for the physical modelling of Earth's climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming" University of Tokyo [234]
Klaus Hasselmann (b. 1931)  Germany University of Göttingen
Giorgio Parisi (b. 1948)  Italy "for the discovery of the interplay of disorder and fluctuations in physical systems from atomic to planetary scales" Sapienza University
2022 Alain Aspect (b. 1947)  France "for experiments with entangled photons, establishing the violation of Bell inequalities and pioneering quantum information science" Université d'Orsay [235]
John Clauser (b. 1942)  United States Columbia University
Anton Zeilinger (b. 1945)  Austria University of Vienna
2023 Anne L'Huillier (b. 1958)  Sweden "for experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter" Pierre and Marie Curie University [236][237]
Ferenc Krausz (b. 1962)  Germany Vienna University of Technology
Pierre Agostini (b. 1941)  France Aix-Marseille University

Number of Nobel laureates in Physics by country

[edit]
Country Number of Nobel laureates
 United States 64
 European Union 100
 Germany 33
 United Kingdom 30
 Japan 11
 France 10
 Russia 10
 Sweden 6
 Switzerland 5
 Canada 4
 Italy 4
 Netherlands 3
 Hungary 3
 Republic of China 2
 Denmark 1
 China 1
 Austria 1
 Australia 1
 Norway 1
 Poland 1
 Ireland 1
 Pakistan 1
 Belgium 1
 India 1

Laureates

[edit]
Year Image Laureate[A] Country[B] Rationale[C] Ref
1901 Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff (1852–1911)  Netherlands "[for his] discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions" [238]
1902 Hermann Emil Fischer (1852–1919)  Germany "[for] his work on sugar and purine syntheses" [239]
1903 Svante August Arrhenius (1859–1927)  Sweden "[for] his electrolytic theory of dissociation" [240]
1904 Sir William Ramsay (1852–1916)  United Kingdom "[for his] discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air, and his determination of their place in the periodic system" [241]
1905 Adolf von Baeyer (1835–1917)  Germany "[for] the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds" [242]
1906 Henri Moissan (1852–1907)  France "[for his] investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for [the] electric furnace called after him" [243]
1907 Eduard Buchner (1860–1917)  Germany "for his biochemical researches and his discovery of cell-free fermentation" [244]
1908 Ernest Rutherford (1871–1937)  United Kingdom
 New Zealand
"for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances" [245]
1909 Wilhelm Ostwald (1853–1932)  Germany "[for] his work on catalysis and for his investigations into the fundamental principles governing chemical equilibria and rates of reaction" [246]
1910 Otto Wallach (1847–1931)  Germany "[for] his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds" [247]
1911 Marie Curie, née Skłodowska (1867–1934) Poland
( Russian Empire)
 France
"[for] the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element" [248]
1912 Victor Grignard (1871–1935)  France "for the discovery of the [...] Grignard reagent" [249]
Paul Sabatier (1854–1941)  France "for his method of hydrogenating organic compounds in the presence of finely disintegrated metals" [249]
1913 Alfred Werner (1866–1919)   Switzerland "[for] his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules [...] especially in inorganic chemistry" [250]
1914 Theodore William Richards (1868–1928)  United States "[for] his accurate determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of chemical elements" [131]
1915 Richard Martin Willstätter (1872–1942)  Germany "for his researches on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll" [251]
1916 Not awarded
1917
1918 Fritz Haber (1868–1934)  Germany "for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements" [134]
1919 Not awarded
1920 Walther Hermann Nernst (1864–1941)  Germany "[for] his work in thermochemistry" [252]
1921 Frederick Soddy (1877–1956)  United Kingdom "for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes" [137]
1922 Francis William Aston (1877–1945)  United Kingdom "for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the whole-number rule" [253]
1923 Fritz Pregl (1869–1930)  Austria
 Kingdom of Yugoslavia
"for his invention of the method of micro-analysis of organic substances" [254]
1924 Not awarded
1925 Richard Adolf Zsigmondy (1865–1929)  Germany
 Hungary
"for his demonstration of the heterogeneous nature of colloid solutions and for the methods he used" [141]
1926 The (Theodor) Svedberg (1884–1971)  Sweden "for his work on disperse systems" [255]
1927 Heinrich Otto Wieland (1877–1957)  Germany "for his investigations of the constitution of the bile acids and related substances" [143]
1928 Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus (1876–1959)  Germany "[for] his research into the constitution of the sterols and their connection with the vitamins" [256]
1929 Arthur Harden (1865–1940)  United Kingdom "for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes" [257]
Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin (1873–1964)  Sweden
 Germany
1930 Hans Fischer (1881–1945)  Germany "for his researches into the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin" [258]
1931 Carl Bosch (1874–1940)  Germany "[for] their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods" [259]
Friedrich Bergius (1884–1949)  Germany
1932 Irving Langmuir (1881–1957)  United States "for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry" [260]
1933 Not awarded
1934 Harold Clayton Urey (1893–1981)  United States "for his discovery of heavy hydrogen" [261]
1935 Frédéric Joliot (1900–1958)  France "[for] their synthesis of new radioactive elements" [262]
Irène Joliot-Curie (1897–1956)  France
1936 Peter Debye (1884–1966)  Netherlands "[for his work on] molecular structure through his investigations on dipole moments and the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases" [263]
1937 Walter Norman Haworth (1883–1950)  United Kingdom "for his investigations on carbohydrates and vitamin C" [264]
Paul Karrer (1889–1971)   Switzerland "for his investigations on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B2"
1938 Richard Kuhn (1900–1967)  Germany "for his work on carotenoids and vitamins" [265]
1939 Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt (1903–1995)  Germany "for his work on sex hormones" [266]
Leopold Ružička (1887–1976)  Kingdom of Yugoslavia
  Switzerland
"for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes" [266]
1940 Not awarded
1941
1942
1943 George de Hevesy (1885–1966)  Hungary "for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes" [154]
1944 Otto Hahn (1879–1968)  Germany "for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei" [267]
1945 Artturi Ilmari Virtanen (1895–1973)  Finland "for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method" [268]
1946 James Batcheller Sumner (1887–1955)  United States "for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized" [269]
John Howard Northrop (1891–1987)  United States "for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form" [269]
Wendell Meredith Stanley (1904–1971)  United States
1947 Sir Robert Robinson (1886–1975)  United Kingdom "for his investigations on plant products of biological importance, especially the alkaloids" [270]
1948 Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius (1902–1971)  Sweden "for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis, especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of the serum proteins" [271]
1949 William Francis Giauque (1895–1982)  United States "for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures" [272]
1950 Otto Paul Hermann Diels (1876–1954)  West Germany "for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis" [273]
Kurt Alder (1902–1958)  West Germany
1951 Edwin Mattison McMillan (1907–1991)  United States "for their discoveries in the chemistry of transuranium elements" [274]
Glenn Theodore Seaborg (1912–1999)  United States
1952 Archer John Porter Martin (1910–2002)  United Kingdom "for their invention of partition chromatography" [275]
Richard Laurence Millington Synge (1914–1994)  United Kingdom
1953 Hermann Staudinger (1881–1965)  West Germany "for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry" [276]
1954 Linus Pauling (1901–1994)  United States "for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances" [277]
1955 Vincent du Vigneaud (1901–1978)  United States "for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone" [278]
1956 Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood (1897–1967)  United Kingdom "for their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions" [279]
Nikolay Nikolaevich Semenov (1896–1986)  Soviet Union
1957 Lord (Alexander R.) Todd (1907–1997)  United Kingdom "for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes" [280]
1958 Frederick Sanger (1918–2013)  United Kingdom "for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin" [281]
1959 Jaroslav Heyrovský (1890–1967)  Czechoslovakia "for his discovery and development of the polarographic methods of analysis" [282]
1960 Willard Frank Libby (1908–1980)  United States "for his method to use carbon-14 for age determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science" [283]
1961 Melvin Calvin (1911–1997)  United States "for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants" [284]
1962 Max Ferdinand Perutz (1914–2002)  United Kingdom "for their studies of the structures of globular proteins" [285]
John Cowdery Kendrew (1917–1997)  United Kingdom
1963 Karl Ziegler (1898–1973)  West Germany "for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers" [286]
Giulio Natta (1903–1979)  Italy
1964 Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin (1910–1994)  United Kingdom "for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances" [287]
1965 Robert Burns Woodward (1917–1979)  United States "for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis" [288]
1966 Robert S. Mulliken (1896–1986)  United States "for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method" [289]
1967 Manfred Eigen (1927–2019)  West Germany "for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy" [290]
Ronald George Wreyford Norrish (1897–1978)  United Kingdom
George Porter (1920–2002)  United Kingdom
1968 Lars Onsager (1903–1976)  United States
 Norway
"for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes" [291]
1969 Derek H. R. Barton (1918–1998)  United Kingdom "for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry" [292]
Odd Hassel (1897–1981)  Norway
1970 Luis F. Leloir (1906–1987)  Argentina "for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates" [293]
1971 Gerhard Herzberg (1904–1999)  Canada
 West Germany
"for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals" [294]
1972 Christian B. Anfinsen (1916–1995)  United States "for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation" [295]
Stanford Moore (1913–1982)  United States "for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule" [295]
William H. Stein (1911–1980)  United States
1973 Ernst Otto Fischer (1918–2007)  West Germany "for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds" [296]
Geoffrey Wilkinson (1921–1996)  United Kingdom
1974 Paul J. Flory (1910–1985)  United States "for his fundamental work, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of macromolecules" [297]
1975 John Warcup Cornforth (1917–2013)  Australia
 United Kingdom
"for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions" [298]
Vladimir Prelog (1906–1998)  Yugoslavia
  Switzerland
"for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions" [298]
1976 William N. Lipscomb (1919–2011)  United States "for his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding" [299]
1977 Ilya Prigogine (1917–2003)  Belgium "for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures" [300]
1978 Peter D. Mitchell (1920–1992)  United Kingdom "for his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the chemiosmotic theory" [301]
1979 Herbert C. Brown (1912–2004)  United States "for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis" [302]
Georg Wittig (1897–1987)  West Germany
1980 Paul Berg (1926–2023)  United States "for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA" [303]
Walter Gilbert Walter Gilbert (b. 1932)  United States "for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids" [303]
Frederick Sanger Frederick Sanger (1918–2013)  United Kingdom
1981 Kenichi Fukui (1918–1998)  Japan "for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions" [304]
Roald Hoffmann (b. 1937)  United States
 Poland
1982 Aaron Klug (1926–2018)  United Kingdom "for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes" [305]
1983 Henry Taube (1915–2005)  United States "for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes" [306]
1984 Robert Bruce Merrifield (1921–2006)  United States "for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix" [307]
1985 Herbert A. Hauptman (1917–2011)  United States "for their outstanding achievements in developing direct methods for the determination of crystal structures" [308]
Jerome Karle (1918–2013)  United States
1986 Dudley R. Herschbach Dudley R. Herschbach (b. 1932)  United States "for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes" [309]
Dudley R. Herschbach Yuan T. Lee (b. 1936)  United States
 Republic of China
John C. Polanyi (b. 1929)  Canada
 Hungary
1987 Donald J. Cram (1919–2001)  United States "for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity" [310]
Jean-Marie Lehn (b. 1939)  France
Charles J. Pedersen (1904–1989)  United States
1988 Johann Deisenhofer (b. 1943)  West Germany "for their determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre" [311]
Robert Huber Robert Huber (b. 1937)  West Germany
Hartmut Michel (b. 1948)  West Germany
1989 Sidney Altman (1939–2022)  Canada
 United States
"for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA" [312]
Thomas R. Cech Thomas Cech (b. 1947)  United States
1990 Elias James Corey (b. 1928)  United States "for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis" [313]
1991 Richard R. Ernst Richard R. Ernst (1933–2021)   Switzerland "for his contributions to the development of the methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy" [314]
1992 Rudolph A. Marcus (b. 1923)  United States
 Canada
"for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems" [315]
1993 Kary B. Mullis (1944–2019)  United States "for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry [...] for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method" [316]
Michael Smith (1932–2000)  Canada "for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry [...] for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies" [316]
1994 George A. Olah (1927–2017)  United States
 Hungary
"for his contribution to carbocation chemistry" [317]
1995 Paul J. Crutzen (1933–2021)  Netherlands "for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone" [318]
Mario J. Molina (1943–2020)  Mexico
Frank Sherwood Rowland (1927–2012)  United States
1996 Robert F. Curl Jr. (1933–2022)  United States "for their discovery of fullerenes" [319]
Sir Harold W. Kroto (1939–2016)  United Kingdom
Richard E. Smalley (1943–2005)  United States
1997 Paul D. Boyer (1918–2018)  United States "for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)" [320]
John E. Walker (b. 1941)  United Kingdom
Jens C. Skou (1918–2018)  Denmark "for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+ -ATPase" [320]
1998 Walter Kohn Walter Kohn (1923–2016)  United States "for his development of the density-functional theory" [321]
John Anthony Pople John A. Pople (1925–2004)  United Kingdom "for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry" [321]
1999 Ahmed Zewail (1946–2016)  United States
 Egypt
"for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy" [322]
2000 Alan J. Heeger (b. 1936)  United States "for their discovery and development of conductive polymers" [323]
Alan G. MacDiarmid (1927–2007)  United States
 New Zealand
Hideki Shirakawa (b. 1936)  Japan
2001 William S. Knowles (1917–2012)  United States "for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions" [324]
Ryōji Noyori Ryōji Noyori (b. 1938)  Japan
Barry Sharpless K. Barry Sharpless (b. 1941)  United States "for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions" [324]
2002 John B. Fenn John B. Fenn (1917–2010)  United States "for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules [...] for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules" [325]
Koichi Tanaka (b. 1959)  Japan
Kurt Wüthrich Kurt Wüthrich (b. 1938)   Switzerland "for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules [...] for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution" [325]
2003 Peter Agre (b. 1949)  United States "for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes [...] for the discovery of water channels" [326]
Roderick MacKinnon Roderick MacKinnon (b. 1956)  United States "for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes [...] for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels" [326]
2004 Aaron Ciechanover (b. 1947)  Israel "for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation" [327]
Avram Hershko (b. 1937)  Israel
Irwin Rose (1926–2015)  United States
2005 Yves Chauvin (1930–2015)  France "for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis" [328]
Robert Grubbs Robert H. Grubbs (1942–2021)  United States
Richard R. Schrock (b. 1945)  United States
2006 Roger D. Kornberg (b. 1947)  United States "for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription" [329]
2007 Gerhard Ertl (b. 1936)  Germany "for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces" [330]
2008 Osamu Shimomura (1928–2018)  Japan[331] "for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP" [332]
Martin Chalfie (b. 1947)  United States
Roger Y. Tsien (1952–2016)  United States
2009 Venkatraman Ramakrishnan (b. 1952)  United States
 India
 United Kingdom
"for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome" [333]
Thomas A. Steitz (1940–2018)  United States
Ada E. Yonath (b. 1939)  Israel
2010 Richard F. Heck (1931–2015)  United States "for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis" [334]
Ei-ichi Negishi (1935–2021)  Japan
Akira Suzuki (b. 1930)  Japan
2011 Dan Shechtman (b. 1941)  Israel
 United States
"for the discovery of quasicrystals" [335]
2012 Robert Lefkowitz (b. 1943)  United States "for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors" [224]
Brian Kobilka (b. 1955)  United States
2013 Martin Karplus (b. 1930)  United States
 Austria
"for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems" [336]
Michael Levitt (b. 1947)  United States
 United Kingdom
 Israel[337]
Arieh Warshel (b. 1940)  United States
 Israel
2014 Eric Betzig (b. 1960)  United States "for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy" [338]
Stefan W. Hell (b. 1962)  Germany
 Romania[339]
William E. Moerner (b. 1953)  United States
2015 Tomas Lindahl (b. 1938)  Sweden
 United Kingdom
"for mechanistic studies of DNA repair" [340]
Paul L. Modrich (b. 1946)  United States
Aziz Sancar (b. 1946)  United States
 Turkey
2016 Jean-Pierre Sauvage (b. 1944)  France "for the design and synthesis of molecular machines" [341]
Fraser Stoddart (b. 1942)  United Kingdom
 United States
Ben Feringa (b. 1951)  Netherlands
2017 Jacques Dubochet (b. 1942)   Switzerland "for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution" [342]
Joachim Frank (b. 1940)  Germany
 United States[343]
Richard Henderson (b. 1945)  United Kingdom
2018 Frances Arnold (b. 1956)  United States "for the directed evolution of enzymes" [344]
George Smith (b. 1941)  United States "for the phage display of peptides and antibodies"
Sir Gregory Winter (b. 1951)  United Kingdom
2019 John B. Goodenough (1922–2023)  United States "for the development of lithium ion batteries" [345]
M. Stanley Whittingham (b. 1941)  United Kingdom
 United States
Akira Yoshino (b. 1948)  Japan
2020 Emmanuelle Charpentier (b. 1968)  France
"for the development of a method for genome editing" [346]
Jennifer Doudna (b. 1964)  United States
2021 Benjamin List (b. 1968)  Germany
"for the development of asymmetric organocatalysis" [347]
David W.C. MacMillan (b. 1968)  United Kingdom
 United States
2022 Carolyn Bertozzi (b. 1966)  United States
"for the development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry" [348]
Morten Meldal (b. 1954)  Denmark
K. Barry Sharpless (b. 1941)  United States
2023 Moungi G. Bawendi (b. 1961)  United States "for the discovery and synthesis of quantum dots" [349]
Louis E. Brus (b. 1943)  United States
Alexey Ekimov (b. 1945)  Russia

1

[edit]
Country/
region
Agency Logo Website Budget
(in millions of US $)
Reference Foundation
 United States  United States  United States  United States  United States  United States  United States  United States  United States  United States  United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA 22,629 [350][351] 1958

2

[edit]
Country/
region
Agency Logo Website Budget
(in millions of US $)
Reference Foundation
National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA 22,629 [352][351] 1958
 China China National Space Administration [7] 11,000 [353] 22 April 1993
European Space Agency [8] 7,430 [354] 30 May 1975
 Germany German Aerospace Center [9] 4,233 [355] 1969
 Russia Russian Federal Space Agency [10] 3,272 [356] 1931
 France French Space Agency CNES 3,024 [357] 19 December 1961
 India Indian Space Research Organisation [11] 1,900 [358] 2020
 Italy Italian Space Agency [12] 1,800 [359] 2016
 Japan Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency [13] 1,699 [360] 2017
 South Korea Korea Aerospace Research Institute [14] 583 [361] 2016
 United Kingdom UK Space Agency [15] 500 [362] 2017
 Iran Iranian Space Agency and Iranian Space Research Center [16] 393 [363] 2018-19
 Algeria Algerian Space Agency [17] 360 2015
 Canada Canadian Space Agency [18] 246 [364] 2018
 Belgium Interfederal Space Agency of Belgium [19] 224 [365] 2018
 Spain Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial [20] 211 [366] 2018
 Switzerland Swiss Space Office [21] 177 [354] 2019
 Netherlands Netherlands Space Office [22] 110 [367]
 Sweden Swedish National Space Agency [23] 100 [368] 2011
 Norway Norwegian Space Agency [24] 97 [369] 2014
 Ukraine State Space Agency of Ukraine [25] 80 [370]
 Austria Austrian Space Agency [26] 75 [371] 2018
 Poland Polish Space Agency [27] 61.5 [ref] 2019-2021
 Israel Israel Space Agency [28] 14.5 [372] 2019
 Brazil Brazilian Space Agency AEB 47 [373] 2018
 Argentina Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales CONAE 45 [374] 2019
 Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission SUPARCO 45 [375][376] 2018-19
 Philippines Philippine Space Agency [29] 38 [377] 2019
 Nigeria National Space Research and Development Agency [30] 32.3 [378] 2019
 South Africa South African National Space Agency SANSA 11.8 [379] 2014-15
 Mexico Mexican Space Agency AEM 8.34 [380]
 Australia Australian Space Agency ASA 32 [381][382] 2019
 Turkey Turkish Space Agency [31] 4.3 [383] 2018
  World All space agencies (Total of listed budgets) About 60,482

This is a list of major stock exchanges. Those futures exchanges that also offer trading in securities besides trading in futures contracts are listed both here and in the list of futures exchanges.

There are sixteen stock exchanges in the world that have a market capitalization of over US$1 trillion each. They are sometimes referred to as the "$1 Trillion Club". These exchanges accounted for 87% of global market capitalization in 2015.[384] Some exchanges do include companies from outside the country where the exchange is located.

Major stock exchanges

[edit]

Major stock exchange groups (the current top 25 by market capitalization) of issued shares of listed companies.[385][dead link][386]

Rank Year Stock exchange Short name Region Market place Market cap
(USD bn)
Monthly trade volume
(USD bn)
Time zone Δ DST Open
(local)
Close
(local)
Lunch
(local)
Open
(UTC)
Close
(UTC)
1 2019 New York Stock Exchange NYSE  United States [32] 22,923 1,452 EST/EDT −5 Mar–Nov 09:30 16:00 No 14:30 21:00
2 2019 Nasdaq NASDAQ  United States [33] 10,857 1,262 EST/EDT −5 Mar–Nov 09:30 16:00 No 14:30 21:00
3 2019 Japan Exchange Group JPX  Japan [34] 5,679 481 JST +9 09:00 15:00 11:30–12:30 00:00 06:00
4 2019 London Stock Exchange LSE  United Kingdom [35] 4,590 219 GMT/BST +0 Mar–Oct 08:00 16:30 No 08:00 16:30
5 2019 Shanghai Stock Exchange SSE  China [36] 4,026 536 CST +8 09:30 15:00 11:30–13:00 01:30 07:00
6 2019 Hong Kong Stock Exchange SEHK  Hong Kong [37] 3,936 182 HKT +8 09:30 *16:00/16:08-16:10 12:00–13:00 01:30 *08:00/08:08-08:10
7 2019 Euronext  European Union/EEA [38] 3,927 174 CET/CEST +1 Mar–Oct 09:00 17:30 No 08:00 16:30
8 2019 Shenzhen Stock Exchange SZSE  China [39] 2,504 763 CST +8 09:30 15:00 11:30–13:00 01:30 07:00
9 2019 TMX Group TSX  Canada [40] 2,095 97 EST/EDT −5 Mar–Nov 09:30 16:00 No 14:30 21:00
10 2019 Bombay Stock Exchange BSE  India [41] 2,056 210 IST +5.30 09:15 15:30 No 03:45 10:00
11 2019 National Stock Exchange NSE  India [42] 2,030 196 IST +5.30 09:15 15:30 No 03:45 10:00
12 2019 Australian Securities Exchange ASX  Australia [43] 1,328 AEST/AEDT +10 Oct–Apr 10:00 16:00 No 00:00 06:00
13 2019 Deutsche Börse  Germany [44] 1,864 140 CET/CEST +1 Mar–Oct 08:00 (Eurex)
08:00 (floor)
09:00 (Xetra)
22:00 (Eurex)
20:00 (floor)
17:30 (Xetra)
No 07:00 21:00
14 2019 SIX Swiss Exchange   Switzerland [45] 1,523 77 CET/CEST +1 Mar–Oct 09:00 17:30 No 08:00 16:30
15 2019 Korea Exchange KRX  South Korea [46] 1,463 277 KST +9 09:00 15:30 No 00:00 06:30
16 2019 Nasdaq Nordic Exchanges 1,372 72
2019 Copenhagen Stock Exchange formerly CSE  Denmark [47] CET//CEST +1 Mar–Oct 09:00 17:00 No 8:00 16:00
2019 Stockholm Stock Exchange  Sweden

|| [48] || CET/CEST

+1 Mar–Oct 09:00 17:30 No 8:00 16:30
2019 Helsinki Stock Exchange formerly OMXH  Finland

|| [49] || EET/EEST

+2 Mar–Oct 10:00 18:30 No 8:00 16:30
2019 Tallinn Stock Exchange  Estonia [50] EET/EEST +2 Mar–Oct 10:00 16:00 No 8:00 14:00
2019 Riga Stock Exchange  Latvia [51] EET/EEST +2 Mar–Oct 10:00 16:00 No 8:00 14:00
2019 Vilnius Stock Exchange VSE  Lithuania [52] EET/EEST +2 Mar–Oct 10:00 16:00 No 8:00 14:00
2019 Iceland Stock Exchange ICEX  Iceland [53] GMT +0 09:30 15:30 No 9:30 15:30
2019 Armenia Securities Exchange AMX  Armenia [54] AMT +4 10:00 15:00 No 7:00 11:00
17 2019 Taiwan Stock Exchange TWSE  Taiwan [55] 966 75 NST (Taiwan) +8 09:00 13:30 No 01:00 05:30
18 2019 B3  Brazil [56] 938 62 BRT/BRST −3 Oct–Feb 09:00 18:00 No 12:00 21:00
19 2019 JSE  South Africa [57] 894 29 SAST +2 09:00 17:00 No 07:00 15:00
20 2019 Bolsas y Mercados Españoles BME  Spain [58] 764 36

CET/CEST

+1 Mar–Oct 9:00 17:30 No 8:00 16:30
21 2018 Singapore Exchange SGX  Singapore [59] 787
22 2018 Moscow Exchange MISX /

MOEX

 Russia [60] 619
23 2018 Stock Exchange of Thailand SET  Thailand [61] 549
24 2018 Indonesia Stock Exchange IDX  Indonesia [62] 521
25 2018 Bursa Malaysia  Malaysia [63] 456
  • Note: "Δ" to UTC, as well as "Open (UTC)" and "Close (UTC)" columns contain valid data only for standard time in a given time zone. During daylight saving time period, the UTC times will be one hour less and Δs one hour more.
    • Applicable for non-closing auction session shares only.

Commodity exchanges

[edit]

See full article: List of commodities exchanges

OBRAS UNIVERSALES

[edit]

https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Le_Paradis_perdu/Livre_I https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Iliade/Rhapsodie_I https://es.wikisource.org/wiki/La_Odisea_(Antonio_de_Gironella) https://es.wikisource.org/wiki/La_Il%C3%ADada_(Luis_Segal%C3%A1_y_Estalella)/Canto_I

Africa

[edit]

Americas

[edit]

Asia

[edit]

Europe

[edit]

Oceania

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
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  12. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1912". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2008-10-11. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  13. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1913". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2008-10-15. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  14. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1915". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2008-10-11. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
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  30. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1931". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2008-10-11. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
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  33. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1934". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2008-10-11. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  34. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1936". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2008-10-11. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
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  38. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1944". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2008-10-21. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
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