User:Artem.G/sandbox7

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First edition, 1922

Ulysses, published in 1922, was translated into multiple languages, and was called to be one of the hardest books to translate.[1]


[2] [3]

P19 "The text of Ulysses is inherently multilingual: English is both defamiliarized and foreignized through the introduction of a wealth of foreign terms and idioms, its diachronic and synchronic expanse navigated."

27 "of linguistic substandards (the “fearful jumble” of dialectal versions, cant, and pidgins")"[4]

Bibliography2008[5]

Eastern Europe[6]

The language of the Ulysses[edit]

Portrait, 1934

[7] [8]

[9]

I do not believe that a truly adequate translation is possible. And I fail to understand why writers and critics — and the reading public, too — argue so much about the idea of an absolutely faithful translation. Both the poet and the translator are very much aware of this fact: translators can strive to come as close to the original as possible' but they never can or will achieve complete identity in their translations. - "On Translating Joyce's Ulysses", Zlatko Gorjan, 1971

[10]

Joyce used non-normative language, with Hiberno English,[11][12] Yiddish, and even Hebrew words and phrases.[13]

One of the most convoluted chapters of the book is “Oxen of the Sun”:[14]

One of the most notoriously untranslatable parts of Ulysses is the “Oxen” Coda that Joyce himself described as a “frightful jumble of Pidgin English, nigger English, Cockney, Irish, Bowery slang and broken doggerel” (Letters I 140). This poly-cacophony relies on a continuous switching of dialects, codes, substandards and pidgins, often within the same phrase; the sources of the entries in the Oxen Notesheet 17, identified by Chrissie van Mierlo, range from a 1902 edition of a dictionary of London cant and slangs, Suffolk and American East Coast sea slang, to the parlances of the American frontier and of diverse immigrant groups, mostly pilfered from Bret Harte’s 1902 Tales of the West, especially his parody of J.F. Cooper, the source of much caricature Native American, Black American, and Chinese American speech.

The joke that Ulysses needs translation even into English suggests that outside of Finnegans Wake (where it’s too dark to read), Ulysses is one of the toughest gigs there is for a translator.[15]

French[edit]

[16]

First French translation was published in 1929. It was made by August Morel, Stuart Gilbert, Valery Larbaud, and publisher Adrienne Monnier. Joyce himself assisted in translation; he was involved in translation from the very start in 1922. Joyce chose Larbaud as the main reviser; he also "insisted on closeness to original denotation" and wa anxious of possible mistranslations.[17][15] It was the second published translation of Ulysses after the 1927 German one. It was noted for "its incredible rendering of French as it was spoken in the 1920s, to the point of being praised as an 'incredible anatomy of the French language' by André Topia". Because of that, the translation became "difficult to understand without a dictionary or without notes", as Morel used too many "contemporary idioms, idiosyncrasies and slang".[18][19]

The second French translation, done by a team led by Jacques Aubert, was published by Gallimard in 2004. Aubert's team had eight people: Jacques Aubert, Marie-Danièle Vors, Michel Cusin, Pascal Bataillard (academics); Tiphaine Samoyault, Patrick Drevet, Sylvie Doizelet (writers); and Bernard Hœpffner [fr] (translator). Their way of working on the book was different from Morel's:[18]

The first team of translators had been organized along a hierarchical pattern: Auguste Morel had translated the whole book, then his work had been reviewed by Stuart Gilbert, and then by Valery Larbaud who had the final say. Joyce answered questions and solved conflicts between the translators. This hierarchical organization implied a horizontal approach to the translation of the novel, as the translators worked on the episodes in chronological order and those were then successively revised, by Morel and Gilbert, and then Larbaud. In 2004, Jacques Aubert insisted on a more democratic organization, which was also linked to a more vertical approach to the text: each translator was in charge of one episode or more.

One of the translators, Tiphaine Samoyault, noted that such organization "facilitated the process of renouncing all linguistic normativity",[18] Bernard Hœpffner called it an "eight-person schizophrenia".[18][20] The team translated all the book's chapters except "Oxen of the Sun", that was taken from 1929 Morel's edition; according to translators, "this inscribed the history of the French translation of Ulysses within the work, making for a parallel with the particular style of the fourteenth episode, as the history of translation mirrored the history of the English language".[18][20]

April 8, 2003 – Which Bible should we use? “House of bondage” could be translated by “Maison de l’esclavage” (Sacy), “Maison de la servitude” (Segond), or “Maison d’asservis” (Bayard); “wilderness” by “solitude” (Sacy) or “désert” (Segond). No decision is made, but we have to respect the echoes. - from Bernard Hœpffner's diary about many challenges in translation.[20]

p37 +table per translator


In spite of the immediate interest that Ulysses sparked all around the world, by 1940, 18 years after its publication, there were only a few translations: French and German, of course; Czech and Japanese, surprisingly.[21]

If Joyce had never been interested in translation, his “hand” in any translation would not even be an issue. He always felt extremely “delighted” to read translations of Ulysses in other languages.14 But the French translation brought him more than mere delight. He interacted with his French translators and organized them into a team with a plan and a mission.[17]

German[edit]

[22] [23]


48 James Joyce: Ulysses: Roman, Übersetzung von Hans Wollschläger. Revision der Übersetzung Harald Beck mit Ruth Frehner und Ursula Zeller. Beratende Mitwirkung Fritz Senn. Vorwort Harald Beck (Berlin: Suhrkamp Verlag, 2018), “Unverkäuflicher Sonderdruck” is a book with a merely bibliographical but no practical existence: it was aborted before its publication. You cannot buy it. A mere 200 copies are reserved for a handful of experts and participants as well as libraries as a live document of what can happen to the literary revision of a classic.[24]

49-50 Georg Goyert was the first to translate Ulysses almost unaided. He did have opportunities to consult the author but seems to have made little use of it, ... in 1927, in three expensive volumes ... revised German version appeared in 1930 in two still expensive. ... mid-1960’s, the rights had ceded to Suhrkamp Verlag who decided to have a complete edition of Joyce’s works, the “Suhrkamp-Ausgabe” under the editorship of Klaus Reichert. Ulysses was assigned to Hans Wollschläger ... was published early in 1976. ... new Ulysses was lauded into the literary Olympus as the “translation of the century”(!), practically overnight. It became an instant classic

50 A few months later Wollschläger died and years afterwards it turned out that no written contract had been made. Harald Beck, an excellent Joyce scholar with abundant expertise who had been part of Gabler’s editorial team, was entrusted with the revision, assisted by two academic Joyce scholars who were later replaced by Ruth Frehner and Ursula Zeller. The existing translation of considerable reputation was scrupulously gone over, and, inevitably, every alteration entailed consequences elsewhere, so that interventions proliferated. Within a decade the original version was effectively overhauled, mainly with the aim of factual accuracy and internal consistency. What the publisher deplorably neglected to do was to secure the rights of the revision. There is no question that Wollschläger would never have agreed to massive alterations by three, or more, expert revisers. So, when the revised translation was announced in the spring of 2017, the Wollschläger Estate stepped in and interdicted the publication. In its view, Wollschläger’s “work of art” had been destroyed, desecrated.

51 Wollschläger, a recluse genius not inclined to work within a team

Japanese[edit]

First Japanese translation was made by Sei Ito, Sadamu Nagamatsu and Hisanori Tsuji, and published in two parts by Daiichi-Shobo, Tokyo in 1931 and 1934.[25][26] Ito published another translation of the first volume in 1938. The full version of the first translation was finally published in two volumes in 1955.[25]

Second translation was made by Sohei Morita, Nahara Hirosaburo, Naotaro Tatsuguchi, Takehito Ono, Ichiro Ando and Eitaro Murayama[25] and published "in five small paperbound volumes" from 1932 to 1935, in Tokyo.[27] Full version of the second translation, without deletions, was published in 1952.[25]

The third translation by Saiichi Maruya, Reiji Nagakawa and Yuichi Takamatsu was published in 1964; revised edition was published in 1996-1997.[25]

Czech[edit]

Aloys Skoumal [cz] [28]

[29]

Spanish[edit]

Juan José Saer used to tell a funny story about this: when he was young, Saer and some friends met Borges, who was very dissatisfied with that translation: "It is really bad," Borges said, but someone – probably Saer himself -- disagreed: "It might be, but if it is, Mr Salas Subirat is the greatest writer in the Spanish language."[21]

First Spanish translation was by José Salas Subirat, who was "an employee in an insurance agency"[1] who did not speak English, published in Buenos Aires in 1945. Criticized at first, his translation got more attention later. Revised version was published in 1952,[21]

The second translation, made by philosophy professor José María Valverde, was published in Barcelona in 1976. The third Spanish translation was made by Francisco García Tortosa and María Luisa Venegas Lagüéns, both literature scholars, and published in 1999. Translators said in a later interview that they "don’t want a translation of Ulysses in colloquial Spanish, we want it like Joyce wrote it".[1] Other translations are by Marcelo Zabaloy in 2015; Rolando Costa Picazo in 2018.[21]

Catalan[edit]

Catalan translation by Joaquim Mallafre was published in 1981. Earlier translation by J. F. Vidal Jové, made in 1966, was never published.[30]

Danish[edit]

Danish translator Mogens Boisen [da] spend 18 years translating Ulysses.[31] He said about the task "One is not the same. One has been Ulyssified."[15] His particular obsession was with Ulysses’s many “leitmotifs.” He created an elaborate filing system to make sure that he could keep track of a motif that appeared near the beginning 700 pages later. When he was done with his Danish version, he went on to correct the leitmotifs of the German translation and offered to do the same for the French and Swedish ones.[15]

[32]

Polish[edit]

First Polish translation was published in 1969 by Maciej Słomczyński, and was called "a literary sensation" that "became a bestseller with 40,000 copies disappearing from bookshops immediately".[33] Słomczyński, who was also a detective fiction writer published under pen name Joe Alex,[33][34] spent 13 years translating Ulysses.[33] Next translation was made by Maciej Świerkocki in 2021.[33]

Hebrew[edit]

In 1985, “Ulysses” was published by Hotsaat Mahbarot Le-Sifrut in Tel Aviv in a Hebrew translation by Yael Renan of the Department of Hebrew Literature, Tel Aviv University[35]

Arabic[edit]

First translation into Arabic was made by Taha Mahmoud Taha and published in 1982. Iraqi poet Salah Niazi criticized it, and started to work on his tranlation in 1984. It was published in three volumes in 2001, 2010 and 2014.[36]

[37]

Chinese[edit]

Xiao Qian and his wife Wen Jieruo translated the book into Chinese.[38]

[39] [40] [41] [42] [43] + quote

"I am James Joyce. I understand that you are to translate Ulysses, and I have come from Paris to tell you not to alter a single word." - According to Tom Kristensen, Joyce made this statement to Mrs. Kastor Hansen, a Danish translator, who was considering a translation of Ulysses, during a surprise visit to her home in 1936 (JJ11692)

Russian[edit]

First Russian translation was published in 1993. Started by Victor Khinkis [ru] in 1972, it was finished by Sergey Khoruzhiy after Khinkis death in 1982.[44]

[45] [46]

Belarusian[edit]

Jan Maksymiuk [pl], an ethnic Belarusian born and raised in northeastern Poland and educated in Warsaw, undertook the sisyphean task of translating Joyce's Ulysses into Belarusian of literary norm. In Poland he received a state grant to publish 1,000 copies of the book, which he did in 1993, and managed to sell 700 copies across the border in Minsk, while the remaining 300 copies were still kept under his bed in 1998.71 Asked during a conference in Krakow why so few copies were sold in Minsk, Maksymiuk responded: 'You see, one has to take a proportional view, that is, to take into account how many people at the moment indeed routinely use Belarusian in Belarus ... Nominally, there are 10 million Belarusians, yes? As for those who speak Belarusian, use this language for the most part and are able to read on the level on which Ulysses is written, with all its phraseology and vocabulary, I think that they account for some 0.1% It's some 10,000 people[47]

Maksymiuk, Jan. "O 'bialoruskim' Ulissesie." Wokol Jamesa Joyce'a: szkice monograficzne. Ed. Bazarnik, Katarzyny; Fordhama, Finna. Kraków: Universitas, 1998. 184-94. ISBN 83-7052-847-3

Kurdish[edit]

In 2023, the book was published in Kurdish, translated by poet and translator Kawa Nemir, who worked in it since 2012. For Nemir, translating Ulysses into Kurdish was a way to draw attention to a language that had been the victim of nationalist politics in Turkey. ... To translate Ulysses into a language that few Turks could learn, Nemir thought, would silence those who mocked Kurds by saying they didn’t even have a language. ... Nemir figured that if he could replicate Joyce’s linguistic feat in Kurdish, with all its grammatical and historical texture, then nobody would be able to dismiss it as an inferior language. ... If he couldn’t find anything in Kurdish sources or his notebooks, Nemir coined words himself, basing them in Latin and Greek. ... In translating Ulysses into a language that, as he put it, “miraculously survived the hellish conditions of the Middle East for one thousand years,” Nemir had one advantage: Kurdish, he found, is very close to Old English, as the syntaxes of Kurdish and English are quite similar. Documentary film about the work, Translating Ulysses, was refused to be shown in Turkey. Nowadays, in his apartment in Amsterdam, Nemir is writing a 900-page Kurdish readers’ guide to Ulysses, with references, photographs and a 200-page preface.[48]

In other sections of the novel, he struggled with matching Joyce’s large vocabulary about the sea. After all, Nemir noted, Kurdistan is one of the most mountainous regions in the world, and Kurds never expanded far from the mountains. For the translator, the problem was finding Kurdish words for sea creatures that Kurdish writers had not mentioned in their works — and that thereby remained unnamed in the Kurdish language. He studied various genera of fish, trying to locate words used in Kurdish texts, turning to his notebooks. In 1994, Nemir had scribbled the word “whale-path” in a notebook while studying Beowulf in college. He knew that Kurds called whales neheng, so he wrote in his notebook: “whale-path: rêka nehengan.”

Another notebook was just a dictionary of words Nemir had gathered from conversations with Kurdish convicts, words describing details about drinking alcohol, playing card games and having sex. For example, bûye pilot, an expression Nemir had heard from a convict while staying at a prison in Mardin, describes “someone ready for action in all hours of the day.” But the word, which has a double meaning, can suggest both courage and drink. When describing Bob Doran, a character who suffers from a bad marriage in Ulysses and attempts to escape it through an extravagant alcoholic binge, he wrote, “Hê di sa‘et pênca da bûye pilot”: “Boozed at five o’clock.”

Finnish and Swedish[edit]

[49]

Erik Andersson [sv], who also translated Tolkien's books Hobbit and LOTR.[50] cc-by 4.0

In 2004, the prestigious publisher Gallimard released a new French translation; a polyphonic version where different individuals had translated the 18 episodes (Hoepffner 2011). In 2012, Dutch readers received a second retranslation, and, in the same year, Finnish fans of Joyce finally had an alternative to the original translation, which contained many errors. ... the first Swedish version of Ulysses, entitled Odysseus (Sw.) (Joyce 1946), was published in 1946 by Bonniers publishing house. The translator, Thomas Warburton (1918–2016), was a relatively young Finland-Swedish editor, translator, and writer at the time. In 1993, a revised version was released where Warburton had made more than 4000 changes. ... There is, however, consensus that Andersson’s translation is rawer, filthier, and more physical than the previous translation.

Leevi Lehto published his translation into Finnish in 2012.[51]

The only previous Finnish version of the 1922 book was hurriedly done in about six months by poet Pentti Saarikoski in 1964, an attempt that many Joyce aficionados have considered somewhat lacking.

Irish[edit]

[52]

Italian[edit]

How Italy holds the world record for the number of Ulysses’ translations [OC]

[53] [54] [55]


When I was asked to do a new translation of Ulysses, I accepted for the sole reason that the publisher wanted to include the original as parallel text.[56]

Hungarian[edit]

Ulysses was first translated into Hungarian by Endre Gáspár [hu]. The book was published in 1,000 copies in 1947.[14] This translation was both praised and heavily criticised - Miklós Szentkuthy, who translated the book in 1974, wrote of Gaspar's translation that it "'normalises', 'consolidates', 'flattens', 'dilutes', 'irons out', 'sobers up', 'tames', 'greys', 'kills' Joyce's sentences, depriving them of their poetry, playfulness, word-music and rhythm". [57]

Szentkuthy's translation of 1974 became canonical in Hungary,[57] and was described as "the crowning achievement of Hungarian translation culture".[14] In 2012, it was revised by a team of scholars, András Kappanyos [hu], Marianna Gula [hu], Dávid Szolláth [hu] and Gábor Zoltán Kiss. It is said to be "re-editing and partial retranslation based on Szentkuthy’s work which occasionally refers to Gáspár’s text ... the Revised text is a scholarly palimpsest written across the two previous texts".[14]

Erika Mihálycsa noted that Hungarian language was sometimes ill-suited for translation of slang and idioms: "a landlocked language, it lacks historical dialects, having merely regional accents".[14]

"Her wavyavyeavyheavyeavyevyevyhair un comb:’d" (U 11.809)
"Hullámosálmosalámoshalálosshampootlanloncsos haja mosatla (N, álzár-lat)" (wavy sleepy wash under deadly shampooless dishevelled hair unwash [ed, fake closure]) (Hu/Szentkuthy 344)
"Hul-lámosámosámosúlyosúlyosúlyos haja fé sület: len" (Hu/Revised 269)

[58] [59]

Dutch[edit]

[60]

[61]

Romanian[edit]

[62] [63] [64]

Brazilian Portuguese[edit]

[65]

[66]

Korean[edit]

[67]

[68]

Ukrainian[edit]

[69]

Georgian[edit]

[70]

[71]

Greek[edit]

[72]

Turkish[edit]

[73]

Serbo-Croatian[edit]

[74]

There are three translations of James Joyce’s Ulysses (1922) into Serbo-Croatian: Zlatko Gorjan Uliks (1957), Luko Paljetak Uliks (1991) and Zoran Paunović Uliks (2001). The first two translations are in the Croatian dialect, whereas the third is in the Serbian dialect. Additionally, Gorjan’s translation is important as it is among the first ten translations of Ulysses. ... many of the translations preceding the Serbo-Croatian translations show evidence of censorship and (self)censorship when it comes to sexuality-related topics.

Persian[edit]

[75] [76]

Other languages[edit]

References[edit]

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